Advanced Ceramics and Nanoceramic Powders

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Advanced Ceramics and Nanoceramic Powders
Published on June 2011

Report Summary

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

* The U.S. consumed more than $3.1 billion worth of advanced and nanoscale ceramic powders in 2010. Consumption is projected
to increase to nearly $3.4 billion in 2011 and $5.4 billion in 2016, a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.9% between
2011 and 2016.
* Advanced ceramic powders account for the bulk of the market (i.e. 83% in 2010), with sales of $2.5 billion in 2010, increasing to
$4 billion by 2016, for a CAGR of 8.3%.
* Nanoscale powders are expected to increase their market share steadily, reaching a 24% market share by 2016. Its market was
worth $528 million in 2010. This should increase at a CAGR of 16.4% to reach $1.2 billion in 2016.

REPORT SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Advanced ceramic materials are a mature technology with a very broad base of current and potential applications and a growing list of
material compositions. Advanced ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials with combinations of fine'scale microstructures,
purity, complex compositions and crystal structures, and accurately controlled additives. Such materials require a level of processing
science and engineering far beyond that used in making conventional ceramics. These new generations of high'performance
materials have already reached a U.S. market of several billion dollars. Collectively, they represent an enabling technology whose
continued development is critical to advances in a host of new high'technology applications, ranging from modern microelectronics to
superconductors and nanotechnology.

The outstanding properties possessed by advanced ceramics are achieved through special compositions and microstructures that
require very careful control throughout the successive stages of ceramic processing. These stages are: powder synthesis, powder
sizing, rheology control, consolidation and forming processes, sintering, final machining, and inspection.

Ceramic powder is a necessary ingredient for most of the structural ceramics, electronic ceramics, ceramic coatings, and chemical
processing and environmental related ceramics. For most advanced ceramic components, starting powder is a crucial factor. The
performance characteristics of a ceramic component are greatly influenced by precursor powder characteristics. Among the most
important are the powder's chemical purity, particle size distribution, and the manner in which the powders are packed in the green
body before sintering.

Powders of narrow size distribution can be compacted into ordered arrays and, when in the submicron region, these powders are
sintered at reduced temperatures. Consequently, in the processing of advanced ceramics, there is a growing need to develop
synthetic techniques capable of producing submicron, chemically pure powders with a tailored size distribution. However, the cost is
again the factor since the new synthetic processing techniques are comparatively more expensive than the currently established
powder manufacturing methods.

Nanoceramic powders constitute an important segment of the whole nanostructured materials market. These powders are used in an
array of applications from microelectronics, optical, chemical, environmental, and magnetic recording.

Advanced Ceramics and Nanoceramic Powders (From Slideshare) Page 1/15


STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BCC published the first report on this subject, entitled Advanced Ceramic Powders, in 1994. Since then, many new developments
have occurred, especially in the availability of large quantities of nanoceramic powders, as well as the increased usage of these
powders.

BCC has updated the original report several times in order to reflect timely developments in advanced and nanoceramic powders.
The present report is the sixth updated edition of the 1994 study. Its objectives are to:

* Provide an overview of the various advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders, their production technologies, and
applications
* Identify the technological and business issues related to the commercial production and use of advanced ceramic and nanosized
ceramic powders
* Determine the current size and future growth of the markets for oxide, carbide, nitride, and boride ceramic powders
* Determine the current size and future growth of the markets for nanosized ceramic powders
* Identify and profile suppliers of advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders to the U.S. market
* Identify major user industries of advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders
* Identify major issues related to the production and commercialization of advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders

CONTRIBUTIONS Of THE STUDY

BCC's technical and economic study covers the material types, synthesis techniques, production methods, current and emerging
applications, suppliers, and trends in consumption of the various types of advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders.
Current size and future growth of the markets are estimated for the period 2010 through 2016. The report profiles commercially
significant suppliers of advanced ceramic and nanosized ceramic powders to the U.S. market.

In particular, the term nanotechnology is used today to describe a wide range of new technologies and materials, not all of which are
actually nanoscale. Some manufacturers have tacked the prefix 'nano' onto their products and processes, whether or not they deal in
nano'sized elements, in an attempt to boost customer or investor interest. Such hype inevitably carries with it the risk of a backlash,
because it can create unrealistic expectations for nanotechnology. This report takes a realistic look at the nanoceramics field and
tries to provide a road map to the technologies and applications that show the greatest commercial promise over the next 5 years.

SCOPE OF REPORTS

For each ceramic powder type, the report provides an analysis of material types in that category, processing technologies, properties,
applications, suppliers, prices, and U.S. markets.

A technology review has been conducted on the current and emerging ceramic powder production technologies, such as
carbothermal reduction, vapor'phase reaction, plasma processes, sol'gel techniques, and chemical techniques (including precipitation,
hydrothermal process, emulsion process, laser synthesis, and self'propagating high'temperature synthesis [SHS]). Nanosized
powders have been treated in a separate chapter since many nanosized powder synthesis technologies are common to different
ceramic powders.

The qualitative and quantitative judgments embodied in this report are a valuable contribution to the current knowledge of advanced
and nanosized ceramic powders, their processing techniques, applications, and markets. They should be useful to companies that
are facing decisions about their strategies for expansion or entering new areas of business.

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES



The findings of this report are based on information derived from interviews with many producers and potential producers of advanced
ceramic powders and nanosized ceramic powders, industry experts, and those conducting research and development. In addition,
many end users were contacted to evaluate the current and future demand for these materials. Secondary data were obtained from
trade publications, technical journals, government statistics, and BCC databases.

With 2010 as a baseline, projections for each market segment were developed for 2011 through 2016. The projections are based on
a combination of a consensus among the primary contacts combined with BCC's understanding of the key market drivers and their
impact from a historical and analytical perspective.

Unless otherwise noted, all dollar projections presented in this report are in 2010 constant dollars.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report is directed to the various types of companies that are interested in the developments of this field. These include:

* Companies involved in the development, manufacturing, and supplying of advanced materials.
* Manufacturers and suppliers of advanced ceramic raw materials.
* Manufacturers and suppliers of advanced ceramic powders.
* Companies involved in R&D and commercialization of nanosized ceramic powders.
* Companies involved in the development and manufacture of advanced ceramic components.
* Engine component manufacturers.
* Cutting tool insert manufacturers.
* Manufacturers of integrated circuits, piezoelectric elements, capacitors, ferrite magnets and magnetic cores, and superconductor
wires.
* Suppliers and users of thermal spray powders.
* Manufacturers of wear parts and OEM suppliers.
* Manufacturers of ceramic catalysts, catalyst supports, and auto catalytic converters.
* Manufacturers of ceramic membranes and filters.
* Producers and users of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurries.
* Producers of magnetic recording media.
* Producers of sunscreens.
* Chemical companies interested in diversification.
* Venture capital companies and financial institutions interested in new, attractive investments and acquisitions.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

This report is an update of an earlier report prepared by Dr. Thomas Abraham. Dr. Abraham was formerly Vice President, and
Director of the Advanced Materials Group of BCC. Dr. Abraham has extensive experience in the field of advanced materials,
including advanced ceramics, synthetic diamonds and diamond films, magnetic materials, high performance coatings, and
superconductors.

The analyst responsible for updating the report is Andrew McWilliams, a partner in the Boston'based international technology and
marketing consulting firm, 43rd Parallel LLC. Mr. McWilliams is the author of numerous other BCC studies, including those in
ceramic'related fields such as NAN031D Nanotechnology: A Realistic Market Assessment; AVM015E High'performance Ceramic
Coatings: Markets and Technologies; AVM025G Diamond, Diamond'like and CBN Films and Coating Products; AVM066B:
Superconductors: Technologies and Global Markets; NAN021D Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Nanoclays, and Nanotubes; and
NAN040A Nanomaterials Markets by Type.



Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1
INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 3
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES .... 3
INTENDED AUDIENCE .... 4
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 4
RELATED BCC REPORTS 5
BCC ONLINE SERVICES .. 5
DISCLAIMER . 6
CHAPTER TWO: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ... 7
SUMMARY TABLE U.S. CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND
NANOSCALE CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
LBS/$ MILLIONS) .... 7
SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND
NANOSIZED CERAMIC POWDERS, 2010-2016 (% OF TOTAL
VALUE CONSUMED) .... 8
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED CERAMIC POWDERS ... 9
POWDER TYPES . 9
TABLE 1 COMMONLY USED ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIAL
FAMILIES . 10
POWDER SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES ... 10
CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION .. 11
TABLE 2 PROCESS STEPS TO PRODUCE ß'SIC VIA
CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION ... 11
VAPOR'PHASE REACTIONS .. 11
Thermal Decomposition ... 11
CVD Process . 12
FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THERMAL REACTOR SYSTEM
FOR PRODUCING CERAMIC POWDERS BY CVD .... 12
PLASMA PROCESSES .... 13
TABLE 3 PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIC POWDERS .... 13
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) ... 14
DC Arc Plasma Process ... 14
FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF A DC ARC PLASMA FURNACE
DEVELOPED BY JAPAN'S NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FOR METALS 15
RF Plasma Process 15
FIGURE 3 LOS ALAMOS RF PLASMA REACTOR .... 16
Plasma Rapid Solidification Technology . 16
Reactive Electrode Submerged Arc 17
SOL'GEL TECHNIQUES .... 18
Alkoxide Route .. 18



Internal Gelation ... 18
PRECIPITATION ... 19
HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS ... 20
EMULSION PROCESS .... 21
FIGURE 4 PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR EMULSION PROCESS TO
PRODUCE BARIUM TITANATE .... 22
LASER SYNTHESIS ... 23
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS/SELF'PROPAGATING HIGH'
TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS . 23
COMBINATORIALLY DISCOVERED MATERIALS . 24
POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON .. 25
TABLE 4 POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON . 25
TABLE 5 POWDER PROCESSES FOR VARIOUS CERAMIC
MATERIALS .. 27
MATERIAL APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 28
STRUCTURAL CERAMICS . 28
ELECTRONIC CERAMICS .. 28
CERAMIC COATINGS .... 28
TABLE 6 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL USES FOR ADVANCED
CERAMICS .... 29
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS .... 30
TABLE 7 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 31
Monolithic Structural Ceramics 32
TABLE 8 PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL ALUMINA
SPECIFICATIONS .. 32
TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF NORZIDE YZ'110 TETRAGONAL
ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALS (TZP) .... 33
TABLE 10 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND CRITICAL FLAW SIZES OF
MONOLITHIC AND COMPOSITE CERAMICS MATERIALSA 34
TABLE 11 PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC CERAMICS AND
CERAMIC COMPOSITES . 35
TABLE 12 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS ZIRCONIAS 36
Ceramic Matrix Composites . 36
CERAMIC COATINGS .... 36
TABLE 13 HIGH'PERFORMANCE CERAMIC COATING MATERIALS
AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS ... 37
TABLE 14 REPRESENTATIVE FLAME AND PLASMA SPRAYED
MATERIALS, MELTING OR SOFTENING TEMPERATURE, AND
USES .... 37
TABLE 14 (CONTINUED) . 38
ELECTRONIC CERAMICS .. 39
Insulators 39
TABLE 15 CERAMIC INSULATORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES .... 40
Substrates, IC Packages, and Multichip Modules . 40
TABLE 16 CERAMIC SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES ... 41



