DST Engineering Team Background

24 Marlborough Lane
Glen Mills, PA 19342-1519
Voice: 610-358-0785
FAX: 610-358-2776
Mobil: 215-806-0133
E-mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
Web: www.gear-doc.com
Engineering Team Members
Background Information
Raymond J. Drago, P. E.
Chief Engineer – Gear Technologist
Roy J. Cunningham
Senior Metallurgical Engineer
Steve Cymbala
Senior Drives Engineer
Joseph W. Lenski, Jr.
Senior Bearing Engineer

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Raymond J. Drago, P. E.
Chief Engineer – Gear Technologist

RESUME'
Raymond J. Drago, PE, Chief Engineer – Gear Technologist
Drive Systems Technology, Inc.
Mechanical Power Transmission Consultants
24 Marlborough Lane
V: 610-358-0785 F: 610-358-2776 Web: www.gear-doc.com; E-Mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
Raymond J. Drago is Chief Engineer of Drive Systems Technology, Inc., a Mechanical Power
Transmission Consulting Organization that he founded in 1976. Mr. Drago holds a Master of
Structural Engineering degree from Drexel University (1980), a Bachelor of Mechanical
Engineering Degree from The City University of New York (1967), a Master of Engineering
degree from The Pennsylvania State University (1973), and is a registered Professional Engineer
in the States of Pennsylvania and Minnesota.
He also served as Senior Technical Fellow1 - Gear Technology of The Boeing Company -
Helicopters Division until his retirement from Boeing after 37 years of service. Mr. Drago's
primary interests at Boeing were in the areas of applied mathematics, kinematics, analytical gear
system design and synthesis, finite element analysis, and computer programming. He was also
responsible for the continued development and operation of the company's computer aided gear
design systems as well as many related computer programs, including a complete Gear Finite
Element Method Analysis System.
Mr. Drago has been and is currently involved in the analysis, design, manufacture, assembly, and
test of many gear systems ranging from small wind tunnel model drives, through dedicated
research test specimens, to full scale helicopter and marine hardware and a very wide variety of
industrial gear/bearing systems. This involvement includes application of computer-aided design,
development, supervision of assembly, and testing. He has also been Project Engineer and
Principal Investigator on many drive system related research programs ranging from theoretical
investigation of nongeared speed reduction concepts to the development of new gear tooth forms.
Mr. Drago is an active participant in the American Helicopter Society (AHS), American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE),
the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), and the Association of Iron and Steel
Engineers (AISE). Within the framework of these activities, he has published over one hundred
twenty technical reports, society technical papers, and magazine articles. AGMA has presented
Mr. Drago with the Technical Division Executive Committee Award "...for his outstanding
contributions to the art of Gear Design and Utilization." The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration has also presented him with two awards for his development of a NASTRAN
Analysis System for Spiral Bevel Gears and his work on determining the Influence of Contact
1 According to the citation issued by Boeing Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Frank
Shrontz, his appointment as a Technical Fellow of The Boeing Company is in recognition of his
"...exceptional judgment and competence...not only at Boeing but throughout industry."

Ratio And Tooth Form on Gearbox Noise, noting that his "...innovation as an item of potential
utility and value to others beyond the aerospace field is a significant contribution to the benefits
accruing to the Nation from our national aerospace programs." He has also been awarded two
patents "High Profile Contact Ratio, Non-Involute Gear Tooth Form and Method" (4,640,149)
defining a new and unique gear tooth form and “High Ratio, Reduced Size Epicyclic Gear
Transmission for Rotary Wing Aircraft With Improved Safety and Noise Reduction”
(6,966,865) defining a unique High Ratio, Ultra Safe, High Contact Ratio, Staggered &
Intermeshed Planet, Double Helical Epicyclic Gear System that provides a redundant load path
for increased safety and reduced operating noise level.
In his role as Chief Engineer of Drive Systems Technology, Inc. Mr. Drago is active in all areas
of mechanical power transmission. These activities include the design and analysis of drive
systems for such diverse areas as large, high speed paper, printing and cardboard machinery,
commercial marine drives, heart pumps, large oil field valves, high speed cable climbing devices,
high speed gas turbine/generator sets, special automotive racing gearboxes, artificial limbs, mine
shaft hoists, air and water cooled condensers, miniature gear motors (120 IN-OZ Torque range),
automatic bolt torquing devices, very large mining & mill gears, municipal & industrial water
and waste water processing system drives and small private helicopter conversions (piston to
turbine engines). He has also provided consulting services aimed at cost and noise reductions for
many consumer products such as electric drills, home mixers, vacuum cleaners, and ice crushers.
Mr. Drago has provided consulting services in field failure analysis and patent and trade secret
litigation by detailing the State-of-the-Art in mechanical power transmission systems and
interpreting technical information for the legal staff. He has also served as an expert witness in
Federal Court. He has provided design and troubleshooting services for large mixing and
aeration equipment drives, very large (40 foot diameter) steel, aluminum, and minerals
processing mill drives, automotive transmissions, and precision tool positioning tables, among a
host of others. Over three hundred clients, across the United States, Canada, South America,
Europe, and Australia, have been served by Drive Systems Technology, Inc.
He has also prepared and delivered almost two hundred seminars dealing with various aspects of
gear design and analysis, served as a Visiting Professor of Mechanical Engineering (at the
University of Delaware & University of Pisa, Italy). Mr. Drago was selected to author the Gear
Drive Section of the Bureau of Mines Hoist Specification, The Helical Gear Section of the New
McGraw-Hill Handbook of Machine Design, the Basic Gear Geometry section of the Second
Edition of the McGraw-Hill Gear Handbook, Chapters 8 & 15 of the SAE Gear Design -
Manufacturing and Inspection Manual, Chapter 4 Helical Gears of McGraw-Hill's GEARING,
A Mechanical Designer's Workbook. He has also published a book based on his seminar notes
entitled Fundamentals of Gear Design (Butterworth Publishers). Mr. Drago also authored the
Gears and Work, Power, & Machines Chapters for the New Book of Knowledge Encyclopedia
published by GROLIER, Inc, Hawleyville, CT.
In 2009, Mr. Drago was the first recipient of the American Gear Manufacturers Association
“Distinguished Service Award.” This award is presented to an individual who has demonstrated
exceptional ability in the field of gear technology and has also provided service to the gear
community in the form of extensive educational efforts.

PUBLICATION LIST
24 Marlborough Lane
V: 610-358-0785 F: 610-358-2776 Web: www.gear-doc.com E-Mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
1. DESIGN, FABRICATE, TEST, AND EVALUATE SPIRAL BEVEL SUPPORT BEARINGS
(TAPERED ROLLER)
December 1972 - A. J. Lemanski, J. W. Lenski, Jr., and R. J. Drago, Contract DAAJ02-71-0025,
Eustis Directorate, U. S. Army Mobility and Research Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, VA
2. TEST RESULTS REPORT - GEAR TOOTH FORM EVALUATION, PE 327, HLH
November 1973 - R. J. Drago, Contract DAAJ01-71-C-0840 (P40), Boeing Document No. T301-
10253-1
3. AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTACT
CONDITIONS AT THE ROLLER END/CONE RIB OF A TAPERED ROLLER BEARING
November 1973 - R. J. Drago and J. W. Lenski, Jr., AGMA Paper No. 109.32, American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1973 Semi-Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana
4. NUTATING MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION (MAROTH DRIVE PRINCIPAL)
January 1974 - R. J. Drago and A. J. Lemanski, Contract N00014-72-C-0272, Department of the
Navy, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, DDC No. AD777988
5. HEAVY LIFT HELICOPTER BRINGS UP DRIVE IDEAS
March 1974 - R. J. Drago, Power Transmission Design, Pages 49-63
6. HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION MONITORING FOR GEAR/BEARING SYSTEM
FAILURE DETECTION
October 1975 - R. J. Drago and D. B. Board, AGMA Paper No. 109.36, American Gear
Manufacturers Association 1975 Semi-Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada
7. LOAD CAPACITY RATING OF INVOLUTE SPLINES
February 1976 - R. J. Drago, Machine Design, Pages 104-109
8. HELICOPTER DRIVE SYSTEM DESIGN WITH APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY
April 1976 - Invited Lecture, R. J. Drago, Rochester Section, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Rochester, NY

9. LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT TOOTH ROOT STRESS ANALYSIS
May 1976 - R. J. Drago, AGMA Paper No. 220.20, American Gear Manufacturers Association,
Aerospace Gearing Committee Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia
10. HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION MONITORING TECHNIQUES FOR INCIPIENT
FAULT DETECTION IN SPIRAL BEVEL GEAR SYSTEMS
April 1977 - R. J. Drago and R. B. Aronson, AGMA Paper No. 109.38, American Gear
Manufacturers Association, Aerospace Gearing Committee Meeting, Orlando, FL
11. PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE AND MONITORING THE PROGRESSION OF
FAILURES IN ROTATING MACHINERY
October 1977 - R. J. Drago, Illinois Institute of Technology, National Conference on Power
Transmission, Chicago, IL
12. ENGINEERING SERVICES TO CONDUCT QUALIFICATION TESTING OF
PRECISION FORGED SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS
October 1977 - R. J. Drago, AVRADCOM Report No. 76-45, U. S. Army Aviation Research and
Development Command, St. Louis, MO
13. PRELIMINARY SURFACE LOAD CAPACITY EVALUATION OF PRECISION,
INTEGRALLY FORGED SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS
November 1977 - R. J. Drago, AGMA Paper No. 219.09, American Gear Manufacturers
Association, 1977 Semi-Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA
14. HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION VIBRATION AND NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAM -
VOLUME 1, TECHNICAL REPORT
March 1978 - R. J. Drago, R. W. Howells, J. W. Lenski, Jr., E. G. Schaffer, and J. J. Sciarra,
USARTL-TR-78-2A, Applied Technology Laboratory, U. S. Army Research and Technology
Laboratories (AVRADCOM), Fort Eustis, VA
15. HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION VIBRATION AND NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAM -
VOLUME 2, USER'S MANUAL
March 1978 - R. J. Drago, R. W. Howells, J. W. Lenski, Jr., E. G. Schaffer, and J. J. Sciarra,
USARTL-TR-78-2A, Applied Technology Laboratory, U. S. Army Research and Technology
Laboratories (AVRADCOM), Fort Eustis, VA
16. ON THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF INTEGRAL SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS FOR
THE CH-47D HELICOPTER
March 1979 - R. J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers Association, Aerospace Gearing
Committee Meeting, Lake Tahoe, NE
17. INCIPIENT FAILURE DETECTION
February 1979 - R. J. Drago, Power Transmission Design, Pages 40-45
18. AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE SOURCE REDUCTION OF NOISE AND
VIBRATION IN HIGHLY LOADED MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

July 1979 - R. J. Drago, J. W. Lenski, Jr., and A. Royal, Fifth World Congress on the Theory of
Machines and Mechanisms, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
19. NOISE AND VIBRATION REDUCTION IN HELICOPTER GEARBOXES
April 1979 - R. J. Drago and G. A. Pizzigati, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
/ American Society of Mechanical Engineers / American Society of Civil Engineers / American
Helicopter Society, 20th Joint Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, St. Louis, MO
20. THE PROBLEM OF RESONANT RESPONSE OF HIGH SPEED, LIGHT WEIGHT
HELICOPTER GEARING
April 1979 - R. J. Drago and F. W. Brown, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics /
American Society of Mechanical Engineers / American Society of Civil Engineers / American
Helicopter Society, 20th Joint Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, St. Louis, MO
21. HOW TO MAKE HIGH EFFICIENCY GEARS THAT COST LESS
April 1979 - R. J. Drago, Production, Pages 90-92
22. AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND SELECTIVE STIFFENING TECHNIQUE FOR
THE SOURCE REDUCTION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION IN HIGHLY LOADED
MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
September 1979 - R. J. Drago, J. W. Lenski, Jr., and A. C. Royal, Fifth European Rotorcraft and
Powered Lift Aircraft Forum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
23. WHY GEARS EXPLODE
July 1979 - R. J. Drago and F. W. Brown, Power Transmission Design, Pages 77-80
24. THE ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF RESONANT
RESPONSE IN HIGH SPEED, LIGHT WEIGHT, HIGHLY LOADED GEARING
August 1980 - R. J. Drago and F. W. Brown, ASME Paper No. 80-C2/DET 22, Third
International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference, San Francisco, CA
25. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE EVALUATION OF STRESSES IN HIGH SPEED, LIGHT
WEIGHT, HIGHLY LOADED GEARING
August 1980 - R. J. Drago, F. W. Brown, and H. S. Faust, International Conference on
Reliability, Stress Analysis, And Failure Prevention, San Francisco, CA
26. SOME PROGRESS IN THE ACCURATE EVALUATION OF TOOTH ROOT AND
FILLET STRESSES IN LIGHT WEIGHT, THIN RIMMED GEARS
October 1980 - R. J. Drago and G. A. Pizzigati, AGMA Paper No. 229.21, American Gear
Manufacturers Association Fall Technical Meeting, Washington, DC
27. NEW APPROACH FOR ANALYZING TRANSMISSION NOISE
November 1980 - R. J. Drago, Machine Design, Pages 114-120
28. HOW TO DESIGN QUIET TRANSMISSIONS
December 1980 - R. J. Drago, Machine Design, Pages 175-181

29. MINIMIZING NOISE IN TRANSMISSIONS
January 1981 - Raymond J. Drago, Machine Design, Pages 143-148
30. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF RIM
THICKNESS AND PITCH DIAMETER ON SPUR GEAR TOOTH ROOT AND FILLET
STRESSES
October 1981 - Raymond J. Drago and Ronald V. Lutthans, AGMA Paper No. P229.22, Fall
Technical Meeting, Toronto, Canada
31. ON THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF FEM MODELS FOR COMPLEX GEARS - A
WORK-IN-PROGRESS REPORT
February 1982 - Raymond J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers Association Aerospace
Gearing Meeting, San Diego, CA
32. FUNDAMENTALS OF GEAR DESIGN
Seminar Text, Copyright 1982, Raymond J. Drago (807 Pages)
33. LE SOLLECITAZIONI DELLA RADICE E DEL RACCORDO DENTE NEGLI
INGRANAGGI CILINDRICI
June 1982 - Raymond J. Drago, Oragami Di Transmissione, Pages 44-55 (Journal of the Italian
Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)
34. CONTINUING EDUCATION - ON THE ECONOMY PLAN
September 1982 - Raymond J. Drago and Leonard Marchinski, Mechanical Engineering, Volume
104, Number 9, Pages 67-71
35. AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GEAR TOOTH
BENDING FATIGUE STRENGTH
October 1982 - Raymond J. Drago, AGMA Paper No. P229.24, American Gear Manufacturers
Association Fall Technical Meeting, New Orleans, LA
36. GEAR SYSTEM DESIGN FOR MINIMUM NOISE
Seminar Text, Copyright 1982, Raymond J. Drago (205 Pages)
37. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND FABRICATION OF
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS
November 1982 - Raymond J. Drago and J. W. Lenski, Jr., AHS Paper No. RWP-12, American
Helicopter Society Rotary Wing Propulsion System Specialists Meeting, Williamsburg, VA (17
Pages)
38. OPTIMUM LUBRICATING OIL STUDY
February 1983 - Raymond J. Drago, Naval Air Propulsion Test Center Contract N00140-82-C-
3722, Final Technical Report (101 Pages)

