3. KAZAN (VOLGA REGION)
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
Found in 1804
by Emperor Alexander I
• Leo Tolstoy;
• Nikolay Lobachevski;
• Vladimir Lenin.
• Now – 50 000 students
4. • First visit to the
US as a Fulbright
Scholar in 2007;
• Second Visit in
2011 as AU WCL
Visiting Scholar;
• Third time, since
2014.
Former American Indian Museum Director Navajo Nation Reservation,
2007
Richard West, 2007
Director of Indian Law Resource
Center Armstrong Wiggins, 2011
American Indian Museum Director
Kevin Gover, 2014
Kimberly Tehee, Senior Adviser to the US
President, White House, 2011
5. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
Protection in Russia and the
US (Ruslan Garipov ed., Tatar
State University of
Humanities and Education,
2010)
Indigenous Peoples’
Protection in International
Law (Ruslan Garipov ed.,
Kazan Federal University,
2012)
6. Interest to American Indians.
The Russian colonization of the Americas
covers the period from 1732 to1867
Russians-Natives contacts in Alaska and
Fort Ross (California)
“Terra Nullius” or Principle of “Discovery”
7. In 1872 Duke Alexey Alexandrovich
Romanov visited America
General G. Custer and Buffalo Bill
In the Buffalo Bill’s show “Wild
West” alongside with the
American Indian’s part of show
Russian Cossacks part was very
popular.
8. Louis Armand, Baron de Lahontan
(1666 –1716) The book “Dialogs”
Adario
The ideas of free life among “noble
savages” were brought from
America to Europe in XVII – XVIII
Centuries and became an
inspiration for the famous
philosophers, such as Jean-
Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778),
and revolutionary leaders around
the world.
Russia wasn’t an exception.
9. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
"I am convinced that those
societies (as the Indians)
which live without
government enjoy in their
general mass an infinitely
greater degree of happiness
than those who live under
the European governments"
12. Gojko Mitic
German writers: Karl May, Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich
American writers: James Willard Schultz, James Fenimore
Cooper, Thomas Mayne Reid, Henry Longfellow
“Red Westerns” produced by DEFA Studios (GDR) as a part of anti-American
propaganda.
15. Population of the Russian FederationPopulation of the Russian Federation
Population in millions, 2015
501
1394
127 143
322
EU China Japan Russia United States
Almost 200 different ethnic groups.
More than 80% of population are Russians.
Others are: Tatars, Ukrainians, Chechens, Bashkirs,
Chuvash, Yakuts, Nenets, Chukchies and so on.
• Titular Nation (Russians);
• Titular Nations (in Republics);
• Indigenous Minority Peoples
(Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples)
400 (0,3%) 48 – 60% of territories;
• National Minorities.
16. Conquest of the Kazan Khanate Ivan Terrible (Tsar of Russia)
In 1552 Kazan was taken by storm of Russian armies under command of Ivan
Grozny (Terrible) and annexed to Russian state
17.
18.
19. North, Siberia and Far East (except 4 ethnic groups) – very strong weather conditions.
Traditional way of life – hunting, fishing, gathering and reindeer-breeding. Nomads.
Only 8% of the Russian population live in areas of “Indigenous Minority Peoples”.
However, in these areas are concentrated a majority of Russian natural resources
(97% of gas, 80% of oil, 100% of diamonds).
20.
21. RUSSIAN INDIGENOUS MINORITY PEOPLES
•To live in their historical territory;
•To preserve traditional way of life, occupations, and trades;
•To self-recognize themselves as a separate ethnicity
•There should be at most 50,000 of population within Russia.
---------------------------------------------------
Federal law about Guaranties of Indigenous Minorities Rights in Russian Federation 1999.
22. Russian Constitution (1993), article 69:
“The Russian Federation shall guarantee the rights of the indigenous
minority peoples according to the universally recognized principles and
norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of
the Russian Federation.”
23. International Regulation
• ILO Indigenous and Tribal
Populations Convention № 107
(1957) and № 169 (1989);
• The UN Second Decade 2005-
2014;
• UN PFII;
• Expert Mechanism, UNHRC;
• Arctic Council.
24. Domestic Legal Regulation in Russia
• RFL “About Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the
Russian Federation”, 1999.
• RFL “About General Principles of Communities’ Organization of Indigenous
Minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation”, 2000.
• RFL “About Territories of Traditional Nature Use of the Indigenous Minorities of
the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation”, 2001.
28. The Regional
Administration building
in Tarko-Sale, April 2012
Regional Nenets NGO building
“Yamal for Future Generations”,
April 2012
Just a fact: in 2012 the federal
budget gave 240 million rubles to
the needs of indigenous minority
peoples,
and spent 275 million rubles on the
pyrotechnic show at the APEC
Summit in Vladivostok.
29. And only in March 13, 2013 the Ministry
of Justice issued the document about
reactivation of the RAIPON.
In November 2012 the Russian
Association of Indigenous Peoples of
the North, Siberia and the Far East was
suspended by Russia’s Ministry of
Justice.
RAIPON – Grigory Ledkov (from March, 2013)
Sergey Kharyuchi (before March, 2013)
Conflict with Ministry of Regional
Development
UN PFII
Arctic Council Pavel Sulyandziga
opposition leader
31. There are approximately from 60 до 80
thousands of people:
• In Norway: 40 000 (ILO 169)
• In Sweden: 20 000
• In Finland: 10 000
• In Russia: 2 000
Sami Parliaments
February 6 – Sami Day
32. Norway Sweden Finland Russia
1. Sami
Population
40 000 20 000 10 000 2 000
2. Legal Status Indigenous
People
National
Minority
Indigenous
People
Indigenous
Minority People
3. Reference in
Constitution
Yes (110a) No Yes (17, 121) Yes (69)
4. ILO 169
Ratification
Yes (1990) No No No
5. Cross-Border
Cooperation
Yes Yes Yes Limited
6. Reindeer
Herding
Exclusive
Right
Yes Yes No No
7. Sami
Parliament
Yes Yes (more
dependable
from the state)
Yes No
33. Thank you for your attention!
Ruslan Garipov
garipov@american.edu
www.ruslangaripov.com
In boarding-school with Nenets
children, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous
Okrug, April 2012.
CONCLUSIONS:
• Territories and Resources
• Specific Definition
• Weak domestic law
• International law abstention
• Corruption
• Pressure on NGO activists
• Borders for indigenous minority
peoples’ territories;
• Ecological and Ethnological expert
examination before extraction;
• Principle “Duty to Consult”;
• ILO Convention № 169, the UN
Declaration of 2007, Nordic Sami
Convention.