TABLE 17 CANDIDATE CERAMIC SUBSTRATE MATERIALS FOR
ELECTRONICS .. 42
Capacitors .... 42
TABLE 18 DIELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR MULTILAYER CERAMIC
CAPACITOR (BARIUM TITANATE'BASED CERAMIC) 43
Piezoelectric Ceramics 44
Advanced Batteries and Fuel Cells 44
Magnetic Ferrites .. 45
Superconductors .... 46
CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED CERAMICS ... 47
Ceramic Membranes and Filters ... 47
Catalysts and Catalytic Supports .. 48
OTHER TECHNICAL ISSUES . 49
Particle Size . 49
Particle Size (Continued) 50
Rheology Control ... 50
Uniformity .... 51
Other Material Properties .... 51
END'USER INDUSTRIES ... 52
COMPANIES 52
FIGURE 5 CERAMIC POWDER END'USER INDUSTRIES (%) .. 52
OUTPUT .. 53
TABLE 19 U.S. MARKETS FOR ADVANCED CERAMIC
COMPONENTS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 53
OVERALL U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
CERAMIC POWDERS 54
TABLE 20 U.S. MARKETS FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$
MILLIONS) .... 54
FIGURE 6 U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
CERAMIC POWDERS BY TYPE OF POWDER, THROUGH 2016 (%
OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION BY VALUE) 55
FIGURE 6 (CONTINUED) .... 56
FIGURE 7 U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE
CERAMIC POWDERS BY TYPE OF END'USE, THROUGH 2016 (%
OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION BY VALUE) 56
FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) .... 57
CHAPTER FOUR: OXIDE POWDERS .... 58
SUMMARY .... 58
MATERIAL TYPES 58
ALUMINA .... 58
ZIRCONIA .... 59
FERRITES .... 59
TITANATES . 59
BERYLLIA .... 59
MIXED COMPLEX OXIDES 59
SYNTHESIS AND POWDER PREPARATION .. 60
ALUMINA .... 60



FIGURE 8 COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL SLURRY
PROCESS FOR ß' AL2O3 PRODUCTION WITH THAT USING
SOLUBLE ALKALI ADDITIVES 61
ZIRCONIA .... 62
Chemical Zirconia .. 62
Chlorination and Thermal Decomposition ... 62
Alkali Oxide Decomposition 62
Lime Diffusion .. 63
Plasma Zirconia 63
FIGURE 9 SCHEMATIC FOR PRODUCTION OF PLASMA
DISSOCIATED ZIRCONIA .... 64
Partially and Fully Stabilized Zirconia Powders ... 64
Hydrothermal Method for High'Purity Zirconia ... 65
FERRITES .... 65
FIGURE 10 FLOW DIAGRAM OF A SPRAY ROASTER OF THE TYPE
USED IN COMMERCIAL FERRITE POWDER PRODUCTION .... 65
TITANATES . 66
TABLE 21 STEPS TO SYNTHESIZE BATIO3 .. 66
SUPERCONDUCTOR POWDERS . 67
PROPERTIES .... 67
APPLICATIONS 68
SUPPLIERS .. 68
TABLE 22 MAJOR U.S. SUPPLIERS OF ADVANCED OXIDE CERAMIC
POWDERS AND PRODUCTS .... 69
MARKETS 70
ALUMINA .... 70
Prices .. 71
Sub'Segments .. 71
Electronics ... 71
TABLE 23 U.S. MARKETS FOR CERAMIC SUBSTRATES,
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, INSULATORS AND MCMS, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) 71
TABLE 24 ALUMINA POWDER CONSUMPTION FOR ELECTRONIC
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/ $ MILLIONS) . 72
Structural .... 72
TABLE 25 U.S. MARKETS FOR ALUMINA POWDERS FOR
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$
MILLIONS) .... 73
Thermal Spray . 73
TABLE 26 U.S. MARKETS FOR ALUMINA POWDERS FOR THERMAL
SPRAY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 .. 74
Chemical Processing and Environment'Related .. 74
' Membranes .... 74
TABLE 27 U.S. MARKETS FOR OXIDE POWDERS FOR MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLIONS LBS/$ MILLIONS) 75
' Filters ... 75
TABLE 28 U.S. MARKETS FOR OXIDE POWDERS FOR CERAMIC
FILTERS THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS /$ MILLIONS) 75