39. TECHNICAL REPORT Volume I, LARGE ROTORCRAFT TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
February 1983 - Raymond J. Drago and B. R. Uppaluri, NASA Report CR-168116, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (241 Pages)
40. COMPUTER PROGRAM USERS MANUAL - Volume II, LARGE ROTORCRAFT
TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
February 1983 - Raymond J. Drago and B. R. Uppaluri, NASA Report CR-168117, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (173 Pages)
41. COMPUTER PROGRAM FLOW CHARTS - Volume III, LARGE ROTORCRAFT
TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
February 1983 - Raymond J. Drago and B. R. Uppaluri, and G. P. Walsh, NASA Report CR-
168118, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (307 Pages)
42. COMPUTER PROGRAM PARAMETER INDICES AND LISTINGS - Volume IV, LARGE
ROTORCRAFT TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
February 1983 - Raymond J. Drago, B. R. Uppaluri, and G. P. Walsh, NASA Report CR-168119,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (403 Pages)
43. DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE ROTORCRAFT TRANSMISSIONS
May 1983 - Raymond J. Drago, N. E. Samanich, and J. C. Mack, American Helicopter Society,
Thirty Ninth Annual Forum, St. Louis, MO (10 Pages)
44. COMBINED EFFECTS OF RIM THICKNESS AND PITCH DIAMETER ON SPUR
GEAR TOOTH STRESSES
July 1983 - Raymond J. Drago and R. V. Lutthans, Journal of the American Helicopter Society,
Washington, DC (7 Pages)
45. RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM UTILIZED TO VERIFY A NEW GEAR
TOOTH STRENGTH ANALYSIS
October 1983 - Raymond J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers' Association, Fall Technical
Meeting, Montreal, Canada (57 Pages)
46. BEVEL GEAR ASSEMBLY AND PATTERNING
October 1983 - Raymond J. Drago, Seminar Text
47. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS
October 1983 - Raymond J. Drago and Joseph W. Lenski, Jr. Journal of the American Helicopter
Society, Washington, DC, Volume 28, Number 4, Pages 44 - 53 (10 Pages)
48. EVALUATION OF BEVEL GEAR LOAD CAPACITY
May 1984 - Raymond J. Drago, Bevel Gear Clinic, Society of Manufacturing Engineers,
Rochester, NY (44 Pages)

49. SPECIAL POWER TRAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF
ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT
October 1984 - Raymond J. Drago and Joseph W. Lenski, Jr. Advisory Group For Aerospace
Research and Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Neuilly Sur Seine,
France: Presented at the 64th Symposium of the Propulsion and Energetics Panel on Gears and
Power Systems for Helicopters and Turboprops, Lisbon, Portugal (12 Pages)
50. ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TOOTH STRENGTH STUDY OF SPUR
PLANET GEARS WITH INTEGRAL BEARINGS
October 1984 - Raymond J. Drago and Bapa R. Uppaluri, American Gear Manufacturer's
Association, Fall Technical Meeting, Washington, DC (8 Pages)
51. GEAR TOOTH SURFACE DURABILITY TESTING WITH FULL SIZE SPECIMENS
October 1984 - Raymond J. Drago and H. James Nonemaker, American Helicopter Society,
National Specialists Meeting, Williamsburg, VA (20 Pages)
52. UN CONTRIBUTO ALL'ANALISI CONVENZIONALE DELLA RESISTENZA A
FATICIA A FLESSIONE DEGLI INGRANAGGI DENTATI
November 1984 - Raymond J. Drago, Oragami Di Transmissione, Pages 60-73 (Journal of the
Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)
53. A STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
DEDICATED HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION LUBRICANT
April 1985 - Raymond J. Drago, Pasquale Mangione, Raymond D. Wendrzycki, Advisory Group
For Research and Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Aircraft Gear and Bearing
Tribological Systems Specialists Meeting, San Antonio, TX (11 Pages)
54. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGH-CAPACITY BEVEL GEAR SYSTEMS
September 1985 - Raymond J. Drago, SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 851571, 1985
International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition, Society of Automotive
Engineers, MECCA, Milwaukee, WI (17 Pages)
55. A STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
DEDICATED HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION LUBRICANT
October 1985 - Raymond J. Drago, Pasquale Mangione, Raymond D. Wendrzycki, SAE
Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 851832, Aerospace Technology Conference &
Exposition, Society of Automotive Engineers, Long Beach, CA (12 Pages)
56. CHAPTER 35, HELICAL GEARS, STANDARD HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN
1986 - Raymond J. Drago, Volume Edited by J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New York (56 Pages)
57. ON THE STRENGTH OF A PLANET GEAR WITH AN INTEGRAL BEARING (A
Revaluation)
October 1986 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi Margasahayam, AGMA Technical Paper 86 FTM 9,
Fall Technical Meeting, Hyatt Regency, Chicago, Il (13 Pages)

58. TOOTH STRENGTH STUDY OF SPUR PLANET GEARS
September/October 1986 - Raymond J. Drago & Bapa Uppaluri, GEAR TECHNOLOGY - The
Journal of Gear Manufacturing, Pages 27-41
59. LARGE ROTORCRAFT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
November 1986 - Raymond J. Drago, American Helicopter Society Rotary Wing Propulsion
Systems Specialists Meeting, Williamsburg, VA
60. STRESS ANALYSIS OF PLANET GEARS WITH INTEGRAL BEARINGS; 3D FINITE-
ELEMENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND TEST VALIDATION
March 1987 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi Margasahayam, 1987 MSC NASTRAN World Users'
Conference, Los Angeles, CA (14 Pages)
61. FINITE-ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS OF HELICOPTER PLANETARY GEARS
May 1987 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi Margasahayam, 43rd Annual Forum, American
Helicopter Society, St. Louis MO. (15 Pages)
62. FINITE-ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS OF HELICOPTER PLANETARY GEARS
May 1987 - Raymond J. Drago, Advanced Gear Design Invited Lecture, The University of Pisa,
Pisa, Italy
63. DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE SPIRAL BEVEL GEAR ROTORCRAFT
TRANSMISSION
June 1987 - Raymond J. Drago & John C. Mack, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23rd Joint
Propulsion Conference, San Diego, CA, (6 Pages)
64. CADAM-NASTRAN-PATRAN INTEGRATION IN THE DESIGN OF HELICOPTER
GEARS
March 1988 - Raymond J. Drago, Ravi N. Margasahayam, and H. C. Lin, Spring National
Design Engineering Conference, Chicago, IL, (14 Pages)
65. ANALYSIS OF THE RESONANT RESPONSE OF HELICOPTER GEARS WITH THE 3D
FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD
March 1988 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi Margasahayam, 1988 MSC/NASTRAN World User's
Conference, Los Angeles, CA (15 Pages)
66. COMPARATIVE LOAD CAPACITY EVALUATION OF CBN-FINISHED GEARS
October 1988 - Raymond J. Drago, AGMA Fall Technical Meeting, New Orleans, LA, American
Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA (10 Pages)
67. FUNDAMENTALS OF GEAR DESIGN
1988 - Raymond J. Drago, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, MA, (560 Pages)
68. A NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH TO THE GEAR TOOTH LOAD
SHARING PROBLEM

