1 Literature Review on How Biofilm Affect the Patient Recovery at the Hospital Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Name Date 2 Introduction Regulating biofilms for injury and insertion can have a variety of adverse effects on patient well-being, including delayed recovery and implant evacuation. Biofilm drugs currently do not completely destroy or prevent microbial colonization, indicating the need for further research. The final review of drugs for biofilms focuses on components of nanotechnology-based drug delivery, combination therapy, and coupling repair. Ultrasonic cleaning and hydrogels, as well as recent improvements in incorporation, have great potential for use in discrete trauma and medicine applications. This study reviews various literatures on the development of microorganisms in biofilms and how it affects patient recovery at the hospital. Patients with biofilms wounds excrete various microbes from their own skin and current state, and if they receive hospitalization for treatment, they are likely to receive MRE and HAI from surfaces, patients, staff, and emergency department equipment (Wu et al., 2018). This literature states that such patients have high levels of biofilm contamination for biofilm reduction applications in consuming patients include silver and various metals. Other elements indicating this condition include disinfectants, hydrogels, light and sonic treatments to initiate atomic sensitization to deliver dynamic oxygen (Wu et al., 2018). Small particles of these contaminants allow penetration into the dividing layer of cells, glycans, lactobacilli and treatment with phages. Other scholars such as Muhammad et al. (2020) and Barzegari et al. (2020) assert that the accumulation of microorganisms can be immobile and live and attached to the surface. The regimen of this group of people is not the same as that of planktonic development, where microorganisms are isolated and flexible in environment (Muhammad et al., 2020). Cecillus cells differ from planktonic cells in their morphology, physiology and qualitative articulation. The ability to adhere to and thrive on surfaces such as biofilms is a gradual survival process that 3 allows microorganisms to colonize the zone (Muhammad et al., 2020). Microbes are constantly changing from planktonic aggregates to sedentary ones. This variety of conditions is key for cells as they allow rapid changes in their natural state. Wound swelling can be characterized as the ability of microorganisms to thrive when antimicrobial compounds are present in the climate. The obstructive component is hereditary and prevents the antitoxin from working for its purpose (Barzegari et al., 2020). This literature indicates that the term resistance should be used for microbes that may be caused by high-class antibiotics but whose development is delayed. This element, which explicitly describes the life ...

1. 1
Literature Review on How Biofilm Affect the Patient Recovery
at the Hospital
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Name
Date
2
Introduction
Regulating biofilms for injury and insertion can have a variety
of adverse effects on
patient well-being, including delayed recovery and implant
evacuation. Biofilm drugs currently

2. do not completely destroy or prevent microbial colonization,
indicating the need for further
research. The final review of drugs for biofilms focuses on
components of nanotechnology-based
drug delivery, combination therapy, and coupling repair.
Ultrasonic cleaning and hydrogels, as
well as recent improvements in incorporation, have great
potential for use in discrete trauma and
medicine applications. This study reviews various literatures on
the development of
microorganisms in biofilms and how it affects patient recovery
at the hospital.
Patients with biofilms wounds excrete various microbes from
their own skin and current
state, and if they receive hospitalization for treatment, they are
likely to receive MRE and HAI
from surfaces, patients, staff, and emergency department
equipment (Wu et al., 2018). This
literature states that such patients have high levels of biofilm
contamination for biofilm reduction
applications in consuming patients include silver and various
metals. Other elements indicating
this condition include disinfectants, hydrogels, light and sonic
treatments to initiate atomic

3. sensitization to deliver dynamic oxygen (Wu et al., 2018).
Small particles of these contaminants
allow penetration into the dividing layer of cells, glycans,
lactobacilli and treatment with phages.
Other scholars such as Muhammad et al. (2020) and Barzegari
et al. (2020) assert that the
accumulation of microorganisms can be immobile and live and
attached to the surface. The
regimen of this group of people is not the same as that of
planktonic development, where
microorganisms are isolated and flexible in environment
(Muhammad et al., 2020). Cecillus cells
differ from planktonic cells in their morphology, physiology
and qualitative articulation. The
ability to adhere to and thrive on surfaces such as bi ofilms is a
gradual survival process that
3
allows microorganisms to colonize the zone (Muhammad et al.,
2020). Microbes are constantly
changing from planktonic aggregates to sedentary ones. This
variety of conditions is key for cells

