3. 86 years old
An investment guru
No. 4 richest man in 2014 one of the
richest
Most successful stock market investors
for the past 30 years
CEO of Berkshire Hathaway – investing
in stocks and buying companies
Mentor : Benjamin Graham
(Father of value investing and Dean
Wall Street
Theory : “Mr Market” and “Margin of
Safety”
A mix approach investment from Ben
Graham and Philip Fisher
Source : Forbes 2014
WARREN BUFFET – “THE ORACLE OF OMAHA”
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4. • Only buy stocks at a price that is well
below an intrinsic value of the business
– determined by assets, earnings,
dividends and future values
• Provides high-return opportunities but also
gives some protection on the downside if
things don't work out as planned
Principle No. 1:
Always Invest With a Margin of Safety
Principle No. 2:
Mr MARKET – Expect Volatily and Profit from It
Mr Market as a business partner who offers to buy or
sell you his interest daily. Price could be high or could
below and an investor you are free to buy his interest,
sell out to him or ignore if you don’t like the price. He will
always come back tomorrow with a different offer. Have
freedom to say no and think rationally.
BENJAMIN GRAHAM – FATHER OF VALUE INVESTING
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5. Type of Investors
Defensive
Aggressive/Enterprise
Investors
Based on willingness and
ability to bear on the task
• Eg. Doctor – not able to spend too much
time to the process
• Focus on shares of companies that have
strong financial background and long term
profitable companies
• Eg. a sharp young executive interested in
finance)
• Expand their universe substantially, but
purchases should be attractively priced as
established by intelligent analysis
Understanding the
business and
economic conditions
Portfolio
diversification
• Highly believer in defensive investing and protecting a portfolio against errors
in judgment
• Recommends purchase of a minimum of 10 different issues and a maximum of
30. – Low risk, good return, buy and hold for long term
• Stock holdings should be reviewed at least annually, focus on dividend returns
and the operating results of the company, and ignore share price fluctuations
• Take advantage on the market fluctuation on the upside – stocks overvalued
• Have some understanding of business and economic conditions and will form
some opinion concerning the prospects of a firm or industry
• Use Historical data – historical rates provide a starting point, not representing
future but it gives some indicatives of future rates
• Use the proper historical rate requires considerable investment judgment
• Make decision based on quantitative than qualitative factors
BENJAMIN GRAHAM INVESTMENT PRINCIPLES
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6. “I am 85% of Benjamin Graham”
“Risk comes from not knowing what you're doing”
-Warren Buffet-
Combo investment approach of Ben Graham and Philip Fisher
Rule No. 1: Never Lose Money, Rule No. 2 : Never Forget Rule No. 1
Be a sensible investor..
Don’t be frivolous
Don’t gamble
Don’t go into an investment with a cavalier attitude
Be informed on the companies’ operating results not by the short term fluctuations
Be patient and go for the value of business
Do your homework – if you know more about a company, why give more attention on
what market says?
Buy shares because you believe in the company – intend owning it for number of years
NEVER FOLLOW THE DAY TO DAY FLUCTUATIONS OF THE STOCK MARKET
ONLY check the market for anyone who sells a good business at a GREAT PRICE!
7. Don’t try and analyse or worry about the general economy
If the business does well, the stock eventually follows….
Impossible to predict the stock on daily basis
Impossible to forecast what the economy will do in the next 5 years
Don’t assume that that the direction comes from the economy predicted
Find a business that exhibit favourable for LONG TERM prospects – more VALUABLE
Does the company :-
Have a CONSISTENT operating profit?
Have a DOMINANT franchise?
Is the business generating HIGH and SUSTAINABLE profit margins?
A business that has ability to PROFIT in ANY economic environment is very VALUABLE!
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8. It is better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than a fair
company at a wonderful price
Buy a business NOT a stock
Buy QUALITY stocks and look for a company with..
Business operations that are UNDERSTOOD
FAVOURABLE long term business prospects
Operated by HONEST and COMPETENT people
Available at an ATTRACTIVE price
Assess companies based on :-
Business tennets – Simple and understandable business? Operating History? Profitable/Good Prospects?
Management tennets – Rational management? Honest with its shareholders?
Financial tennets – Return on equity not EPS, calculate owner earnings, search companies with high profit
margins, for every $1 of retained earnings, has the company created at least $1 worth of extra value?