March 1988 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi N. Margasahayam, 1989 MSC/NASTRAN World
User's Conference, Los Angeles, CA (25 Pages)
69. GEAR TOOTH LOAD SHARING USING NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
November 1989 - Raymond J. Drago & Ravi Margasahayam, AGMA Fall Technical Meeting,
Pittsburgh, PA, American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA (10 Pages)
70. CHAPTER 4, HELICAL GEARS, GEARING, A Mechanical Designer's Workbook
1990 - Raymond J. Drago, Volume Edited by J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New York (72 Pages)
71. GEAR NOISE - THE MANUFACTURING CONNECTION
April 1990 - Raymond J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers Association Gear Manufacturing
Clinic, Radisson Hotel, Columbus, OH (22 Pages)
72. CHAPTERS 8 & 15, GEAR DESIGN - MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION
MANUAL
1990 - Raymond J. Drago, Volume Edited The SAE Gear & Spline Committee, SAE Publication
AE-15, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA (25 of 643 Pages)
73. THE ADVANCED ROTORCRAFT TRANSMISSION PROGRAM, A STATUS REPORT
October 1990 - Raymond J. Drago, AGMA Fall Technical Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA (15 Pages)
74. AIRCRAFT QUALITY HIGH TEMPERATURE VACUUM CARBURIZING
November 1990 - R. J. Cunningham and R. J. Drago, U. S. Army Materials Technology
Laboratory Report MTL TR-90-42, U. S. Army Laboratory Command, Watertown, MA
75. CHAPTER 2, DUDLEY'S GEAR HANDBOOK, Second Edition
1991 - Raymond J. Drago, Volume Edited by Dennis Townsend, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York,
NY, (49 Pages)
76. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGH-CAPACITY BEVEL GEAR SYSTEMS
January/February 1992 - Raymond J. Drago, GEAR TECHNOLOGY - The Journal of Gear
Manufacturing, Pages 16-29
77. TRANSMISSIONI AVANZATE PER ELICOTTERI
Part I: January 1992 & Part II: February 1992 - Raymond J. Drago & Joseph W. Lenski, Jr.,
ORGAMI DI TRANSMISSIONE Pages 28-35 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers
Association, In Italian)
78. ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF RESONANT RESPONSE OF SPIRAL BEVEL
GEARS IN THE RAH-66 HELICOPTER FANTAIL TRANSMISSION
July 1992, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Nashville,
TN, July 6-8, 1992, Paper No. AIAA 92-3495 (9 Pages)

79. THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND MANUFACTURE OF ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY GEARING FOR HOT STRIP ROLLING MILL APPLICATIONS
October 1992 - Raymond J. Drago & Laurence E. Scott, AGMA Fall Technical Meeting,
Baltimore, MD, American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA (23 Pages)
80. POWERFUL GEARS BREATHE NEW LIFE INTO ROLLING MILLS
March 1993 - Raymond J. Drago & Laurence E. Scott, Jr., Power Transmission Design, Pages
27 - 31
81. UPGRADING HOT STRIP MILL PERFORMANCE, PRODUCTION, & RELIABILITY
THROUGH THE USE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEARS
May 1993 - Raymond J. Drago & Laurence E. Scott, Association of Iron and Steel Engineers,
1993 AISE Spring Convention, Opryland Hotel, Nashville, TN, Paper –17, (25 Pages)
82. THE RELATIVE NOISE LEVELS OF PARALLEL AXIS GEAR SETS WITH VARIOUS
CONTACT RATIOS AND GEAR TOOTH FORMS
October 1993 - Raymond J. Drago, Joseph W. Lenski, Robert H. Spencer. Mark J. Valco, & Fred
B. Oswald, AGMA Fall Technical Meeting, Detroit, MI, American Gear Manufacturers
Association, Alexandria, VA (17 Pages)
83. GEAR SOUND LEVELS WITH VARIOUS TOOTH CONTACT RATIONS AND FORMS
October 1993 - Joseph W. Lenski, Raymond J. Drago, Robert H. Spencer. Mark J. Valco, & Fred
B. Oswald, AHS Rotary Wing Propulsion Specialists' Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, American
Helicopter Society, Alexandria, VA (15 Pages)
84. OVERVIEW OF A FIVE-YEAR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TEST PROGRAM
(Conference Keynote Address)
September 1994 - Raymond J. Drago & Joseph W. Lenski, Jr., International Gearing Conference,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England (18 Pages)
85. INFLUENCE OF GEAR DESIGN PARAMETERS ON GEARBOX RADIATED NOISE
September 1994 - F. W. Oswald, D. P. Townsend, M. J. Valco, Raymond J. Drago, Joseph W.
Lenski, Jr., & R. H. Spencer, International Gearing Conference, University of Newcastle,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, England (18 Pages)
86. TRASMISSIONI AVANZATE PER LAMINATOI A CALDO: IL PROCESSO DI
LAMINAZIONE
July 1995 - Raymond J. Drago & Lawrence E. Scott ORGAMI DI TRANSMISSIONE Pages 48-
52 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)
87. TRASMISSIONI AVANZATE PER LAMINATOI A CALDO: IL PROGETTO DEGLI
INGRANAGGI
August 1995 - Raymond J. Drago & Lawrence E. Scott ORGAMI DI TRANSMISSIONE Pages
36-42 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)

88. TRASMISSIONI AVANZATE PER LAMINATOI A CALDO: LA REALIZZAZIONE
DEGLI INGRANAGGI
September 1995 - Raymond J. Drago & Lawrence E. Scott ORGAMI DI TRANSMISSIONE
Pages 86-95 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)
89. GEAR RESONANCE EXPERIENCE WITH F-22 AMAD
October 1996 - Raymond J. Drago, Frederick W. Brown, Ashok D. Sane, Dennis Stremick, 7th
International power Transmission and Gearing Conference, ASME International, San Diego, CA,
Paper Number 156PTG96, 7 pages
90. THE F-22 AMAD GEAR DRIVE - OPTIMIZATION OF RESONANCE
CHARACTERISTICS BY DETUNING, COULOMB DAMPING, AND DAMPED FORCED
RESPONSE ANALYSES
October 1996 - Raymond J. Drago, Frederick W. Brown, Ashok D. Sane, Dennis Stremick,
American Gear Manufacturers Association 1996 Fall Technical Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, 16
Pages
91. GEAR MANUFACTURING - METHODS, MACHINES, & TOOLS
November 1996 - Raymond J. Drago, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Section 15 Technical
Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 50 pages
92. UPGRADING MILL GEARING - HOW, WHY, RESULTS
November 1996 - Raymond J. Drago, Symposium on Steel Mill Gearing, Educational Systems
Workshops, Pittsburgh, PA, 23 Pages
93. ULTRASAFE GEAR SYSTEMS FOR CRITICAL APPLICATIONS - INITIAL
DEVELOPMENT
November 1997 - Raymond J. Drago, Frederick W. Brown, Ashok D. Sane, American Gear
Manufacturers Association 1997 Fall Technical Meeting, San Diego, CA, 22 Pages
94. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEAR DRIVES FOR FLUID MIXING APPLICATIONS
May 1998 - Raymond J. Drago, William F. Hutchings, Alan J. Olderstein, Canadian Society of
Mechanical Engineers, CSME Forum 1998, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, 8 Pages
95. THREE DIMENSIONAL CRACK PROPAGATION STUDIES
March 1999 - David G. Lewicki, Raymond J. Drago, Ashok D. Sane, & Paul A. Wawrzynek, 4th
World Congress on Gearing and Power Transmission, Paris, France, 11 Pages
96. INGRANAGGI “ULTRASAFE” PER APPLICAZIONI CRITICHE - 1a PARTE:
IMPOSTAZIONE DEL PROBLEMA
March 1999 - Raymond J. Drago, Ashok Sane & Frederick W. Brown ORGAMI DI
TRANSMISSIONE Pages 58-66 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In
Italian)

