The emergence of international accounting standards for the preparation of financial reports and the increase in interest in them have led to the emergence of experimental and theoretical studies on an ongoing basis regarding the accounting systems of the emerging and developing economies. Among the studies that received a lot of attention are those that investigate the relevance of cultures to accounting and management practices and trends, for example, Hofstede, Gray. Subsequently, Gray's research was cited in a large number of studies, where the aim of his research was the effect of the basic cultural values identified by Hofstede, which represent individual versus collective (IDV), power distance (PDI), masculinity versus femininity (MAS), to avoid uncertainty (UAI) and the consequent development of certain types of accounting systems in the absence of other factors or external influences, Which represent Professionalism versus statutory control, Uniformity versus flexibility, Conservatism versus optimism, Secrecy versus transparency. One of these studies will be addressed in this paper. The study is “Accounting, Culture, and Emerging Economies: IFRS In The BRIC Countries”. (Borker, 2012).

1. Accounting, Culture, And Emerging Economies: IFRS In
The BRIC Countries.
Introduction:
The emergence of international accounting standards for the
preparation of financial reports and the increase in interest in them
have led to the emergence of experimental and theoretical studies on
an ongoing basis regarding the accounting systems of the emerging
and developing economies. Among the studies that received a lot of
attention are those that investigate the relevance of cultures to
accounting and management practices and trends, for example,
Hofstede, Gray. Subsequently, Gray's research was cited in a large
number of studies, where the aim of his research was the effectof the
basic cultural values identified by Hofstede,which representindividual
versus collective (IDV), power distance (PDI), masculinity versus
femininity (MAS), to avoid uncertainty (UAI) and the consequent
development of certain types of accounting systems in the absence of
other factors or external influences, Which represent Professionalism
versus statutory control, Uniformity versus flexibility, Conservatism
versus optimism, Secrecy versus transparency. One of these studies
will be addressedin this paper. The study is “Accounting,Culture, and
Emerging Economies: IFRS In The BRIC Countries”. (Borker, 2012).
Research problem:
The research problem has been identified by raising the
following question:
What is the accounting value dimensions most linked with
IFRS?
Research hypotheses:
The researcher used the same hypotheses that Gray used,
which are:
H1: The higher a ranking in terms of individualism and the lower the
ranking in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power distance, the
more likely the country is to rank highly in terms of professionalism.

2. H2: The higher a ranking in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power
distance and the lower the ranking in terms of individualism, the more
likely it is to rank highly in terms of uniformity.
H3: The higher a ranking in terms of uncertainty avoidance and the
lower the ranking in terms of individualism and masculinity, the more
likely it is to rank highly in terms of conservatism.
H4: The higher a ranking in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power
distance and the lower the ranking in terms of individualism and
masculinity, the more likely it is to rank high in terms of secrecy.
Researchsample:
The researcher used the accounting orientations that are
culturally derived from fouremerging countries, whichis Russia, Brazil,
India, and China, which are known as the BRIC countries as a sample
for his research to arrive at the results.
Research methodology:
The researcher used the descriptive and analytical method by
analyzing the accounting orientations that are culturally derived from
four emerging countries that were taken by the researcheras a sample
for the research to arrive at the results.
Summarizing the results ofhypotheses by presentingthe cultural
dimensions of each BRIC country and it is the consequent
development of accounting system:
1- Brazil: From birth, people in this country are drawn into close-knit
and strong groups, which are represented by the extended family. In
addition, group members are granted in exchange for loyalty to the
group protection. Furthermore, in business interactions, it is important
to build a trustworthy, long-term relationship. So Brazil is collectivism,
not individualism.
Brazilian society accepts inequality between people, as it
believes that respect for hierarchy is necessary, so that those with
power in society enjoy more benefits than others. Accordingly, Brazil
is considered large Power Distance.

3. As for the dimension Masculinity vs. Femininity, Brazil is in the
middle compared to the rest of the BRIC countries.ithas softeraspects
of culture for example giving the underdog sympathy, compromising
with others, moving away in work and private life from Conflicts,
consensus, and other similar matters.
Brazilian societydemonstrates a strong need for detailed legal
rules systems to structure life, as do other Latin American societies.
They considerbureaucracy, rules and laws to be very important. That
means it has strong avoiding uncertainty.
Based on these cultural dimensions of Brazilian society, it has
resulted from use in the Gray's hypotheses that Brazilian society is a
society characterized by accounting systems that tend to be Statutory
Control, Uniformity, Conservatism and Secrecy.
2- Russia: Russian societyconsiders matters related to friends,
neighbors and family to be very important matters that even exceed
the importance of the daily challenges of life. Russian people focus
on building relationships dominated by trust and honesty rather than
in the performance of their tasks. Relations in Russia are also
important in order to complete successfulnegotiations and obtain
information. All this clearly shows that Russian society is a
collectivism society.
Russia is among the most large power distance societies inthe world.
More than two-thirds of all foreign investment goes to Moscow. In
addition, 80% of all Russia's financial potential is concentrated there.
When meeting a stranger or at work, Russians minimize their
capabilities,personal accomplishments orcontributions, and generally
speak humbly about themselves. Also, the dominant behavior is
acceptable when it comes from the president, but it is not acceptable
among peers. Therefore, Russia is considered Femininity.
The Russian people often feel threatened by ambiguous
situations. It is common for them to do detailed briefings and plans.
Russians prefer to have a large amount of background information.
Especially when they interact with strangers, and distance and
formalities are their rule, so certainly Russia is considered strong
Uncertainty Avoidance.

