Thesis Defense: Building a Semantic Web of Comic Book Metadata
Building a Semantic Web of Comic Book Metadata: User Application Profiles for Publishing Linked Data in HTML/RDFa Kent State University - November 11, 2014 The objective of this research was to present a case study for developing a domain ontology, and explore methodologies for improving the usability and potential usage of that vocabulary through the development of interoperable metadata application profiles designed for specific groups of users within a community. This objective was realized by the development of a metadata vocabulary for comic books and comic book collections, and a series of metadata application profiles designed for publishing Linked Data in the content of existing information systems using HTML/RDFa. Semantic Web standards and technologies represent an opportunity for connecting data about comic books and graphic novels in LOD datasets with detailed, community-created data on the open Web. Recognizing the potential for an open exchange of data about comic books and graphic novels, a case study was designed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the domain and develop an effective data model. The initial phase of the study involved a review of information and reference resources, acquisition of example materials, and practical experience gained indexing comics in a collaborative Web database. A metamodel for comics was then developed and realized as an XML schema, with those elements mapped as properties to classes in an OWL ontology. In order to align the ontology with the wider Web environment and validate the model, the final phase of the case study explored external sources through a review of existing information systems and an analysis of their content. Results were then summarized as skeleton, data-driven user persona documents, which were used to guide the design of a series of metadata application profiles representing the functional requirements identified. The profiles build upon a core schema and incorporate elements from other Web vocabularies as necessary, focusing on publishing Linked Data in existing information systems using HTML/RDFa. Examples were explored and validated for their ability to link to LOD resources and produce meaningful, valid RDF data consistent with the Ontology. The final result is a flexible and extensible, semantic model for comics. The Comic Book Ontology (CBO) as an RDFS/OWL vocabulary is compatible with a variety of other systems, including next-generation library catalogs, where it can potentially be used in a collaborative exchange of data to describe relationships between comics material and content not previously available. This study demonstrates how an ontology can be applied to existing collaborative projects, database, content, or research to enhance the visibility, reference, and utilization of those endeavors through their publication as Linked Data.
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Thesis Defense: Building a Semantic Web of Comic Book Metadata
- 1. Building a Semantic Web of Comic Book Metadata: User Application Profiles for Publishing Linked Data in HTML/RDFa Sean Petiya
- 3. 2.0 Problem • No open, shared metadata vocabulary or standard for comics • No domain ontology or comics Web vocabulary • No model that describes all dimensions of a comic • Comic book data exists in a variety of systems/formats • Most community data can be found in spreadsheets (CSV), or existing hypertext (HTML) systems
- 4. 2.1 Problem
- 5. 3.0 Objectives • Develop a domain ontology and metadata vocabulary for comic books and comic book collections • Improve the usability of the vocabulary by creating application profiles for publishing Linked Data in HTML/RDFa
- 6. 4.0 Methodology • Case Study • Phase I • Example Materials • Domain Model • Pilot Study • Phase II • System Review • Content Analysis • Personas
- 7. 5.0 Phase 1 – Example A (Story) story arc
- 8. 5.1 Phase 1 – Example B (Copy) issue
- 9. 5.2 Phase 1 – Example C (Artwork)
- 10. 5.3 Phase 1 – Domain ModelITEMMANIFESTATIONEXPRESSIONWORK Expression (English) Manifestation (1st Printing, Regular Cover) Comic Expression (French) Manifestation (2nd Printing, Variant Cover) Copy (10.0) Copy (9.9) Copy (...) Copy (0.5) Copy (XXXX) Copy (#111111) Copy (XXXX) Copy (XXXX) Copy (XXXX) Copy (XXXX) Copy (XXXX) Contributor Copy (MT) Copy (...) Copy (PR) Collector Distributor Retailer Publisher Copy (XXXX) Library
- 11. 5.4 Phase 1 – Pilot Study XML Schema OWL Ontology schema:name schema:brand foaf:homepage
- 12. 6.0 Pilot - Workflow
- 13. 6.1 Pilot – Workflow STEP1: RAW DATA (CSV) XML Map STEP 2: XML STEP 3: RDF XSLT comicmeta.org/tools/core-convert
- 14. 6.2 Pilot - Publishing Linked Data • Method 1: Parallel (Additional Dataset/Service) • Method 2: Inline (Existing HTML Content) • Problem 1: Understanding of RDFa/Microdata syntax • Problem 2: Understanding of Web vocabularies (Pohorec et al., 2013)
- 15. 6.3 Pilot - Web Vocabularies
- 16. 7.0 Phase II Review of Existing Systems Analysis of Content + Summary of Goals/Requirements User Persona =
- 17. 7.1 Phase II – System Review A B C A B C C C (Duncan & Smith, 2013)
- 18. 7.2 Phase II – Content Analysis
- 19. 7.3 Phase II – Content Analysis STEP 1 STEP 2
- 20. 7.4 Phase II – User Persona
- 21. STEP 2: Compare Groups STEP 1: Compare Systems 7.5 Analysis & Alignment STEP 3: Align Ontology
- 22. 8.0 Findings & Results • RDFS/OWL Ontology (1) • Core Application Profile (2) • User Application Profiles (3) (1) Ontology (2) Core AP (3) User APs Comic Book Ontology Core PB RT CL LB RS +
- 23. 8.1 OWL Ontology Universe Model Work Model Collection Model
- 24. 8.2 Core Profile (Core AP) (rdfa.info/play)
- 25. 8.3 User Profiles (Retailer AP) (rdfa.info/play)
- 26. 8.4 User Profiles (Library AP) (rdfa.info/play) comicbookplus.com /?dlid=22302
- 27. 9.0 Conclusion +
- 28. 10.0 Future Studies (Duncan & Smith, 2013) CBML/ComicsML Social and Editorial Content Children’s Literacy/Curriculum Historians Research & Scholarship • Describing other aspects of comics culture • Linking together comics resources, research, scholarship • Social cataloging & next-gen catalogs (RDF: BIBFRAME, RDA, etc.)
- 30. 5.0 References Duncan, R., & Smith, M. J. (2013). The power of comics: History, form, & culture. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Jaffe, M., & Holm, J. L. (2014). Raising a reader! How comics & graphic novels can help your kids love to read! New York, NY: Comic Book Legal Defense Fund. Pohorec, S., Zorman, M., & Kokol, P. (2013, November). Analysis of approaches to structured data on the web. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 36(1), 256-262. doi:10.1016/j.csi.2013.06.003
Editor's Notes
- Comic Book Convention Traditional Conventions Dealers/Shopowners Backissues Collectors/Readers fill “Runs” of favorite series/volume, character, Publishers Represent serial/magazine collected in GraphicNovel/TPB Libraries, Bookstores Interesting Object to describe Many bibliographic relationships Publication, Document, Story, Artwork What metadata was available/used? What data was available? No lib. Background/Opportunity to Apply Concepts
- No open/shared metadata vocab No comics specific Web vocabulary No model for all dimensions Many participants, many systems/formats Most data in CSV/HTML (no Standard)
- Finding Aid for Notes about Story DBpedia entry for Story Community data for Story Authoritative data for Writer
- Objective Domain ontology for comics Existing hypertext -> Build application profiles to aid HTML/RDFa pub.
- Methodology Case Study for overview of domain Phase I: Collect Reference materials, Volunteer for GCD exp. Web data about Comics, and collect materials. Phase II: Preliminary user research method. (start of project) -> broader view
- Story Example Issues in Story Arc Reprints/Adapts
- Copy Example Issue Translation Copy -> Grading, summary of Condition, Serial Number
- Artwork Example Artwork Page (in Layers->Pencils, Inks, Colors, Final) Collected by Archives/Museums Saved by Collectors
- Domain Model for Ontology Aligned with FRBR, inherent Biblio. Object Work -> Issue Expression -> Translation (also Audiobook, Dig Comic: Motion, Sound “Experienced differently”) Manifestation -> Reprints, Variants 2nd Level: Copy is Manifestation of Manifestation Grades, Price Guide Item -> Concrete, physical item
- Pilot Study: Develop Structures XML Common properties All levels of description OWL Map prop. to classes/concepts Difference XML is closed (a db schema) OWL is open Properties/info from other sources
- Pilot Study: Workflow Map from common CSV to XML, to RDF
- Pilot Study: Workflow Step 1: Take spreadsheet map columns to XML Using Software Step 2: Generate XML records Using Software Step 3: Generate RDF Using XSLT stylesheet, “transforms syntax” Packaged into WebUtility “Converts” does not “Publish”
- How to connect resources? 2 Methods for Linked Data: Parallel/Inline 2 Problems: Understand syntax/Knowledge of Web Vocab
- Web vocabs What properties to use? How to accomplish tasks? How to combine vocabs? Not data dictionaries->concept models? Is data saying the right thing? Modularize Onto. / Data Collection
- Gain broader view/external source Review existing information systems Analyze content Attempt to summarize goals/requirements Aggregate research from Phase I + II in Persona for Design Phase
- Phase II – System Review 5 Agents 4 Systems each, Quality data, Candidate Criteria 3 Categories Tasks: End User Features: End User / Data Data: Structure, Format, Markup Agents identified in Communication Model of Comics A Source, B Delivery, C Receivers
- Phase II – Content Analysis Content Object, Descriptive Comic Book Data Visible Content / Markup carries Structured Data/Annotations Process: Group related areas Assign identifier to each chunk of info Distinguish by type of Metadata Content Objects: Lists of Items Issue Details Collected Edition Details
- Phase II – Content Analysis Summarize list of labeled data points by Content Object Add terms to database Join all lists, pull Distinct values using SQL
- Phase II – Persona Analysis summarized in User Persona Describes User Group in relationship to System/Data Aggregates research from Phase I + II Identifies Goals and Requirements System Review Content Analysis Reference for Design Phase -> Alignment/APs Alternative to revising data/research. Combines research from Multiple Sources
- Analysis and Alignment Step 1: Compare data points between systems Step 2: Compare data points between groups Overlapping requirements Step 3: Align Ontology Add properties from other vocab where necessary Subclass where term was used freq.
- Findings/Results Final result is Ontology for Comic Books 1 core profile, identifies a Resource at all Levels of Description User Profiles to address req. of specific Groups When combined with base schema, retain Interoperability with Core and Ontology
- Owl Ontology Data Models Work Model Dimensions of Comic Publication Series/Volume not used uniformly Aligned with Schema, wider Web of Data Does not address Content Universe Model Hard to Separate Important for Collocating Material Important Access Points Also a Creative Work, not a Comic Summary of Creative Endeavors Ontology within Ontology (“Cartoon Universe”) Not a fictional world Comics often refer to real people, places, events, auto-biographical Does not assert Thing is fictional, just that it is an Avatar in a Comic Universe
- Core Profile Represents all levels of description to Item Volume not used consistently Often replaced by Series Year Neither property mandatory Infers resource to have qualities of both Series and Volume Data consumer/app can decide how to Split Entities if at all
- User Profile Retailer AP -> Sell Product Includes additional properties Add schema.org vocab to Retailer AP subset Better modeled in other vocab Use of Persona in Design Phase
- Library AP Library offer product/service Digital comic book libraries Compare “Like” systems Display holding using same schema.org method Availability: Online
- Conclusion Demonstrates using Core AP + User AP to address Func. Req. / Goals of User Groups In Publishing Linked Data in HTML/Rdfa in existing hypertext systems Building Graph of Resources from HTML
- Future Studies Study touched on Source, Deliver, Receivers Other Aspects of Comics Culture Conventions, Cosplay, Fan Art/Stories Linking other resources, research, scholarship -> Topic OF/About Especially digital encodings using CBML Social Cataloging / NextGen Compatible with BIBFRAME/RDFA as RDF model Used alongside lib data One application: Good material to encourage Reading, delicate Subjects
- Pilot Study - Workflow