Market tennets – Value of business? Right company at the right
price – with MoS against unknown risk?
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9. Act like a owner of the business and NOT the owner of a piece of paper
Manage a portfolio of businesses
UNDERSTAND the company’s operating fundamentals
DIVERSIFICATION only required when the investor does not know what they are doing.
NOT MANY business owners are COMFORTABLE AND EXPERIENCED to operate a number of
companies portfolio at the same time.
Only BUY shares at the companies which are thoroughly UNDERSTOOD
“ Perfect timing is where, we simply attempt to be
fearful when others are greedy and to be greedy only
when others are fearful”
10. In the nutshell..
Buffet’s investment strategy is to locate wonderful
companies with long term value and fairly priced
stock. He understands the business that he is
comfortable with, and acts like a business owner
rather that a stock market speculator. He champions
the value investment strategy, maintains a longer
perspective at all times, and never loses sight of the
underlying value of a business.
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Buffett is Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.A) a holding company for a diverse set of businesses, which he developed from an unprofitable textile manufacturing operation. Berkshire Hathaway makes most of its profits from buying and owning entire companies. Buffett does hold these businesses indefinitely and makes very long-term plans for those companies that may encompass planning ahead 50 years or even more
Value investing is an approach that is widely used today by individual investors and portfolio managers
Intrinsic value is justified by a firm’s assets, earnings, dividends, and financial strength. Focusing on this value, he felt, would prevent an investor from being misled by the misjudgments often made by the market during periods of deep pessimism or euphoria
Philip Fisher investment approach is focused more on qualitative metrics – on companies with the ability to grow sales and profits over the years at rates greater than the industry average.
Intrinsic value- The actual value of a company or an asset based on an underlying perception of its true value including all aspects of the business, in terms of both tangible and intangible factors. This value may or may not be the same as the current market value. Value investors use a variety of analytical techniques in order to estimate the intrinsic value of securities in hopes of finding investments where the true value of the investment exceeds its current market value.
Concept of MoS is important - as value investing can provide substantial profits once the market inevitably re-evaluates the stock and raises its price to fair value. It also provides protection on the downside if things don’t work out as planned and the business falters. Graham believes that that identifying undervalued stocks, regardless of market sentiments was the key to stock market investment success.
2 Key approaches in buying shares:-
1.Buy for less than 2 thirds a company’s net asset value
2. Focus only on low price to earning ratio stocks
In other words, volatility refers to the amount of uncertainty or risk about the size of changes in a security's value. A higher volatility means that a security's value can potentially be spread out over a larger range of values. This means that the price of the security can change dramatically over a short time period in either direction. A lower volatility means that a security's value does not fluctuate dramatically, but changes in value at a steady pace over a period of time.
One measure of the relative volatility of a particular stock to the market is its beta. A beta approximates the overall volatility of a security's returns against the returns of a relevant benchmark
Mr Market
Mr. Market,” the imaginary business partner of each and every investor. Mr. Market offers investors a daily price quote at which he would either buy an investor out or sell his share of the business. Sometimes, he will be excited about the prospects for the business and quote a high price. Other times, he will be depressed about the business’s prospects and will quote a low price.
Because the stock market has these same emotions, the lesson here is that you shouldn’t let Mr. Market’s views dictate your own emotions or, worse, lead you in your investment decisions. Instead, you should form your own estimates of the business’s value based on a sound and rational examination of the facts. Furthermore, you should only buy when the price offered makes sense and sell when the price becomes too high. Put another way, the marketwill fluctuate–sometimes wildly–but rather than fearing volatility, use it to your advantage to get bargains in the market or to sell out when your holdings become way overvalued.
Type of Investors
Long term profitable companies here means –substantial size with a leading position in industry, which could be a company who holds a large pie or 2nd large pie in the market share of the industry.
Key rules for defensive investors:-
Adequate size: Exclude small companies with less than $100 million of annual sales for industrial companies and $50 million of total sales for public utilities. – with 5% annual growth rate i.e. public utility companies
• Strong financial condition: For industrial companies, current assets (cash, accounts receivable and inventory) should be at least twice current liabilities (short-term debt), and long-term debt should not exceed the net current assets (working capital, or current assets less current liabilities); for public utilities the debt should not exceed twice the stockholders’ equity (total assets less total liabilities).
• Earnings stability: Positive earnings for at least the last five years.
• Strong dividend record: Uninterrupted dividend payments for at least the past 20 years.
• Earnings growth: Minimum increase of at least one-third in earnings per share in the past 10 years (a 2.9% average annual growth rate over 10 years).
• Moderate price-to-earnings ratio: The current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings for the past three years.
• Moderate price-to-book-value ratio: The current price should not be more than 1½ times the last reported book value
Enterprise Investors
No restrictions; stocks of unpopular large companies and secondary companies (ones that are not leaders in a fairly important industry) considered particularly promising.
Be willing to buy something no one else wants, cheaply. Key rules when investing:-
Size: Select from a wider universe of stocks. • Financial condition: Current assets should be at least 1½ times current liabilities, and debt should not be more than 110% of net current assets. • Dividend record: Some level of dividend payments. • Price-to-book-value ratio: The price should be less than 120% of net tangible assets
Graham thought enterprising investors could also find success investing in secondary companies if purchased as bargains. A secondary company is defined by Graham as one that is a smaller concern in an important industry, or a top firm in an unimportant industry; many mid-sized listed companies. In general, Graham felt the stock market tends to undervalue these firms. At the same time, he believed these firms were large enough to sustain themselves through various economic environments, with the ability to earn a fair return on invested capital; investors would thus profit both from earnings paid in dividends and those that were reinvested. And in bull markets, he noted, the price of these firms often advances to full valuation.
Portfolio diversification
investors should take advantage of market fluctuations on the upside, when a stock becomes overvalued (or fairly valued for stocks that were purchased at below their intrinsic value); at these times, investors should sell and replace their holding with one that is more fairly valued or undervalued.
Price declines are a welcome way to add more shares to your portfolio. As long as you are investing in a soundly run business with good fundamentals, management and prices it will give good return
Philip Fisher use a qualitative metrics thru interviewing customers, competitors and consultants. He will always look for companies
That are dedicated to maintaining their competitive advantage and strengthening their market position.
That could grow without requiring additional equity financing. If a company expanded on the strength of its products and services rather than by
expanding its capital base, Fisher thought that predicted well for the future.
That have a great Mgt capabilities – good working relationships in a company
He believed in holding stock in a few outstanding companies than a large number of average companies.
Like fisher, Buffet is willing to invest in a small number of good companies, rather than diversify across a large no. of companies that he doesn’t understand as well.
Buffett looks not at the performance of a given stock, but at the performance of the underlying business. This is critical, because a strong underlying business means that an investment will almost always payoff, at least sooner or later.
The reason why most investors fail to follow Buffett’s advice in this regard is because it requires a lot more work. You actually have to research the individual companies, and have a keen understanding of their business and how well they are faring against the competition. Market sentiment of the company’s stock has little to do with it.
One of Buffett’s hallmark investment strategies is a investing in quality.
This means that he invests in companies that have well-known, well-regarded products that add value to the consumer and the economy. The companies he inverts money in are usually household names, which is to say that they have both strong market penetration and brand recognition.
Many less successful investors are drawn to companies and industries that they know little or nothing about. They assume that the less they know, the more likely it is that the investment will be a success, as though it will succeed based on some unexplained mystery factor. Quality – not mystery – makes a company a long-term winning investment.
He does this by buying companies that are selling at a discount to their real value. This strategy is more commonly referred to as value investing, which is the practice of buying stock in companies that are undervalued compared to other companies in their industry, as well as to the general market.
While many investment analysts tend to focus on a company’s numbers, market position, specific assets, and even public sentiment, Buffett looks more closely at management. Every one of those tangible metrics can change in the future, substantially weakening a company. But the caliber of management represents the future of the business. With the right people at the helm, the business will grow and prosper no matter what challenges it may face.
Buffet has this down to a science. He looks at the fundamentals of a company – it’s earnings, revenue, price-earnings ratio, return on equity and dividend yield, among other metrics – then he compares them to the same metrics in competing companies. If the company is generally strong compared to the competition, but the stock price is well below them, it becomes an investment candidate.
Be in the game for the Long Haul
When you look at the companies that Buffett either owns individually, or through Berkshire Hathaway, they’re all long-term investments. Buffett will buy stocks and hold onto them – not for years – but for decades. As long as the business is strong, the investment will payoff. Buffett’s track record, and the size of his portfolios, are testaments to the success of this strategy.