4. as they allow rapid changes in their natural state.
Wound swelling can be characterized as the ability of
microorganisms to thrive when
antimicrobial compounds are present in the climate. The
obstructive component is hereditary and
prevents the antitoxin from working for its purpose (Barzegari
et al., 2020). This literature
indicates that the term resistance should be used for microbes
that may be caused by high-class
antibiotics but whose development is delayed. This element,
which explicitly describes the life of
sessile bacteria, is reversible, phenotypic and non-obtainable.
Biofilm bacterial cells resuspended
in liquid media will regain their in vitro susceptibility to
antimicrobial agents.
The journal by Thi et al. (2020) shows that the size of bacterial
biofilm is a major brake
in the phagocytic cycle. During internal immune reactions,
macrophages and neutrophils are
rapidly activated upon direct contact with microorganisms (Thi
et al., 2020). Here, the rapid safe
response leads to significant neutrophil accumulation around the
biofilm structure associated
with oxygen exhaustion due to functional stimulation of

5. oxidative digestion when subatomic
oxygen is reduced to superoxide. Phagocytic cells infiltrate with
extracellular tissue problems.
Thi et al. (2020) assert that these cells recover and are more
susceptible to inactivation by
bacterial chemicals. In addition, prolonged neutrophil lysis
causes a flux to a noxious mixed
environment that is responsible for subsequent tissue damage.
Resistant host response is the main
reason behind hard tissue damage by bacterial contamination.
Regarding the memory of resistant scaffold reactions, it has
been reported that CF
patients emit specific antibodies against bacterial mixtures such
as elastase, LPS or flagella. This
information indicates that the antigenic determinant has been
killed by continued lung
4
contamination (Magana et al., 2018). Unfortunately, these
antibodies have been shown to
contribute to the accelerated assembly of immune structures in
the parenchyma and result in

6. extreme tissue damage through complementary initiation and
opsonization of neutrophils,
particularly by bypass. This literature postulate that the
resistance of biofilms to external
influences, especially antitoxin drugs, is an unusual element.
According to this research, the
MICs of antimicrobial formulations that were successful against
sessile microbes were 10 times
greater than those that were dynamic in their planktonic
presentation (Magana et al., 2018). This
decrease in antimicrobial resistance can have several causes.
Usually inherent in biofilms, but
can also be acquired through the inheritance of opposing
factors.
Magana et al. (2018) state that the extracellular lattice pr ovides
a mechanical barrier that
limits the spread of infection within the biofilm and its access
to microorganisms. The
electrostatic charge or some part of the lattice binds and traps
the antimicrobial atoms. The
overall high consistency of the polymer network may also
prevent the anti-infective from
reaching its focus in the deeper layers of the local area of the
bacteria (Magana et al., 2018).

7. Thus, microscopic organisms in the outer layers of the biofilm
pass after antimicrobial treatment,
while those in the deeper layers have a chance to react. This
study shows that the polymer binds
to antimicrobial compounds in the periplasm, causing the
antitoxin to diffuse into the cell and
preventing it from reaching its site of activity.
Hartmann et al. (2019) note that the antitoxins has a unique
capacity in combating the
climate and limiting the development of competitors. The
production of antimicrobial agents by
the microorganisms themselves allows the killing of hunters.
Anti-infective atoms are only a
small part of the natural mixture created by microscopic
organisms (Hartmann et al., 2019).
Therefore, it is highly expected that they may affect the overall
metabolic capacity for correcting
microbes, like other comparable brands. Phylogenetic studies
have supported this suspicion that
5
antimicrobial safe properties existed in the bacterial genome
long before the widespread use of

8. antitoxins. A comparative article “Emergence of three-
dimensional order and structure in
growing biofilms. Nature Physics” is concerned about
metagenomic studies which demonstrate
the presence of an ancient and distinct set of properties of -
lactamases, despite the unknown
climate of this antimicrobial family.
Antimicrobial mixtures appear to go about as flagging particles,
controlling the
homeostasis of bacterial networks to initiate explicit quality
record. As sessile cells are
fundamentally less delicate to antimicrobials, biofilm
arrangement would be an essential
development of bacterial populaces to balance non-deadly
portions of anti-toxins created by soil
microorganisms (Magana et al., 2018). This case infers that
antimicrobials can likewise be useful
for the endurance of helpless planktonic cells in nature. In this
manner, they can allow a more
proficient colonization of heterogeneous conditions.
Particularly at subinhibitory levels, anti-
microbials regulate bacterial destructiveness, stress reaction,
motility, and biofilm arrangement.

9. Generally, clinical microbial science research centers have
zeroed in on the way of life of
separated bacterial strains and give their defenselessness to
anti-microbials in characterizing the
breakpoints and the PK/PD boundaries under planktonic
development conditions (Thi et al.,
2020). The relating anti-toxin treatments, in view of non-
disciple microorganisms, are frequently
connected with treatment disappointments and additionally
repeat of the disease. No rules are
proposed to clinicians to effectively treat biofilm diseases,
which can result to misleading
negative information in the event that the examples don't
essentially address the primary
contamination.
Furthermore, as Thi et al. (2020) state, there is still no
accessible normalized instrument
to recognize effectively the presence of sessile cells in a
clinical example and permit assurance
6
of their particular anti-infection helplessness. As biofilm
microscopic organisms are intrinsically

10. more lenient to antimicrobials, the foundation of the relating
breakpoints to anticipate helpful
achievement is required. New strategies checking the
impact/reaction of biofilm cells to anti-
microbial treatment should be planned. Presently, two
advancements were grown however not
yet normalized for a fast standard use in medical clinic research
facilities.
Conclusion
The treatment of bacterial diseases with artificially
unmistakable anti-infection agents
can prompt an assortment of reactions from sessile microscopic
organisms. Notwithstanding the
expanded resilience of microorganisms toward antimicrobials, a
few atoms are generally
successful against recently follower microbes. In clinical
practice, when situations allow,
concerning the diabetic condition for example, to fall back on
effective organization to give high
neighborhood fixations to the disease site without fundamental
aftereffects. However, various
investigations have likewise portrayed that low dosages of anti -
toxins can altogether actuate

11. biofilm development in vitro for an assortment of bacterial
animal categories. More literatures on
anti-microbial prompted biofilm development are expected to
clarify the elaborate components.
Clinical preliminaries that check the importance of this
interaction in patients and the likely
relationship with treatment will likewise be exceptionally
useful. The possibility of integral tests
assessing the weakness of free and sessile cells to anti -toxins
would likewise permit the
improvement of the overall utilization of antimicrobials in the
treatment of biofilm-related
contaminations.
References
7
Barzegari, A., Kheyrolahzadeh, K., Hosseiniyan Khatibi, S. M.,
Sharifi, S., Memar, M. Y., &
Zununi Vahed, S. (2020). The Battle of probiotics and their
derivatives against
Biofilms. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 659-

12. 672. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s232982
Hartmann, R., Singh, P. K., Pearce, P., Mok, R., Song, B., Díaz-
Pascual, F., Dunkel, J.,
Drescher, K. (2019). Emergence of three-dimensional order and
structure in growing
biofilms. Nature Physics, 15(3), 251-256.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0356-9
Magana, M., Sereti, C., Ioannidis, A., Mitchell, C. A., Ball, A.
R., Magiorkinis, E.,
Chatzipanagiotou, S., Hamblin, M. R., Hadjifrangiskou, M., &
Tegos, G. P. (2018).
Options and limitations in clinical investigation of bacterial
Biofilms. Clinical
Microbiology Reviews, 31(3).
https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00084-16
Muhammad, M. H., Idris, A. L., Fan, X., Guo, Y., Yu, Y., Jin,
X., Qiu, J., Guan, X., &
Huang, T. (2020). Beyond risk: Bacterial Biofilms and their
regulating
approaches. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928
Thi, M. T., Wibowo, D., & Rehm, B. H. (2020). Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Biofilms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22),

13. 8671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228671
Wu, Y., Cheng, N., & Cheng, C. (2018). Biofilms in chronic
wounds: Pathogenesis and
diagnosis. Trends in Biotechnology, 37(5), 505-
517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.011
https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s232982
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0356-9
https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00084-16
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228671
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.011
CLB 475 – Seminar
Spring 2020
Research Proposal
(20% of final grade)
The final research proposal is a combination of the Literature
Review and Methodology assignments in
one paper. The guidelines for the research proposal are as
follows:

14. • There should be ONE cover page and ONE reference list;
these pages do not count towards the
page limit
• Literature review section:
o 4 to 6 pages in length
o Contain all sections specified in the Literature Review
Instructions and Rubric document
o AT LEAST five (5) primary references should be used
o References must be included as in-text citations in the body of
the literature review and in
the reference list
o All references (primary and secondary) should be formatted in
APA format
• Methodology section
o 1 to 2 pages in length
o Contain all sections as specified in the Methodology
Instructions and Rubric document
• The entire document should be formatted in Times New
Roman font, size 12, 1-inch margins, and
double-spaced.
• The entire document should not exceed 10 pages. All pages,
except the cover page, should be
numbered.