4. Based on these cultural dimensions of Russian society, it has
resulted from use in the Gray's hypotheses that Russian society is a
society characterized by accounting systems that tend to be Statutory
Control, Uniformity, Conservatism, and Secrecy.
3- India: India combines the qualities of the collectivism and the
individualism. This may be due to several things, including the
hundreds of years-long influence of India being part of the British
Commonwealth. It may be because the great growth in the technology
profession in India in addition to the widespread spread of
entrepreneurship. Moreover, the plurality of religions and ideology,
leaving there room for individualistic and pluralistic thinking.
Indian society is accustomed to excessive contradictions
between frequent poverty and wealth, as it is a tradition in Indian
society of inequality between social classes across generations. So
Indian community is large power distance.
India represents, to some extent, a successful trend towards
taking risks and being open to individualism, and this has founded a
good environment for the growth of highly skilled professionals and
innovated entrepreneurs, for example computer technology
specialists. This indicates that India is inclined Masculinity.
Indians have the advantage that they are not afraid of ambiguity
and adapt to most circumstances,which makes them suitable to work
in medium and small-sized companies and in entrepreneurial projects.
India has allowed making trade in it freerbysimplifying the laws related
to trade in it, aftera long period of imposing alot of taxes and protective
tariffs,and this has resulted in increased investment,foreignexpansion
and the development of economic growth significantly. This certainly
indicates India has weak uncertainty avoidance.
Based on these cultural dimensions of Indian society, it has
resulted from use in the Gray's hypotheses that Indian society is a
society characterized by accounting systems that tend to be in middle
betweenProfessionalism and Statutory control, betweenFlexibilityand
Uniformity, between Optimism and Conservatism, between
Transparency and Secrecy.

5. 4- China: China is the most collectivism among the Balkan countries;
people act in the interest of the group and do not care about their
personal interests. Group considerations influence promotions and
employment in businesses, and personal relationships predominate
over the company and mission.
Chinese societybelieves in accepting inequality among people,
and no one in their societyadvocates againstbosses'misuse ofpower.
In general, they believe that people's aspirations should not exceed
their rank. Therefore,Chinese societyconsiders large power distance.
Chinese societyis driven and oriented towards success.Where
there is no great importance to leisure and entertainment, and they
spend all their energyby work, success,and academic excellence and
give these things priority in their lives. China is a Masculinity society
without the slightest doubt.
China has weak avoiding uncertainty. This is because the
Chinese are not afraid of ambiguity. This is evident so that the Chinese
language has many vague meanings that are difficult for strangers to
understand. Chinese society possesses entrepreneurial spirit and
adaptability anyway.
Based on these cultural dimensions of Chinese society, it has
resulted from use in the Gray's hypotheses that Chinese society is a
society characterized by accounting systems that tend to be between
Professionalism and Statutory control, between Flexibility and
Uniformity, between Optimism and Conservatism, between
Transparency and Secrecy.
Group of Seven countries (G7) versus BRIC countries:
The researcher showed by reviewing previous studies that the
major developed countries that were closest to the application IFRS
through the derivation of Gray for their cultural dimensions are the
United States of America, Great Britain and Canada, these countries
had accounting systems are professionalism, flexibility, optimism and
transparency. while Italy France, Japan and Germany had cultural

6. dimensions that made Gray's derivation of its accounting system far
from applying IFRS in comparison with the first three countries.
Moreover, the researcher shows by comparing the G7 advanced
countries with the BRIC countries that Brazil and Russia are close to
the Japanese accounting system. . While Italy and Germany have an
accounting system that is very similar to India. As for the Chinese
accounting system, it is not similar to any of the developed G7
countries.
Conclusion:
The results were determined by applying Gray's four
assumptions to the BRIC countries .it indicate Brazil and Russia
possess accounting systems developed from their respective cultural
values characterized by statutory control,uniformity, conservatism and
secrecy.This represents values opposite of the values that have been
proposed to represent the IFRS profile which are Professionalism,
Flexibility, Optimism and Transparency. As forthe accounting systems
of China and India, they were closer to the so-called IFRS profile
values. However, they are not fully compatible with IFRS.
It is worth noting that the cultural dimensions that Gray used in
order to predictthe type of accounting systems took the country away
from any external influence, while external influences may play a large
role in developing the accounting system to bring it closer to
international standards. Examples of external influences are
motivation. The state to improve international trade and increase the
flow of state capital globally.
References
Borker, D. R. (2012, April 30). Accounting, culture, and emerging
economies: IFRS in the BRIC countries. Journal of Business &
Economics Research, pp. 313-324.