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Culture-Society-in-Southeast-Asia-Chapter-6-Lesson-C.-The-Vietnam-case_-Chineses-Hegemony-and-Local-Responds.-Presentaion-by-Lex-Alfred-M.-Cebricus-BSBA-2A.pptx
- 1. The Vietnamese Case: Chinese’s Hegemony and Local Response
- 2. The First Chinese Domination of Vietnam • The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as Bắcthuộc ("Northern domination").
- 3. • During its march southward in 111 BC, the mighty Chinese Han dynasty invaded the Nam Vit kingdom (which translates to "land of the southern barbarians") and integrated what is now northern Vietnam, as well as much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the expanding Han empire. The Trng Sisters, who ejected the Han in 40 AD and temporarily governed Vietnam until being crushed by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD, were the culmination of Vietnamese resistance to Han domination.
- 4. • Initially, the practice of indigenous Vietnamese was governed at the local level but was ruled out in favor of replacing indigenous Vietnamese local officials with newly settled Han Chinese officials. The Han dynasty was desperate to extend their control over the fertile Red River Delta, in part as the geographical terrain served as a convenient supply point and trading post for Han ships engaged in the growing maritime trade with various South and Southeast Asian Kingdoms as well as establishing it as a prominent trading post with Ancient India and the Roman Empire.
- 5. • Though the Vietnamese incorporated advanced and technical elements they thought would be beneficial to themselves, the unwillingness to be dominated by outsiders, the desire to maintain political autonomy and the drive to regain Vietnamese independence signified Vietnamese resistance and hostility to Chinese aggression, political domination and imperialism on Vietnamese society. The Han dynasty sought to assimilate the Vietnamese as the Chinese wanted to maintain a unified cohesive empire through a "civilizing mission" as what the Chinese regarded the Vietnamese as uncultured and backward barbarians and regarded their "Celestial Empire" as the supreme center of the universe.
- 6. • The conquered and subjugated Vietnamese had to adopt the Chinese foreign writing system, Confucianism, veneration of the Chinese emperor at the detriment of the loss of their native spoken language, culture, ethnic and national identity. Han Chinese bureaucrats sought to impose much of Chinese high culture onto the indigenous Vietnamese including bureaucratic Legalist techniques and Confucian ethics, education, art, literature, and language. Under Chinese rule, Han dynasty officials imposed much of Chinese culture, including Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, its imperial examination system, and mandarin bureaucracy.
- 7. The Effect of Chinese Domination in Vietnam • Similarities of governance structures in Vietnam and China are primarily the result of analogy or the fact that both regimes have faced comparable challenges first with regard to their respective national revolutionary struggles and later the establishment and institutional fostering of communist rule, acted under similar conditions and pursued similar goals which have resulted in the part convergence of the two countries political institutions, structures, and practices that occurred without the direct exercise of influence. The most prominent example of chasing analogous objectives certainly refers to the economic reform processes toward market systems and the integration in global economic structures without touching the main pillars of the respective political orders.
- 8. • How and to what extent have Vietnam’s governance structures been converged toward or diverged from the Chinese model of political organization and rule?
- 9. • According to scholarly sources, the culture of Vietnam originated from Nam Vit, an ancient kingdom of the Baiyue people in East Asia which shared characteristics of Han Chinese cultures and the ancient Dong Son Culture, considered one of the most important progenitors of its indigenous culture, during the Bronze Age. Nam Vit was annexed by China in 111 BC, leading to the first Chinese domination of Vietnam lasting over a millennium that propelled Chinese influences onto Vietnamese culture in terms of Confucian ideology, governance, and the arts.
- 10. • Following independence from China in the 10th century, successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the country embarked on a southward expansion that annexed territories of the Champa and Khmer civilizations, which resulted in regional variances of modern-day Vietnamese culture. • Part of the East Asian cultural sphere, Vietnamese culture has certain characteristic features including ancestor veneration and worship, respect for community and family values, and manual labor religious belief. • During the socialist era, Vietnamese culture was characterized by government-controlled propaganda, which emphasized the importance of cultural exchanges with fellow communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba.
- 11. • A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese occupation from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War. Against this the second period of Chinese occupation saw almost 500 years of revolt and war, though the third period (603-939) was more harmonious. In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese occupation introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry.
- 12. • Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence. The only significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions, triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but the aftermath of the expulsion of the Ming saw a rise in vernacular vietnam literature. Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the mainstream current among that elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the loss of independence under French Indochina.
- 13. • The four periods of Chinese occupation do not correspond to the modern borders of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. • The occupation of Vietnam by China, sometimes referred to as "Bácthuác" in Vietnamese began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD.