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Development of maxilla and palate
1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF MAXILLA AND PALATE
-D. Shri Mahalakshmi
I year PG
Department of Peodontics and
Preventive Dentistry
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Pre-organogenesis Period
• Embryonic Period
• Fetal period
– Pre natal development of maxilla
– Pre natal development of palate
• Postnatal development of maxilla
1. Displacement.
Primary displacement.
Secondary displacement.
2. Growth of sutures.
3. Surface remodeling.
3. • Postnatal development of palate
• Age changes
• Developmental anomalies
• Conclusion
• References
4. MAXILLA
• Maxilla is the second
largest bone in face,
first being mandible.
• Maxillae are a pair of
pneumatic bone that
houses the largest sinus
in the body- the
maxillary sinus.
6. Definitions
• GROWTH :
Krogman (1950) – Increase in size, change in
proportion and progressive complexity.
Proffit (1986) –Increase in size or number.
Moyer(1988) -Change in any morphologic
parameter which is measurable.
7. DEVELOPMENT
Todd (1931) – Progress towards maturity.
Moyers (1988) – Naturally occurring
unidirectional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell
to its elaboration as a multifunctional unit
terminating in death.
8. OSSIFICATION
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
• Bone laid down directly in a fibrous membrane
known as membrane bones and the process is
known as intramembranous ossification
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
• Bone formation is preceded by the formation of
cartilaginous model that closely resembles the bone
to be formed. This cartilage is subsequently
replaced by bone.
9. Pre-natal growth and development
• Divided into 3 periods
1) Period of ovum (fertilizaton - 2 weeks)
2) Embryonic Period (14th day - 56th day)
3) Foetal period (56th day - till birth)
26. GENETICS
• Both maxillary and mandibular primordia
originate from similar NCCs and possess
similar molecular features, they develop into a
different structural entities.
• A gradient of gene expression the Dlx family of
transcription factors promotes and regulates
jaw patterning.
• Maxilla (Dlx1/2) and Mandible (Dlx1/2/5/6).
30. At the beginning of 5th week
• At this time cartilaginous septum is being
constructed from the mesenchymal cells of
the frontal prominence and medial nasal
process.
• The medial nasal process and the maxillary
process grows towards each other and are
almost in contact.
31. During 6th week
• Centre of ossification appears and is
associated closely with the cartilage of nasal
capsule.
• No primary cartilage exists.
33. • Secondary cartilage – Malar cartilage.
• The fusion of the maxillary process occurs in 14.5
mm embryo during the seventh week.
34. Between eighth and twelfth weeks
• The foetus triples in length from 20 to 60 mm.
• The maxillary sinus starts first at 10 weeks
post conception, appears as a shallow groove
near the middle meatus on the medial surface
of maxilla.
35. In the last half of fetal period
• The maxilla increases in height through bone
growth between the orbital and the alveolar
regions.
• As a result of medial growth of maxillary
prominences, the two medial nasal
prominences merge not only at surface but
also at deeper level.
36. • The structures formed by two merged
prominences is the intermaxillary segment.
38. • Primary palate – primary anterior mesenchymal
mass extends posteriorly from intermaxillary
process.
• Secondary palate – paired lateral palatine
process arises as a medial mesenchymal
projections from each maxillary process.
• Palatogenesis is concerned with two main
events.
• Palatal shelf elevation.
• Fusion of palatal shelves.
39.
40. Drawings from below show the development of the palate from 6 to 7 weeks (A), 7 to 8 weeks
(B), and 8 to 10 weeks (C).
42. SOFT PALATE
• The most posterior part of the palate does not
ossify and remains as soft palate.
• Myogenic mesenchymal tissues of the first
and fourth pharyngeal arches migrates into
this faucial region, supplying the musculature
of the soft palate and fauces.
47. • The upper face under the influence of cranial base moves
upwards and forwards.
• The lower face moves downwards and forwards on an
“expanding V principle”.
48. • Growth of nasomaxillary complex is produced
by following three mechanisms
1. Displacement.
Primary displacement.
Secondary displacement.
2. Growth of sutures.
3. Surface remodeling.
50. PRIMARY DISPLACEMENT :
• Enlow and bang apply the principle of
“area relocation” to the complex and
multidirectional growth movements.
• As the dynamic process continues, “specific
local areas come to occupy new actual
position in succession, as the entire bone
enlarges.
• These growth shifts and changes involve
corresponding and sequential remodeling
adjustments in order to maintain the same
shape, relative position and constant
proportions of each individual area in the
maxilla as a whole”.
51. • Secondary displacement :
As the cranial base grows, it exerts
pressure on the nasomaxillary complex
displacing it in a downward and forward
direction.
52. GROWTH OF SUTURES
• Maxilla is attached to cranium by sutures which are
oblique and more or less parallel to each other.
• The 4 main sutures are :-
Frontomaxillary suture
Zygomatico-temporal suture
Zygomatico-maxillary suture
Pterygopalatine suture
53.
54. SURFACE REMODELING
• Surface remodeling by bone deposition and
resorption occurs to bring about :
1. Increase in size
2. Change in shape of bone
3. Change in functional relationship
58. • The appositional
growth of the alveolar
processes contributes
to the deepening and
widening of the vault
of the bony palate,
• Adding to the height
and breadth of the
maxillae at the same
time.
59. • The lateral alveolar processes help to form an
anteroposterior palatal furrow, which is ideally
suited to receive a nipple.
• The palatal furrow is well marked during the
1st year of life (i.e., the active suckling period)
• It normally flattens out into the palatal arch
after 3 to 4 years of age when suckling has
been discontinued.
62. • Cleft lip :
Defective fusion of the medial nasal process
with the maxillary process.
Types :
• Central.
• Lateral.
• Simple or compound.
• Complete or incomplete.
65. • Pierre Robin sequence :
• Cleft palate
• Mandibular micrognathia
• Glossoptosis
• Van der Woude syndrome :
lower lip pits
cleft lip with or without cleft palate or
cleft palate alone
66. • Palatal cysts of the newborn :
Epstein’s pearls
Common finding on the palate of newborn.
As the palatal shelves meet and fuse in the
midline during embrynic life to form the secondary
palate, small islands of epithelium may become
entrapped below the surface along the median
palatal raphe and form cysts.
67. • Bohs nodules
• Keratin filled cysts found at the junction of
had and soft palate and along the buccal and
lingual parts of the alveolar ridges away from
the midline, and the remnants of salivary
glands.
68. CONCLUSION
• It is important for the clinician to know the
normal and the abnormal ranges of growth for
proper diagnosis, treatment planning and
selecting appropriate clinical procedures.
69. • REFERENCES:
1. Craniofacial development, Sperber.
2. Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry, Nikhil
Marwah.
3. Textbook of
Serial frontal diagrams (A–D) from approximately 6–10 fetal weeks shown just posterior to the intermaxillary segment illustrate the progressive development of the secondary palate and its fusion with the nasal septum.
Drawings from below show the development of the palate from 6 to 7 weeks (A), 7 to 8 weeks (B), and 8 to 10 weeks (C). The lateral palatine processes grow medially and eventually merge in the midline and with the intermaxillary segment (primitive palate). The incisive canal marks the junction of the primitive and secondary palates. (Modified with permission from Levine HL, Clemente MP, eds. Chapter 1, Surgical Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinus. China: 2005. Sinus Surgery Endoscopic and Microscopic Approaches. Figures 1–3. Thieme Medical Publishers Inc., Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart).