3. Basic Information of the EU
• Since 1950
• 27 member countries now
• Treaty of Lisbon( 里斯本條約 ), since 2009
– 美國 : 強大的政治經濟體
– 全球化與新興經濟體的崛起
– 多元政策的整合 : 跨國反恐、能源問題、全球暖化、歐盟競爭力
• 歐洲共同體 : 關稅 同盟、單一市場、共同農漁業政策、
單一貨幣、申根條約
– 共同外交與安全政策
– 警政與司法合作
4. The 27 Member Countries
of the European Union
1950 1973 1981 1986 1995 2004 2007
Germany Ireland Greece Spain Finland Estonia Slovakia Romania
France United Kingdom Portugal Sweden Latvia Slovenia Bulgaria
Italy Denmark Austria Lithuania Malta
Netherlands Poland Cyprus
Belgium Czech Republic
Luxembourg Hungary
5. The EURO
• 16 countries now belong
• 歐洲中央銀行系統 (EUROSYSTEM) 統籌管理
– 歐洲中央銀行 (European central bank)
– 各歐元區國家中央銀行
• 單一貨幣政策
– 提高歐元區國家間貿易的便利與互相依賴性
– 不再需要銀行匯兌交易費用
– 減緩區域內的物價水平差異
– Disadvantage: 區域內各國不易根據本身經濟概況做財政與
貨幣政策的調整
24. Operation of The Microwave Life-Detection System
Radar Antenna with Muscle Sphere @ 60 GHz (1)
• Frequency of the microwave radiation is 60 GHz
• Distance between the object(sphere) and transceiver is 1 m
• Assume the radius(a) of the sphere is 2 to 8 cm
• Horn Antenna
– Gain: Gt = Gr = 20 dB
– Transmitting power: Pt = 0 dBm
25. Operation of The Microwave Life-Detection System
Radar Antenna with Muscle Sphere @ 60 GHz (5)
Radius of sphere: a |EBS|2 Phase of EBS Receiving power
k0 × a
(cm) (10-4 mV/m) (in degree) (dBm)
2 25.1 1.94 134 -72.9
2.5 31.4 3.05 854 -70.9
3 37.7 4.43 1570 -69.3
3.5 44 6.05 2290 -68
4 50.3 7.94 3020 -66.8
4.5 56.6 10.1 3740 -65.7
5 62.9 12.5 4460 -64.8
5.5 69.2 15.3 5180 -64
6 75.4 18.2 5900 -63.2
6.5 81.7 21.5 6620 -62.5
7 88 25.1 7340 -61.8
7.5 94.3 29.0 8060 -61.2
8 101 33.2 8780 -60.6