15. • Proper grammar and spelling are required.
_____________________________________________________
_________________________
Rubric for Assessment of Research Proposal:
Rubric for Assessment of Literature Review Rubric for
Assessment of Methodology
• Problem statement – 1 point
• Description of published literature on topic –
3 points
• Purpose – 1 point
• Significance – 1 point
• Research question – 1 point
• Hypothesis – 1 point
• Design – 1 point
• Variables – 2 points
• Participants – 2 point
• Controls – 1 point
• Sampling – 1 point
• Validity and Reliability – 1 point
• Data Collection Technique – 1 point
• Research ethics – 1 point
• References and in-text citations in APA format – 1 point
• Format and page limit – 0.5 point
• Proper grammar and spelling – 0.5 point

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1
SEMINAR PAPER METHODOLOGY
4
Seminar Paper Methodology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Seminar Paper Methodology
Design
Experimental design refers to the way participants are located
within different groups of experiments. In this research study,

18. the researcher will use repeated measures experimental research
design as a methodology. Repeated measures are an
experimental design where the same participants take part in
every condition of the independent variable. Therefore, every
condition in the experiment will use a similar set of
participants. This type of experimental design is also known as
the within-group or subject design with the advantage of
reduced participant variables. More so, it requires fewer people
to take part hence, time-saving.
Variables
The research study has both independent and dependent
variables. The independent variable, in this case, is the level of
preparedness of CLS students towards their future goals and
career. In contrast, the dependent variable is their confidence or
perceptions towards their future goals and careers.
Participants
In this study, the research will select participants enrolled in
junior and senior CLS programs within the university. There are
inclusion and exclusion criteria for each of the participants;
i. Inclusion criteria: must be enrolled into the junior or senior
CLS program within the specified institution.
ii. Exclusion criteria: persons not enrolled in junior or senior
CLS program within the specified institution.
Controls
A control group is separated from the entire experiment to avoid
independent variables from affecting the results. Therefore,
control groups isolate the effects of independent variables on
the experiment, hence, can help rule out the alternative
explanation of the study results. In this case, the control group
will be other students enrolled in other curriculum programs
other than CLS. The control group will not receive any
treatments or manipulated variables. Therefore, no ethical issue
will arise during the study.
Sampling
In this study, the research will use the simple random sampling
method in selecting participants. This is a great probability

19. method of sampling that is time-saving and uses fewer
resources. It is reliable when used to obtain information because
each participant is randomly selected. The research study will
use a slightly larger sample size to maximize the results. There
will be 60 experimental samples versus 20 participants in the
control group.
Validity and reliability
The researcher in this study will ensure the experiment's
validity by thoroughly researching and basing the findings on
existing knowledge. More so, the researcher's conclusions will
be accurately generalized to the population of participants.
Similarly, reliability will be ensured through the tools and
techniques used in the data collection process. Thus, the
researcher will ensure that the results are precise, stable, and
producible by carefully planning the methods and ensuring each
measurement's relevant steps.
Data collection technique
This research will utilize various data collection techniques,
including observation, use of questionnaires, and interviews.
The researcher will observe the experimental group and the
control groups notice any changes in their level of preparedness
towards their future goals and careers. The researcher will
directly administer questionnaires to the participants and wait
for their responses. Lastly, the participants will take part in
interviews with the help of interviewers to interpret the
questions.
Research ethics
Participation in this research study is completely voluntary.
This will be indicated on the consent form, allowing
participants to withdraw from the study whenever they feel like
it without fear of any penalties. It is voluntary because the
participants can refuse to participate in the study. Participants
will earn 5% extra credit for every 60 minutes spent in the study
applicable to their CLS course. The study has minimal risks,
such as emotional discomfort, fear, and anxiety. Lastly,
confidentiality will be ensured by having a pseudonym to

20. protect the participant’s identity. No one else other than the
research will access the information collected.