97. DEVELOPMENT OF GEAR TECHNOLOGY AND THEORY OF GEARING (By Faydor
L. Litvin) - A TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW
July/August 1999 - Raymond J. Drago, , GEAR TECHNOLOGY - The Journal of Gear
Manufacturing, Pages 14-15
98. INGRANAGGI “ULTRASAFE” PER APPLICAZIONI CRITICHE - 3a PARTE:
OTTIMIZZAZIONE
July 1999 - Raymond J. Drago, Ashok Sane & Frederick W. Brown ORGAMI DI
TRANSMISSIONE Pages 76-80 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In
Italian)
99. THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL DEFECTS ON GEAR PERFORMANCE - A CASE
STUDY -
October 1999 - Raymond J. Drago & Alejandro Font Filax, American Gear Manufacturers
Association 1999 Fall Technical Meeting, Lakewood, CO, 7 Pages
100. THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL DEFECTS ON GEAR PERFORMANCE - A CASE
STUDY
March/April 2000 - Raymond J. Drago & Alejandro Font Filax, Gear Technology - The Journal
of Gear Manufacturing, pp 18 - 23
101. ULTRASAFE GEAR SYSTEMS - SINGLE TOOTH BENDING FATIGUE TEST
RESULTS
October 2000 - Raymond J. Drago, Arron Issacson, and Nagesh Sonti, American Gear
Manufacturers Association 2000 Fall Technical Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, 9 Pages
102. I DIFETTI DEL MATERIALE INFLUENZANO LE PRESTAZIONI
September 2000 - Raymond J. Drago, Alejandro F. Filax ORGAMI DI TRANSMISSIONE
Pages 70-76 (Journal of the Italian Gear Manufacturers Association, In Italian)
103. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEARING (ATG) IN STEEL MILL APPLICATIONS -
UNDERSTANDING MILL GEAR FAILURES - EVALUATION, IDENTIFICATION, MODE,
PROGRESSION MECHANISM, PREVENTION, CORRECTION, REDESIGN
February 2001 - Raymond J. Drago, Association of Iron & Steel Engineers, Technical Meeting,
Merrillville, Indiana
104. UNDERSTANDING LARGE GEAR FAILURES - EVALUATION, IDENTIFICATION,
MODE, PROGRESSION MECHANISM, PREVENTION, CORRECTION, REDESIGN
November 2001 - Raymond J. Drago, ASM Materials Solutions Conference, Indianapolis, IN
105. MATERIAL AND HEAT TREATMENT RELATED FAILURES OF LARGE MILL
GEARS - SYMPTOMS, CAUSES AND REMEDIES
September 2002 - Raymond J. Drago, AISE 2002 Annual Convention and Expo, September 29 -
October 2, 2002, Gaylord Opryland Hotel, Nashville, TN 37214, 14 pages

106. CRACK LENGTH AND DEPTH DETERMINATION IN AN INTEGRATED
CARBURIZED GEAR/BEARING
October 2002 – Raymond J. Drago and James S. Kachelries, AGMA 2002 Fall Technical
Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, 8 Pages
107. UNDERSTANDING FAILURES OF LARGE MILL GEARS – CAUSES, PREVENTION,
CURES
September 2003 – Raymond J. Drago, 2002 Mill Drive Symposium, The Manufacturer’s
Conference Center, Erie, PA, 50 Pages
108. CRACK LENGTH AND DEPTH DETERMINATION IN AN INTEGRATED
CARBURIZED GEAR/BEARING
Spring 2003 – Raymond J. Drago and James S. Kachelries, AGMA News Digest, Alexandria,
VA, 8 Pages
109. UNDERSTANDING GEAR FAILURES – MATERIALS AND HEAT TREATMENT
ISSUES
October 2003 – Raymond J. Drago, AGMA Gear-Expo, Columbus, OH, 50 Pages
110. FAILURE ANALYSIS – THE APPLICATION OF FORENSIC GEAR ENGINEERING
January 2004, Raymond J. Drago, AGMA Regional Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 143 Pages
111. IDENTIFICATION OF MILL GEAR FAILURES – EVALUATION, IDENTIFICATION,
MODE, PROGRESSION MECHANISM, PREVENTION, CORRECTION, REDESIGN
April 2004 – Raymond J. Drago, Association for Iron and Steel Technology, Cleveland Regional
Meeting, Independence, OH, 37 Pages
113. THE ROLE OF A GEAR TECHNOLOGY EXPERT WITNESS IN PRODUCT
LIABILITY AND/OR PERSONAL INJURY LITIGATION
November 2004 – Raymond J. Drago.; Special Presentation to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association Fall Technical Meeting, Milwaukee, WI
114. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEARS IN STEEL MILL APPLICATIONS ENHANCED
THROUGH THE APPLICATION LARGE, WELD FABRICATED, CARBURIZED,
HARDENED & HARD FINISHED GEAR BLANKS
September 2005 - By Raymond J. Drago, Roy Cunningham, & Steve Cymbala; Mill Gearing
Technology Symposium 5, Erie; PA
115. THE APPLICATION OF VERY LARGE, WELD FABRICATED, CARBURIZED,
HARDENED & HARD FINISHED ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEARS IN STEEL MILL
GEAR DRIVES
October 2005 - By Raymond J. Drago, Roy Cunningham, & Steve Cymbala; American Gear
Manufacturers Association Fall Technical Meeting, Detroit, MI, 18 Pages

116. THE APPLICATION OF VERY LARGE, WELD FABRICATED, CARBURIZED,
HARDENED & HARD FINISHED ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GEARS IN STEEL MILL
GEAR DRIVES
May 2006 - By Raymond J. Drago, Roy Cunningham, & Steve Cymbala; Association of Iron &
Steel Technology AISTech Technical Meeting, Cleveland, OH, 18 Pages
117. A CRANE GEAR FAILURE ANALYSIS – CASE STUDY, OBSERVATIONS,
LESSONS LEARNED, RECOMMENDATIONS
October 2006 – By Raymond J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers Association Fall
Technical Meeting, Orlando, FL, 10 Pages
118. THE EFFECT OF START-UP LOAD CONDITIONS ON GEARBOX PERFORMANCE
& LIFE – FAILURE ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY
October 2007 - By Raymond J. Drago, American Gear Manufacturers Association Fall Technical
Meeting, Detroit, MI, 11 Pages
119. HYDROGEN AND INTERNAL RESIDUAL STRESS GEAR FAILURES – SOME
FAILURE ANALYSES AND CASE STUDIES
October 2008 – AGMA Technical Paper 08FTM13, By Raymond J. Drago and Roy
Cunningham, American Gear Manufacturers Association Fall Technical Meeting, San Antonio,
TX, 11 Pages
120. THE ANATOMY OF A MICROPITTING INDUCED TOOTH FRACTURE FAILURE ▬
CAUSATION, INITIATION, PROGRESSION & PREVENTION
September 2009 - AGMA Technical Paper 09FTM12, By Raymond J. Drago, P. E., Chief
Engineer; Roy J. Cunningham, Metallurgical Engineer; Steve Cymbala, Senior Drives Engineer;
Drive Systems Technology, Inc, American Gear Manufacturers Association Fall Technical
Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, 12 Pages
121. GEAR SYSTEM TRIBOLOGY ― THE REAL WORLD VIEW
June 2010 – KEYNOTE ADDRESS Southeastern Wisconsin Gear Summit, University of
Wisconsin – Milwaukee (UWM), Milwaukee, WI, 56 Pages
122. THE ANATOMY OF A MICROPITTING INDUCED TOOTH FRACTURE FAILURE ▬
CAUSATION, INITIATION, PROGRESSION & PREVENTION
June 2010 – Gear Technology – The Journal of Gear Manufacturing, By Raymond J. Drago, P.
E., Chief Engineer; Roy J. Cunningham, Metallurgical Engineer; Steve Cymbala, Senior Drives
Engineer; Drive Systems Technology, Inc., Gear Technology Journal, Pages 63-69 (with
permission)
123. THE ANATOMY OF A LUBRICATION EROSION FAILURE - CAUSATION,
INITIATION, PROGRESSION AND PREVENTION
September 2013 – AGMA Fall Technical Meeting Paper 13FTM16, By Raymond J. Drago and
Roy J. Cunningham, Drive Systems Technology, Inc., and William Flynn, Chalmers & Kubeck.

