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Chapter-6B-The-Indonesia-Case.pptx
- 1. The Indonesia Case: ANIMISM, HINDU-BUDDHISM & ISLAM IN CENTRAL JAVA
- 2. Indonesia A vast archipelago with more than 1,700 islands. The fourth most populous country in the world with a population of around 255 million people. Indonesia has a cultural, ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity. National motto: “Bhinekka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity), despite all the differences in its multicutural society – there is a true sense of unity among the Indonesian people
- 3. • Indonesia’s culture has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. • Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity were some of the religions that influences the complex cultural mixture of Indonesia. EXAMPLES: • Fusion of Islam with Hinduism includes Javanese Abangan belief • Fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Animism in Bodha • Fusion of Hinduism and Hinduism in Kaharingan • Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms • Islamic art forms and architecture in Sumatra especially in the Minangkabau and Aceh regions • Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called PencakSilat
- 4. Many Indonesians combine their beliefs with one of the government-recognized religions and register under that religion. About 20 million persons, primarily in Java, Kalimantan, and Papua, practice animism and other types of traditional belief systems termed “AliranKepercayaan”. The government permits the practice of the traditional belief system of AliranKepercayaan as a cultural manifestation, not a religion. Isolated hill tribes living in the interiors of the islands of Sulawesi, Seram, or Timor might express devotion to ancestral spirits through animal sacrifice at home.
- 5. Kaharingan • Kaharingan is the Dayak indigenous religion, which means life. • is a form of animism but official purposes categorized as a form of Hinduism. • There are about 80% percent of the Indonesia’s population that can be classified as animist. Asmat People • They live in villages with population varies from 35 to 2,000 people • To fulfill the young man’s obligation to his kin, ancestors and to prove his sexual prowess, he needs to take the head of an enemy and offer the body to the other member of the village for their cannibalistic consumption. • They gather and process the starchy pulp of the sago palm. • Fishing and hunting the occasional wild pig, cassowary, grubs, and crocodile.
- 6. Were the scattered ethno-linguistic groups of southern Kalimtan labeled by outsiders, tend to be either Protestant or Kaharingan. Kaharingan serves to mold the scattered agricultural residences into community with no set ritual leader nor fixed ritual representation. DAYAK SHAMANIC CURING OR BALIAN One of the core features of Kaharingan, the religion focuses thus in the body. Sickness comes by offending one of the many spirits inhabiting the earth and fields, usually from failure to sacrifice to them. Call back the wayward soul and restore the health of the community through trance, dance, and possession.
- 7. Negotiations between Kalimantan Tengah and national government over the recognition of the indigenous religion of the people of the province Indigenous religions were viewed as threats and atheistic – communist. The abortive coup proved that independence to be fragile. Establishment of the new province of Kalimantan Tengah Rebellion broke out along religious lines Parliamentary recognition of a Great Dayak territory 1970 1965 1957 (May) 1956 1953 Dayak became the suspect in the anticommunist fever 2 Their belief knew only one God. 1 A holy book or script was present. 3 Special building for religious services was present 4 A set of number of yearly feast-days were ordered. Requirements laid down by the Indonesian government: April 1980 Kaharingan community obtained official recognition by the state of the government as a brach of Hinduism
- 8. TOROJA OF CENTRAL SULAWESI • 650,000 approximately population. • This group’s prominence was its picturesque villages and mortuary rites involving the slaughter of water buffalo. Tongkonan • Ancestral house of Toroja • Consist of group of people who reckon descent from an original ancestor. • Rituals are done through trance-like dances to asks the spirits to visits. Saroan • Village work group • Originally agricultural work groups based on hamlet. • They exchange meat and other foods when there is ritual activities (sacrifices and funerals)
- 9. Some ambiguity about one’s affiliation: One’s claims to descent are not only based on blood relationships but also on social recognition of relationship through public acts. Through elaborate contributions during funerals Toraja have people the opportunity to prove a person’s devotion to deceased parent and to claim share of the parent’s land. The amount of land an individual can inherit from the deceased might depend on the number of buffalo he/she sacrificed at a parent’s funeral.
- 10. Toraja’s Two Main Kinds of Rituals East -rites of the rising sun and the rising smoke that is concerned with planting fertility and abundance . West –following on the rice harvest centering on the setting sun Both sacrifices water buffalo, pigs and chickens as offerings to the ancestors, and a complex distribution of the meat among the living.
- 11. Balinese Hinduism ֎ Deeply interwoven with art and ritual and less closely preoccupied with scripture, law and belief ֎ Lacks traditional Hindu emphasis on cycles of rebirth and reincarnation instead concerned with a myriad of local and ancestral spirits. ֎ Every Balinese belongs to a temple by virtue of descent, residence or some mystical revelation of affiliation. ֎ Ritualized states of self- control, famous for their graceful and decorous behavior.
- 12. Sundanese • Ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. • Approximately 30 million in population • Sundanese language has an elaborate and sophisticated literature of preserved Indic scripts and in puppet dramas – uses distinctively wooden dolls, wayanggolek. • Sundanese courts have aligned themselves more closely to universalistic tenets of Islam than have the elite classes of Central Java.
- 13. The striking variations in the practice and interpretation of Islam, various parts of Indonesia reflects its complex history, introduced by the traders and wandering mystics from India This gave rise to enduring tensions between orthodox Muslims and more syncretistic, locally based religion. On Java, this tension was expressed in a contrast between santri or “white” Orthodox Muslims and abangan or people who are nominally Muslim
- 14. Javanese Peasants • Javanese peasants in Central Java mostly resists the universalism of Islam and its political connotations. • Favor more on more moderate blend of Islamic practice with an indigenous Javanism. • For them, spiritual world is richly populated with deities who inhabit people, things and places ready to cause misfortune. Believers makes offerings, enlisting the aid of a dukun(healer), or through spiritual acts of self-control and right thinking to avoid these harmful spirits.
- 15. Kebatinan ֎ Amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic – especially Sufi beliefs. ֎ It was legitimized in 1945 and recognized as agama in 1973. ֎ It is characterized as mystical, and some varieties were concerned with spiritual self- control. ֎ It often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. ֎ These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, humans, artifacts and grave sites pf important wali or Muslim saints. ֎ Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits and if sacrifices fail to placate the angry deities, dukun or healer is needed. ֎ Kebatinan move towards eliminating the distinction between the universal and the local, the communal and the individual.
- 16. • 62% of Indonesia’s population is Javanese with over 150 million of whom 97.3% are officially Muslim. • 5-10 % follow Agami Islam Santri with 30% following AgamiJawi. • The rest are called abangan- more on animism, mysticism, Javanese Hinduism and Javanese Buddhism. • 90% of the population of Java is animist
- 17. Multiculturalism can be an asset to Indonesia, it can create room for people to collaborate and remain tolerant in the midst of disagreement. A genuine engagement with diversity is a source of social capital, which needs to be taken care of regardless of place and time
- 18. Encounters Between Multiple Traditions in a Particular Country b. The Indonesia Case: Animism, Hindu- Buddhism, and Islam in Central Java Thank you!