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Hiv and opportunistic infection
1. hiv and opportunistic infections
PRESENTED BY
SOWPARNIKA TREASA SABU
1ST YEAR MPHARM PHARMACY PRACTICE
GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE, TRIVANDRUM.
2. HIV (Human
immunodeficiency virus)
⢠RNA retrovirus of the
genes lentivirus that infects
and destroys viral cells of
the human immune system,
such as helper T cells.
[CD4+ cells]
â˘HIV-1 : most common.
â˘HIV-2 :limited to West
Africa.
â˘It causes AIDS
3. Opportunistic infection
â˘Infections that are uncommon except when they are given an
opportunity to infect a person, disrupted gut flora, a penetrating
injury, weakened immune system etc.
â˘Most life threatening ,when CD4 count is below 200 cells/mm3
â˘Main cause of death for people with HIV/AIDS.
4. STAGES OF HIV
1)
PRIMARY
2)
ASYMPTOMAT
IC
3)
SYMPTOMAT
IC
4) HIV
to AIDS
â˘Short, flu
like illness-
occurs 1-6
weeks after
infection.
â˘No
symptoms.
â˘Infected
person can
infect other
people.
â˘Last for average
of 10 years.
â˘No symptoms.
â˘May be swollen
glands.
â˘The level of HIV
in blood very low.
â˘HIV antibodies
detectable in
blood.
â˘Mild
symptoms.
â˘Immune
system
deteriorate.
â˘Emergence of
opportunistic
infection and
cancers.
â˘Immune
system
weakens.
â˘The
illness
more
severe
leading
to AIDS
5. â˘AIDS-
Disease caused by reterovirus HIV and
characterised by profound immunosuppression that leads
to opportunistic infection, secondary malignancies and
neurological manifestations.
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
â˘Worldwide about 34-36 million adult and children
infected with HIV.
â˘Occurs in all ages.
â˘All areas of the country are affected.
â˘In some cities, as many as 50% of males are HIV
positive .
â˘AIDS is now the second leading cause of death for all
men aged 25-44 years.
7. ETIOLOGY
There are 3 primary modes.
1) Sexual intercourse.
2) Parenteral.
⢠Contaminated needles
⢠Drug abusers.
⢠Occupationally
acquiring
3) Perinatal infection.
⢠From mother to child
⢠Breast feeding by
infected mother
8. Symptoms
1. Pulmonary infection
2. Gastrointestinal infections
3. Neurological and psychiatric
involvement
4. Tumors and malignancies
5. Other opportunistic infections
EARLY INFECTION
⢠Brief flu-like illness 2-4
weeks after infection.
⢠Fever, headache, sore throat,
swollen lymph glands, rash
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Gp 120 of virus attach with target cell- 1 â°
attachment.
2. Co receptor activate and GP 41 slip on side and
enter to membrane â Fusion
3. After fusion uncoating and viral capsid enter to
target cell.
4. Viral Genetic material RNA by reverse transcriptase
enzyme converted to DNA- Reverse transcription.
5. Integration of viral DNA to target DNA and become
its functional part forever â integration
6. Transcription- DNA to genomic RNA and messenger
RNA
7. Translation â RNA to protien
11. 8. Assembly of all material (DNA, Genes-Gag,pol)for new
cell.
9. Budding- as buds new viral cells come out.
10. Releases new viral cell and lipid membrane is taken
from the host cell.
11. Maturation by protease enzyme, result new viral cell .
12. DIAGNOSIS
â˘Test blood or saliva for antibodies to the virus (12 weeks)
â˘Test for HIV antigen, protein produced by the virus immediately
after infection.
13. Test to stage disease and treatment
ďąCD4 T cell count-
â˘CD4 T cells are white blood cells that are specifically
targeted and destroyed by HIV.
â˘HIV to AIDS, if count below 200
ďąViral load (HIV RNA)
â˘Test amount of virus in blood
â˘Higher level linked to a worse outcome
ďąDrug resistance
â˘Some strains of HIV are resistant to medication.
14. TREATMENT
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
â˘Patient education.
â˘Lifestyle modification.
â˘Sympathetic attitude, family and public support.
â˘Take adequate rest and diet rich in protiens and vitamins.
â˘Smoking cessation
â˘Stop drinking alcohol
â˘Do regular excercise or yoga
15. PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
GOALS OF THERAPY
â˘Improving quality and duration of life
â˘Preventing deterioration of immune function
â˘Restoring immune status.
â˘Preventing and or treating opportunistic infection.
â˘Relieving symptoms.
19. 1. ANTIRETOVIRAL THERAPY
i. Nucloeside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
⢠M/A â phosphorylated intracellularly , inhibit viral
reverse transcriptase enzyme by acting as a false
substrate.
⢠A/E :peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, hepatitis,
mitochondrial toxicity
Eg: Abacavir -300 mg bd
Combivir â one tab bd (300mg zidovudine+150mg
lamivudine)
Lamivudine-150 mg bd or 300mg od
Stavudine-if > 60 kg 40mg bd; <60 kg 30mg bd
Zidovudine- 250 mg bd
20. ⢠Combinations: zidovudine + lamivudine
Zidovudine +lamivudine +abacavir
ii. Non Nucloeside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
⢠M/A-Inhibit reverse transcriptase enzyme by binding to its
active site.
⢠A/E :rash, fever, nausea, diarrhoea, hepato-toxicity
⢠Eg: Efavirenz â 600mg od
Nevirapine â 200 mg od 1st 2 week,
then 200 mg bd
21. iii. Protease inhibitors
⢠M/A -Bind to the active site of HIV-1 protease enzyme,
preventing the maturation of newly produced virions so
that they remain non- infectious.
⢠A/E âLipidystrophy, GI intolerance, hyperglycaemia, lipid
abnormalities
⢠Eg; Atazanavir-300mg od
Darunavir-600 mg bd
Fosamprenavir -700mg bd
Ritonavir -100-200 mg od-bd; boost other protease
inhibitors
indinavir-800 mg every 8h with ritonavir
22. iv. Entry inhibitors
a) Fusion inhibitor
⢠M/A âBlock the structural rearrangement of HIV-1 gp 41
and thus stop the fusion of viral cell membrane with the
target cell membrane, preventing viral RNA from entering
the cell
⢠Eg: Enfuvirtide -90 mg bd every 12 h
⢠A/E- Injection site reaction common, insomnia, headache
b) CCR5 inhibitor
⢠M/A â selectively bind to the human chemokine receptor
CCR5 preventing CCR5 tropic HIV from entering cell.
⢠Eg: Maraviroc -150,300mg used when resistant to one or
more other retroviral classes
23. v. Integrase inhibitors
⢠M/A- bind to integrase enzyme thus blocking the
integration of viral DNA into host DNA
⢠Eg:Raltegravir-400mg bd
⢠A/E-Nausea, headache, Vertigo, abdominal pain, flatulence
24. 2. TREATMENT OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
A. Fungal infection
p.Jiroveci pneumonia
⢠Symptoms: non productive cough, shortness of breath, fever,
anorexia, weight loss
⢠Diagnosis :exercise induced oxygen desaturation, chest-
radiography, confirmed by silver staining .
⢠Treatment : high dose cotrimoxazole for 21 days.
⢠Mild- oral 1920 mg tid
⢠Moderate to severe âIV :120mg/kg/day for 3 days then,
90mg/kg/day for 18 days
25. B. Protozoal infection
Toxoplasmosis
⢠T .gondii cause of CNS disease in patient with AIDS
⢠Symptoms: Headache, fever, confusion, seizure
⢠Diagnosis: ring enhancing lesion on CT scan, brain biopsy
⢠Treatment: sulphadiazine with pyrimethamine with folinic
acid to prevent myelo suppression for 6 weeks, maintainence
therapy with lower dose same drug until CD4 maintained above
200cells/mm3
C. Bacterial infection
Mycobacterium TB
⢠symptoms: rapid progression
⢠Diagnosis :culture of organism
⢠Treatment: CNS TB- isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide,
ethambutol for 2 month
26. â˘Followed by isoniazid, rifampicin for atleast 10 months.
D. Viral infection
Cytomegalovirus- herpes virus
⢠Site of infection- retina, GIT
⢠Diagnosis-clinical appearance
⢠Symptoms: blurred vision, visual field defect and ultimately
blindness
drug induction maintanence
Ganciclovir 5mg/kg 6mg/kg on 5day
a week
Valganciclovir 900mg bd 900mg od
27. 3) MALIGNANCIES
A. kaposi`s sarcoma-
⢠Common with HIV infection and trigerred by HHV-8
⢠Symptoms :lesion affect the skin and appear as raised purple
papules
⢠Severe: oedema, ulceration, infection
⢠Treatment :cosmetic camouflage, antiretroviral therapy
B. Lymphomas
⢠High grade B-cell type
⢠Primary CNS lymphoma is common
⢠Diagnosis :biopsy
⢠HAART reduce incidence of all lymphoma
28. 4) NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATION
⢠Due to opportunistic infection, tumours, primary neurological
effects of HIV
⢠HIV encephalopathy or AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) BY
HIV infection on CNS
⢠Symptoms :amnesia, cognitive dysfunction
⢠Reduced incidence due to use of HAART
5) HEPATITIS B,C -CO INFECTION
HIV can impact on HBV and HCV INFECTION
â˘HB vaccine, HC Therapy less succesful and responsive
â˘Chronic and high level of virus
â˘Progression to cirrhosis
â˘Hepatocellular carcinoma
â˘Treatment of HB-HAART REGIMEN WITH 2 anti hepatic B agent
.eg: tenofovir with lamivudine
29. 5) Women with HIV
⢠Specific issues
ďź Cervical screening- carried out atleast annually to check
gynaecological manifestation
ďź Drug toxicity
Eg:nevirapine â breast feeding
⢠interaction between antiretroviral and oral and injectable
contraceptive agent.
â˘Potential teratogenecity
â˘Increased toxicity to mother and child.
â˘Use of ARV and other strategies to reduce transmission of HIV
from mother to child.
30. â˘Treatment-
ďźRisk/benefit evaluation
ďźHAART
ďźZidovudine when viaral load low <10,000 cpies/ml
ďźIf < 10,000 copies/ml- start by 26 week
ďź>10,000- start by 20 week
ďź32,000- start without delay
ďźAvoid breast feeding.
ďźART to new born for 4 weeks after birth.