124. THE ANATOMY OF A LUBRICATION EROSION FAILURE_ CAUSATION,
INITIATION, PROGRESSION, AND PREVENTION - PART I, Gear Solutions Magazine
March 2014, 11 Pages
125. THE ANATOMY OF A LUBRICATION EROSION FAILURE_ CAUSATION,
INITIATION, PROGRESSION, AND PREVENTION - PART II, Gear Solutions Magazine
April 2014, 9 Pages

SEMINAR LIST
24 Marlborough Lane
V: 610-358-0785; F:610-358-2776; Web: www.gear-doc.com; E-Mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
A. Fundamentals of Gear Design (24 Hours)
1. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, April 1982
2. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, May 1983
3. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, WA, August 1983
4. United States Navy - Naval Air Propulsion Center, Trenton, NJ, September 1983
5. Boeing Vertol Company, Philadelphia, PA, October 1983
6. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, March 1984
7. United States Navy - Naval Ship Engineering Systems, Philadelphia Navy Yard,
PA April 1985
8. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, June 1985
9. General Electric Company, Steam Turbine - Generator Division, Lynn
Operations, Lynn MA December 1985
10. Boeing Vertol Company, Philadelphia, PA January 1986
11. Sundstrand Corporation, Pneumatic Systems Division, Rockford, IL
February 1986
13. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, IL, September 1986
14. General Electric Company, Aircraft Engine Business Group, Cincinnati, OH
December 1986
15. Saturn Corporation, Troy, MI January 1987
16. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy May 1987
17. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, July 1987
18. M & M Precision Systems, West Carrollton, OH, October 1987
19. United States Army - AVSCOM, St Louis, MO, November 1987
20. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Renton, WA, March 1988
21. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, November 1988
22. Mineral Processing Systems, Inc. May 1989
23. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, December 1989
24. Sundstrand Corporation, ATG Division, Rockford, IL, February 1990
25. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, March 1990
26. United States Navy - Norfolk Naval Supply Systems Command, Price Fighter
Detachment, Norfolk Navy Base, Norfolk, VA June 1990
27. United States Navy - Pensacola Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL September 1990
28. Horsburgh & Scott, Cleveland, OH September 1990
29. General Motors - Hydramatic Division, Toledo, OH November 1990
31. General Motors - Hydramatic Division, Toledo, OH November 1990

32. General Motors - Hydramatic Division, Toledo, OH December 1990
33 General Motors - Hydramatic Division, Toledo, OH January 1991
34. The Boeing Company, Seattle, WA, February 1991
35. United States Navy - Naval Air Propulsion Center, Trenton, NJ, March 1991
36 University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, December 1991
37. Cuyahoga College, (Sponsor: Horsburgh & Scott), Cleveland, OH March 1991
39. United States Steel Corp, Mon Valley Works, Dravosburg, PA, June 1992
40. United States Steel Corp, Gary Works, Gary, IN, July 1992
42. Lexmark, An IBM Alliance Company, Lexington, KY January 1993
44. Oregon Institute of Technology, Clackmas, OR (Sponsored by Warn Industries),
May 1994
45. George Stinson Management Center, National Steel Corporation, Great Lakes
Division, Ecorse, MI, August 1994
46. George Stinson Management Center, National Steel Corporation, Great Lakes
Division, Ecorse, MI, September 1994
47. Boeing Defense & Space Group, Helicopters Division, Philadelphia, PA, October
1994
49. National Steel Corporation, Granite City Division, Granite City, IL January 1995
50. National Steel Corporation, Granite City Division, Granite City, IL February 1995
51. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, WA March 1995
54. Boeing Defense & Space Group, Military Airplane Division, January 1997
55. Falk Corporation, Milwaukee, WI, February 1997
56. Cuyahoga College, (Sponsor: Horsburgh & Scott), Cleveland, OH June, 1997
57. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, NC, July 1997
54. University of Wisconsin, Presented at Irvine, CA, WI, February 1998
55. Fairfield Manufacturing Company, Lafayette, IN, March 1998
56. Castrol Industrial North America (Lubricants), Downers Grove, IL September
1998
58. Halm Industries, Glen Head, NY, August 1999
59. Hamilton Sundstrand, Rockford, IL, November 1999
60. Lantec Industries, Langley, British Columbia, Canada, January 2000
In 1999, the Fundamentals of Gear Design Seminar was greatly expanded in content
and the presentation was changed to two - three day sessions.
61. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, PART I, December 1999 (20 Hours)
62. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, PART II, April 2000 (20 Hours)
63. The Boeing Company, Philadelphia, PA PART I (modified format), June 2000
64. The Boeing Company, Philadelphia, PA PART II (modified format), June 2000
65. Caterpillar Corporation, East Peoria, IL, PART I (modified format), September 2000

66. Caterpillar Corporation, East Peoria, IL, PART II (modified format), September
2000
67. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Boulder, CO, PART I (modified
format), November 2000
68. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Boulder, CO, PART II (modified
format), November 2000
69. University of Wisconsin, Clear Water Beach, FL, PART II, February 2001
70. Westar Corporation for Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL PART I, April 2001
71. Westar Corporation for Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL PART II, April 2001
72. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, PART I, December 2001 (20 Hours)
In 2002, the Fundamentals of Gear Design Seminar Parts 1 and 2 were separated into
two complementary three day sessions, Fundamentals of Gear Design and Advanced
Gear Design & Theory.
79. Parker Aerospace Control Systems Division, Irvine, CA July 2006
80. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, August 2007
82. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA June 2009
83. iRobot Corp, Burlington, MA, M June 2010
84. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, October 2010
87. PAX River Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, MD April 2012
B. Advanced Gear Design & Theory (20 Hours)
6. Parker Aerospace Control Systems Division, Irvine, CA August 2006
8. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, September 2007

C. PC Applications in Parallel Axis Gear Design (20 Hours)
1. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI October 1985
3. Northland, A Scott Fetzer Company, Watertown, NY January 1987
5. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, WA April 1989
7. Mineral Processing Systems, Inc. August 1989
11. New Venture Gear Div, New Process Gear Company, Syracuse, NY, June 1993
In 1999, the PC Applications in Parallel Axis Gear Design Seminar was expanded in
content & completely new PowerGear Windows™ Based Software was introduced.
19. Hamilton Sundstrand, Rockford, IL, November 1999 (modified,shortened format)
23. Rexnord Corporation, Milwaukee, WI April 2003
25. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, February 2006
D. WHERE DO I START? THE PRELIMINARY GEAR DESIGN THOUGHT
PROCESS (8 Hours)
1. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (3 Hrs), Detroit, MI, February 1996
2. University of Delaware (Junior Class Machine Design, 3 Hrs), Newark, DE, April
1996
3. Howard University (Senior Class Design Project, 3 Hrs), Washington, DC,
November 1996
4. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (8 Hours), Chicago, IL, February 1997

5. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (3 Hrs), Nashville, TN, January 1998
6. Fairfield Manufacturing Company, Lafayette, IN, March 1998
7. Universal Technical Systems “Gear School” (4 hours), Rockford, IL September
1998
8. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (8 Hours), Cincinnati, OH, November 1998
9. Universal Technical Systems “Gear School” (4 hours), Rockford, IL May 1999
10. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (8 Hours), Detroit, MI June 1999
11. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (8 Hours), Nashville, TN May 2000
12. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (8 Hours), Detroit, MI October 2001
13. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Indianapolis, IN September 2013
E. GEAR SYSTEM DESIGN FOR MINIMUM NOISE (16 Hours)
2. Ford Motor Company, Transmission and Chassis Div., Livonia, MI, May 1983
5. Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, WA, May 1985
6. General Motors Corporation, Technical Center, Warren, MI February 1986
7. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI November 1986
8. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy May 1987
9. General Motors Corporation, Advanced Development Center, Troy, MI
November 1987
10. Funk Division, Cooper Industries, Coffeyville, KS, September 1988
11. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA, June 1990
F. PLASTIC GEARS: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING (8 Hours)
1. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI March 2000
G. SENIOR DESIGN & SYNTHESIS (6 Hours)
(Visiting Lecturer - Gear Design and Analysis)
1. University of Delaware, Newark, DE Spring 1986
3. University of Delaware, Newark, DE Fall 1988
H. JUNIOR DESIGN (1 Hour)
(Visiting Lecturer - Gear Design and Analysis)
I. BEVEL GEAR SYSTEMS (16 Hours)