' Catalyst Supports .... 76
TABLE 29 U.S. MARKETS FOR OXIDE POWDERS FOR CHEMICAL
PROCESSING CATALYST SUPPORTS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
LBS/$ MILLIONS) .. 76
Combined Chemical Processing and Environmental
Market .... 76
TABLE 30 U.S. MARKETS FOR ALUMINA POWDERS FOR CHEMICAL
PROCESSING APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 016 (MILLION LB /$
MILLIONS) .... 77
Combined Alumina Markets .... 77
TABLE 31 U.S. MARKETS FOR ALUMINA POWDERS FOR
ADVANCED CERAMIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
BERYLLIA .... 78
Prices .. 78
U.S. Markets 78
TABLE 32 BERYLLIA POWDER CONSUMPTION FOR
ELECTROCERAMIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
LBS /$ MILLION ) .. 79
ZIRCONIA .... 79
Prices .. 80
Markets ... 80
TABLE 33 U.S. MARKETS FOR ZIRCONIA POWDERS FOR
TITANIA AND TITANATES 81
Prices .. 81
Markets ... 82
TABLE 34 U.S. MARKETS FOR CERAMIC CAPACITORS AND
BARIUM TITANATE POWDERS, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLION/MILLION LBS) .... 82
TABLE 35 U.S. MARKET FOR PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC
ELEMENTS AND LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE POWDERS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLION/MILLION LBS) . 83
TABLE 36 TITANATE POWDER CONSUMPTION FOR ADVANCED
CERAMIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$
MILLIONS) .... 83
FERRITES .... 83
Prices .. 84
Markets ... 84
TABLE 37 MARKET FOR CERAMIC PERMANENT MAGNETS,
THROUGH 2016 . 85
TABLE 38 U.S. SOFT FERRITES MARKETS, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) ... 85
TABLE 39 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HARD AND SOFT FERRITES,
THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS / $ MILLIONS) . 86
SILICA 86
Prices .. 86



Markets ... 86
TABLE 40 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF SILICA POWDER FOR CATALYST
SUPPORTS THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) .. 87
MIXED OXIDES 87
Prices .. 87
Markets ... 88
TABLE 41 MIXED OXIDE POWDER CONSUMPTION FOR ADVANCED
MILLIONS) .... 88
OVERALL OXIDE MARKETS .. 88
TABLE 42 U.S. MARKETS FOR OXIDE CERAMIC POWDERS, 2010
THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) ... 89
CHAPTER FIVE: CARBIDE POWDERS . 90
MATERIAL TYPES 90
SYNTHESIS AND POWDER PREPARATION .. 90
ACHESON PROCESS FOR SILICON CARBIDE .. 90
THERMAX PROCESS 91
FIGURE 11 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR A TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
FACILITY .. 92
ELECTRIC ARC PROCESS FOR BORON CARBIDE 93
SOL'GEL TECHNIQUE . 93
POLYMER PYROLYSIS .. 93
GAS'PHASE PROCESS .. 94
NIST PROCESS 95
PRODUCTION OF POWDERS FOR ADVANCED CERAMICS .... 96
PROPERTIES .... 96
APPLICATIONS 96
APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED) ... 97
SUPPLIERS .. 98
TABLE 43 MAJOR U.S. SUPPLIERS OF CARBIDE POWDERS FOR
ADVANCED CERAMICS APPLICATIONS ... 98
MARKETS 98
PRICES .... 99
MARKETS .... 99
TABLE 44 U.S. MARKETS FOR CARBIDE POWDERS FOR ADVANCED
CERAMIC APPLICATIONS, 2010 THROUGH 2016(MILLION LBS / $
MILLIONS) .. 100
CHAPTER SIX: NITRIDE POWDERS ... 101
MATERIAL TYPES ... 101
SYNTHESIS AND POWDER PREPARATION 101
DIRECT NITRIDATION 101
CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION 102
PYROLYSIS 103
GAS'PHASE REACTIONS 103
SOL'GEL TECHNIQUES .. 104
LASER OR MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS .... 104
PROPERTIES .. 104
APPLICATIONS ... 105



SUPPLIERS 106
TABLE 45 MAJOR U.S. SUPPLIERS OF NITRIDE POWDERS FOR
ADVANCED CERAMICS APPLICATIONS . 106
MARKETS ... 107
SILICON NITRIDE ... 107
Prices 107
Markets . 107
TABLE 46 U.S. MARKETS FOR SILICON NITRIDE POWDERS FOR
LBS/$ MILLIONS) 108
ALUMINUM NITRIDE .. 108
Prices 108
Markets . 108
TABLE 47 U.S. MARKETS FOR ALUMINUM NITRIDE POWDERS,
THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) . 109
BORON NITRIDE 109
Prices 110
Markets . 110
TABLE 48 U.S. MARKETS FOR BORON NITRIDE POWDERS FOR
LBS/$ MILLION) .. 110
OVERALL NITRIDE MARKETS . 110
TABLE 49 U.S. MARKETS FOR NITRIDE POWDERS FOR ADVANCED
MILLION) 111
CHAPTER SEVEN: BORIDE POWDERS ... 112
SYNTHESIS AND POWDER PREPARATION 113
PROPERTIES .. 113
TITANIUM DIBORIDE . 114
ZIRCONIUM DIBORIDE ... 114
SUPPLIERS 115
MARKETS ... 115
PRICES .. 115
CONSUMPTION .. 115
TABLE 50 U.S. MARKETS FOR TITANIUM DIBORIDE POWDERS
FOR ADVANCED CERAMIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LBS/$ MILLION) ... 116
CHAPTER EIGHT: NANOSCALE CERAMIC POWDERS . 117
PROPERTIES .. 118
TABLE 51 SURFACE AREA OF SELECTED OXIDE POWDERS .... 119
FABRICATION OF NANOPOWDERS ... 120
GAS'PHASE PROCESSING ... 120
Gas'Phase Condensation ... 120
High Frequency Plasma'Chemical Process .... 121
Combustion Synthesis ... 121



Electroexplosion ... 122
Combustion Synthesis ... 122
FIGURE 12 SCHEMATIC OF PSI TECHNOLOGIES' CONTINUOUS
PROCESS FOR NANOSCALE POWDER SYNTHESIS . 123
WET PHASE PROCESSING ... 123
Conventional Chemical Precipitation .... 124
Hydrothermal Processing ... 124
Sol'Gel Processing ... 125
FIGURE 13 SOL'GEL SYNTHESIS FLOW CHART 125
Electric Dispersion Reaction ... 126
Thermochemical Synthesis 126
Microfluidizer Process ... 126
Microfluidizer Process (Continued) .. 127
Microemulsion Technology . 128
MECHANICAL PROCESSING .... 129
High'Energy Mechanical Milling 129
Mechanochemical Synthesis ... 130
TABLE 52 POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
OF NANOCERAMIC POWDERS ... 130
TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) .... 132
CERAMIC FILTERS . 132
SUPERPLASTIC CERAMICS . 133
LOW PROCESSING TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS .... 133
OPTICAL/ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ... 133
CERAMIC'CERAMIC JOINING . 134
STRUCTURAL CERAMICS APPLICATIONS 134
CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SUPPORTS ... 134
FERROFLUIDS .... 134
SUNSCREENS 135
ADVANCED COATINGS .... 135
SUPPLIERS 135
TABLE 53 SUPPLIERS OF NANOCERAMIC POWDERS AND
PRODUCTS .. 135
TABLE 53 (CONTINUED) .... 136
PRODUCTS AND CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION .... 137
MARKET LEADERS . 138
MARKETS ... 138
TABLE 54 U.S. MARKETS FOR CERAMIC NANOPOWDERS BY
APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS TYPES, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLION) 139
FIGURE 14 CERAMIC NANOPOWDER MARKET SEGENTS, 2010-2016
(%) .. 140
MARKETS (CONTINUED) 141
APPENDIX .. 142
PROFILES OF NORTH AMERICAN COMPANIES AND
INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN CERAMIC AND NANOCERAMIC



POWDERS .. 142
ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LLC .... 142
ALMATIS GMBH . 143
ALUCHEM INC. .. 143
ALUMINUM CO. OF AMERICA (ALCOA) 143
AREMCO PRODUCTS ... 144
ARGONIDE CORP. ... 144
BAIKOWSKI INTERNATIONAL CORP. ... 144
BASF AG. .... 145
BAYER AG. 145
CABOT MICROELECTRONICS CORP. 145
CATHAY MAGNETICS . 146
CE MINERALS .... 146
CERALOX DIVISION/SASOL NORTH AMERICA, INC. ... 146
CHEMAT TECHNOLOGY INC. ... 147
COORSTEK 147
COTRONICS CORP. . 148
DA NANOMATERIALS LLC ... 148
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. 148
ELECTRO ABRASIVES CORP. ... 148
ELKEM SILICON MATERIALS .. 149
EUTECTIC CORP. .... 149
FERRO CORPORATION .... 149
FERROTEC CORP. ... 150
FUJIMI CORP. 151
GELEST, INC. . 151
GFS CHEMICALS, INC. 151
HERMAN C. STARCK, INC. ... 152
HOOSIER MAGNETICS, INC. .... 152
INFRAMAT CORP. ... 152
ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHA, LTD. .... 153
MACH I, INC. .. 153
M/A'COM TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS .. 153
MATERION CORP. ... 154
MEL CHEMICALS .... 154
MARKINTER CO. 154
MATERIALS MODIFICATION, INC. .... 154
MCP METAL SPECIALTIES .. 155
MER CORP. 155
MICRO ABRASIVES CORP. ... 156
MILLENNIUM MATERIAL INC. 157
MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS, INC. ... 157
MOYCO PRECISION ABRASIVES, INC. .. 157
MUSCLE SHOALS MINERALS .. 158
NANOCEROX . 158
NANOCRYSTALS TECHNOLOGY LTD. ... 159
NANOPHASE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 159
NEI CORP. . 160



NANOSCALE MATERIALS, INC. .... 160
NEXTECH MATERIALS, LTD. ... 161
NYACOL NANO TECHNOLOGIES, INC. . 161
ORTHOVITA CORP. . 162
PERFORMANCE CERAMICS CO. ... 162
PLANAR SOLUTIONS LLC .... 162
POWDER PROCESSING AND TECHONOLOGY .... 163
PQ CORP. ... 163
PRAXAIR SPECIALTY CERAMICS, INC. . 164
PRAXAIR SURFACE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. .... 164
PRIMET LLC ... 165
R.T. VANDERBILT COMPANY, INC. ... 165
READE ADVANCED MATERIALS .. 165
RHODIA, INC. . 166
RIO TINTO ALCAN .. 166
SAINT GOBAIN CERAMIC MATERIALS . 166
SASOL NORTH AMERICA 167
SOLVAY FLUORIDES .. 167
STREM CHEMICALS .... 168
SULZER METCO (U.S.), INC. . 168
SCI ENGINEEERED MATERIALS, INC. .. 168
SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO. ... 169
SUPERIOR MICRO POWDERS ... 169
TOSOH USA .... 169
TRS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. .. 169
UBE AMERICA, INC. .... 170
UK ABRASIVES, INC. ... 170
UMICORE USA .... 170
UNIMIN CORP. ... 171
U.S. PRODUCTS CO. 171
WACKER CHEMICALS CORP. ... 171
WAH CHANG .. 171
WASHINGTON MILLS ELECTRO MINERALS CORP. .... 172
ZIRCOA, INC. .. 172
ZYP COATINGS, INC. ... 173
Z'TECH CORPORATION .. 173


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