This document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, including recommendations on tests such as transthoracic echocardiography, brain natriuretic peptide levels, and cardiac imaging. It discusses the types of heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. The guidelines also cover medical therapies like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, mineralocorticoid antagonists, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, and devices for cardiac resynchronization or left ventricular assistance. Optimum medical therapy is emphasized.

1. Guidelines for the diagnosis and
Treatment of Heart Failure
Samir Morcos Rafla, FACC, FESC, FHRS
Emeritus professor of cardiology
Alexandria University
smrafla@yahoo.com
01001495577
Dr. Samir Rafla Lectures

7. Abbreviations: TTE= Transthoracic Echo; BNP= Brain Natriuretic Peptide; HFpEF=
Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction; CMR= Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
‫مغناطيسى‬ ‫رنين‬ ; CT= Computed Tomography; SPECT= Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography; ‫ذرى‬ ‫مسح‬positron emission tomography; HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c); TSH=
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; CAD= Coronary Artery Disease; ACE-i= Angiotensin
Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; ICD= Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator; MRA=
Mineralo Corticoid Antagonist; ARNI= angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor;
Sacubitril/valsartan; CRT= Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy; LVAD= Left Ventricular
Assist Device ; OMT= Optimum Medical Therapy; CPAP= Continuous positive airway
pressure