J. GEAR FAILURES - MODES, CAUSES, CURES (12 Hours)
1. Rotek, Inc., Aurora, OH, July 1983
2. Los Angeles County Sanitary District, Los Angeles, CA, March 1987
3. P & H Mine Pro Services, Mesa, AZ, June 2000
4. AGMA Regional Meeting, Gear Expo, Columbus, OH October 2003 (Modified
format to fit special audience requirements)
5. AGMA Regional Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, January 2004 (Modified to fit audience
requirements)
K. DRIVE SYSTEM DESIGN (12 Hours)
1. For the U.S. Navy at The Boeing Training Center, Philadelphia, PA, June 1984
L. BEVEL GEAR ASSEMBLY AND PATTERNING (8 Hours)
1. United States Army - Corpus Christi Army Depot, Corpus Christi, TX, September
1983
M. GEAR TYPES, ARRANGEMENTS, & FAILURE MODES (8 Hours)
1. Helicopter Transmission Design & Maintenance Workshop, Laval University,
Quebec City, Sponsored by The Canadian Department of National Defense, May
1990
2. Helicopter Transmission Design & Maintenance Workshop, Laval University,
Quebec City, Sponsored by The Canadian Department of National Defense, May
1991
N. SINGLE FLANK GEAR INSPECTION (6 Hours)
1. Harris Graphics Corporation, Dover NH September 1987
O. GEAR TECHNOLOGY: STATUS & TRENDS (3 Hours)
1. General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI, August 1988
P. STATICS AND DYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (20 Hours)
1. Boeing Vertol Company, Philadelphia, PA 1975
Q. BASIC GEAR AND SPLINE DESIGN (32 Hours)
1. Boeing Vertol Company, Philadelphia, PA 1980
R. GEAR MANUFACTURING - METHODS, TOOLS, MACHINES (3 Hours)
1. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Chapter 15, Philadelphia, PA, November
1996

2. Castrol Industrial North America (Lubricants), Downers Grove, IL September
1998
S. FAILURE ANALYSIS: THE APPLICATION OF FORENSIC GEAR
ENGINEERING (8 Hours)
1. AGMA Regional Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, January 2004
2. Philadelphia Gear Corporation National Engineering Meeting, King of Prussia,
PA February 2005
3. Dofasco Steel, Hamilton. ON Canada Two sessions, April 2005
4. Philadelphia Gear Corporation National Sales Meeting, Houston, TX July 2005
5. Crane Pro (Kone Cranes), Novi, MI December 2005 (Two Consecutive Sessions)
6. Crane Pro (Kone Cranes), Novi, MI May 2006
7. John Deere Product Engineering Center, Waterloo, IA June 2010
T. The Extended Analysis of Surface Durability Failure Modes – Gear Load
Capacity Rating Implications (8 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association Regional Meeting, Seattle, WA
February, 2005
U. Detailed Gear Design – Beyond Simple Service Factors (20 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL, November
2005
2. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Las Vegas, NV, April 2006
3. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA, October 2006
4. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Anaheim, CA, January 2007
5. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, May 2007
6. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Pamplona, Spain, June 2007
7. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Scottsdale, AZ, March 2008
8. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Tyson’s Corner, VA, March 2009
9. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Lyman, SC, February 2010
10. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Las Vegas, NV, May 2011
11. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, July 2011
12. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Las Vegas, NV, December 2012
13. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA On-Line Video
14. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Las Vegas, NV, June 2013
15. American Axle and Manufacturing Company, Detroit, MI October 2013
16. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Las Vegas, NV, November 2013
The Detailed Gear Design – Beyond Simple Service Factors is also available as an
On Line Video Presentation from the American Gear Manufacturers Association
(www.agma.org)
See this link for details:
http://www.agma.org/events-training/detail/online-video-training-detailed-gear-design
Some sessions of the Detailed Gear Design – Beyond Simple Service Factors
Seminar are expanded to include a 4th day workshop session which utilizes

PowerGear Windows™ Based Software to put the principles of the lecture
sessions into hands on practice via real world problems.
V. Detailed Gear Design – Beyond Simple Service Factors + Workshop
(32 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Vienna, VA, March 2009
2. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA July 2009
W. Gear Inspection – Geometric & Nondestructive - (8 Hours)
1. Philadelphia Gear Corporation National Meeting, Mokena, IL April 2007
X. Gear Materials - Selection, Metallurgy, Heat Treatment, and Quality
Control (24 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA, January 2008
3. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL, February 2011
4. Arrow Gear Company, On-Site, Downers Grove, IL March 2011
5. Arrow Gear Company, On-Site, Downers Grove, IL September 2011
6. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Milwaukee, WI, May 2012
Y. Gearbox CSI - Forensic Analysis of Gear & Bearing Failures - Useful
Tools For Optimizing Gearbox Design - (24 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Orlando, FL, February 2007
2. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Orlando, FL, November 2008
3. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA, October 2009
4. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL, December
2010
6. American Axle and Machine Company, Detroit, MI July 2012
7. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Baltimore, MD March 2013
8. American Axle and Manufacturing Company, Detroit, MI May 2013
9. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Philadelphia, PA March 2014
10. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA March 2015
11. Redstone Arsenal Army Base, Redstone, AL April 2015
Z. Gear System Technology Considerations for Wind Energy Applications -
(3 Hours)
1. Philadelphia Gear Corporation National Meeting, Las Vegas, NV April 2008
AA. Understanding Field Failure Observations- Evaluation, Identification,
Mode, Progression Mechanism, Prevention, Correction, Redesign – (4
Hours)
1. Philadelphia Gear Corporation National Meeting, Detroit, MI July 2008

BB. Gear Manufacturing & Inspection ― Methods, Practices, Application &
Interpretation for the Design Engineer - (24 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, May 2008
2. FL Smidth Company, Bethlehem, PA February 2009
3. US Army Aviation Engineering Directorate RDMR-AEZ, Redstone Arsenal, AL
October 2009
4. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL, November
2009
5. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA, September 2010
6. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Cleveland, OH, October 2011
7. Boeing Helicopters, Philadelphia, PA November – December 2011
9. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Chicago, IL, May 2013
10. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Rosemont, IL, June 2014
CC. Gearbox System Design - The Rest of the Story…Everything but the
Gears and Bearings! - (24 Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Ft. Worth, TX, May 2009
2. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Concordville, PA, May 2010
3. Pacific Rim Engineered Products, Surrey, BC, Canada, July 2010
i. Special 36 hour presentation with additional drawing & design review
session added)
4. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL December
2011
5. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL June 2012
6. American Axle and Manufacturing Company, Detroit, MI September 2012
7. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL December
2012
8. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL October 2013
9. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Clearwater Beach, FL May 2014
DD. Steel Mill Gearing – Theory, Practice and Application (24 Hours)
1. ArcelorMittal Steel Company, East Chicago, IN, September 2010
2. Nucor Steel Company, Hickman, AS, October 2011
3. ArcelorMittal Steel Company. New Carlisle, IN, January 2012
EE. Webinar – "Gear Design’s Stepchild – Root Fillet Configuration"
American Gear Manufacturers Association, On Line September 2011
FF. Gear Technology Basics For Mining Applications - Failure Mode and
Prevention - (24 Hours)
1. FLSmidth Company in Association with the American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA), Hotel Plaza el Bosque, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile April
2013

