Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not close properly around the spinal cord. It can range in severity from a mild form where there is no impact to neurological function, to more severe forms where parts of the meninges or spinal cord protrude out of the spine. Treatment may include surgery to cover the exposed tissue, physical and occupational therapy, bracing, and management of symptoms like urinary incontinence. Long term follow up is also needed to address issues like muscle imbalances, contractures, and prevention of secondary complications. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve both genetic and environmental factors like low maternal folate levels.