GG. Gear Technology Basics – (24 Hours)
1. Curtiss Wright Controls, Gastonia, NC November 2013
HH. Bevel Gear Systems ― A Practical Guide for the Design Engineer - (24
Hours)
1. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Alexandria, VA, October 2014
2. Ontario Drive & Gear, New Hamburg, Ontario, Canada, January 2015
3. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Rosemont, IL, June 2015
II. Advanced Gear Technology for Aviation Maintenance Engineers - (24
Hours)
1. RDMR-AEM, Corpus Christi Army Depot, Corpus Christi, TX, June 2015
Special Seminars:
Over the last fifteen years, Mr. Drago has developed and presented a series of seminars with the
intention of introducing young children (as young as pre-school!) to careers in engineering.
These seminars take special care to address both boys and girls equally).
JJ. Flight! (2 Hours – Children assemble foam model airplanes and “straw”
helicopters. Experiments include how “lift” makes airplanes &
helicopters fly. Experiments culminate with races and “target” practice
for accuracy of flight)
(Presentation for Kindergarten & Elementary School Children to introduce them to
Engineering as a career possibility)
1. Kennett Square School System – Kindergarten, Kennett Square, PA April 1998
3. Kathleen H. Wilbur Elementary – 2nd Grade, Bear, DE May 2000
5. Kennett Square School System – Kindergarten, Kennett Square, PA May 2002
6. Drexel Hill Middle School – 6th Grade, Upper Darby, PA April 2003
7. Kennett Consolidated School System – Kindergarten, May 2004
8. Kennett Consolidated School System – Kindergarten, May 2002
9. East Ward School 2nd Grade, Downingtown, PA May 2003
10. East Ward School 3rd Grade, Downingtown, PA March 2004
11. Kennett Square School System – Kindergarten, Kennett Square, PA May 2005
13. Kathleen H. Wilbur Elementary- 2nd Grade, Bear, DE May 2008
14. Garnet Valley School – Kindergarten, Concord Twp, PA March 2009
15. Garnet Valley School – 1st Grade, Concord Twp, PA April 2010
16. Garnet Valley School – 2nd Grade, Concord Twp, PA April 2011
17. Elam Hearts and Hands Preschool, Glen Mills, PA February 2013
18. West Chester University, Grandparents University Program, West Chester, PA
June 2013
June 2014

KK. Engineering! – Simple Machines (2 hours - Children build and use Full
Size Block & Tackle and Levers to lift their grandparents several feet off
the ground! Free time activity includes building and using model
catapults)
June 2014
LL. Wind Power! (2 Hours - Children build experiment with “Land Yachts” to
determine best sail configuration then race against each other for small
prizes)
1. Kathleen H. Wilbur Elementary- 2nd Grade, Bear, DE December 2014

24 Marlborough Lane
V: 610-358-0785; F:610-358-2776; Web: www.gear-doc.com; E-Mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
PATENTS
United States Patent Number 4,640,149
Issued 3 February 1987
Inventor: Raymond Drago
High Profile Contact Ratio, Non-Involute Gear Tooth Form and Method
United States Patent Number 6,966,865
Issued 22 November 2005
Inventor: Raymond Drago, Joseph W. Lenski, Jr, Mark J. Robuck
High Ratio, Reduced Size Epicyclic Gear Transmission for Rotary Wing Aircraft with Improved
Safety and Noise Reduction
SOCITY MEMBERSHIPS
AGMA ― American Gear Manufacturers Association
ASME ― American Society of Mechanical Engineers
STLE ― Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
AIST ― Association for Iron and Steel Technology

REPRESENTATIVE CLIENTS
24 Marlborough Lane
V: 610-358-0785 F: 610-358-2776 Web: www.gear-doc.com E-Mail: GearDoctor@Verizon.net
ADA COGENERATION, Ada, MI
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Newport News, VA
ACUTUS GLADWYN, Valparaiso, IN
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC., Allentown, PA
AIR PREHEATER COMPANY, Alstom Power, Inc., Wellsville, NY
AIRTRUST (HONG KONG) LIMITED, Wanchi, Hong Kong
AK STEEL COMPANY
Ashland Works, Ashland, KY
Middletown Works, Middletown, OH
Rockport Works, Rockport, IN
Butler Works, Butler, PA
ALCAN ROLLED PRODUCTS, Oswego, NY
ALCOA MILL PRODUCTS, Lancaster, PA
ALCOA ROLLED PRODUCTS, Point Henry Works, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA (ALCOA) Davenport, IA
ALCOA ROLLED PRODUCTS, Lancaster, PA
ALSTOM POWER INC., Windsor, CT
Milling Systems Division
Boiler and Environmental Plant Services Division
ALCOA WARWICK,
AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER SERVICE COMPANY, New York, NY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, Alexandria, VA
AMERICAN LOHMAN CORP., Aero Gear Division, Hillside, NJ
AMEREN ENERGY, Effingham, IL
ANDRITZ VA TECH HYDRO USA, Charlotte, NC
ANDRITZ VA TECH HYDRO CANADA, Stoney Creek, Ontario
ANGLO AMERICAN CHILE, Santiago, Chile
ASSEMBLED SYSTEMS, INC., Horsham, PA
ASSOCIATED ENTERPRISES, Painesville, OH
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING, INC., Detroit, MI
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, New York, NY
ARCELORMITTAL STEEL
- DOSASCO STEEL, Hamilton, ON
- BURNS HARBOR, Burns Harbor, IN
- INDIANA HARBOR WEST, East Chicago, IN
- INDIANA HARBOR EAST, East Chicago, IN
- I/N TEK I/N KOTE, New Carlisle IN

ARCH MINERAL COMPANY, St. Louis, MO
ARCTAS Clean Energy, Houston, TX
ARROW GEAR COMPANY, Downers Grove, IL
ASHGROVE CEMENT COMPANY, Chanute, KS
APPLIED INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES, Evansville, IN
ARIEL CORPORATION, Mount Vernon, OH
The AMC GROUP, King of Prussia, PA
AVIATION ENGINEERING DIRECTORATE (AED) Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL
BABCOCK & WILCOX POWER GENERATION GROUP, INC., Barberton, Ohio
BALSAMO AVIATION & TRIAL LAW FIRM, Lauderdale by the Sea, FL
BARRICK GOLDSTRIKE MINES, Elko, NV
BAYSIDE CONTROLS, Port Washington, NY
BATH IRON WORKS, Bath, ME
BEAVIN COMPANY, Baltimore, MD
BECHTEL CORPORATION, San Francisco, CA
BECHTEL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Frederick, MD
BECHTEL AUSTRALIA, LTD, PTY, Mayfield, NSW, Australia
BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY, Bethlehem, PA
BIF, A Unit of General Signal, West Warwick, RI
BIRD MACHINE COMPANY, South Walpole, MA
BLACK & VEATCH, Kansas City, KS
BOC Process Plants, Murray Hill, NJ
THE BOEING COMPANY
Houston Space Flight Center, Houston, TX
Portland Gear Facility, Portland, OR
Boeing Helicopters, Ridley Park, PA
BRIGGS & STRATTON CORPORATION, Milwaukee, WI
BUTTERWORTH PUBLISHERS, Stoneham, MA
BUCYRUS INTERNATIONAL, Inc., South Milwaukee, WI
CARSON HELICOPTERS, INC., Perkasie, PA
CARRIER CORPORATION, Syracuse, NY
CAMELOT ENGINEERING, Burbank, CA
CAMPBELL - HAUSFELD Company, Harrison, OH
CAPITAL ENGINEERING, INC., Hammond, IN
C. C. MINERA CANDELARIA, Las Condes, Chile
CASTROL INDUSTRIAL NORTH AMERICA, Downers Grove, IL
CHICAGO COLD ROLLING COMPANY, Portage, IN
CHL SYSTEMS (C. H. Landis), Souderton, PA
CHRISTINI TECHNOLOGIES, Philadelphia, PA
CLAY & PHILLIPS, Attorneys at Law, (Travelers Insurance Co.) Radford, VA
CLEVELAND CLIFFS IRON CO, Marquette, MI
CLIPPER WINDPOWER, Carpinteria, CA
COBE, BCT, INC, Blood Component Technology, Lakewood, CO
COHEN, JAYSON, FOSTER, P.A., Tampa, FL
COLUMBIA HELICOPTERS, INC, Portland, OR
COMPANIA MINERA DISPUTADA DE LAS CONDES, S. A., Santiago, Chili

CONRAIL, Philadelphia, PA
COMBUSTION ENGINEERING POWER SYSTEMS, Windsor, CT
COOPER TURBOCOMPRESSORS INC, Buffalo, NY
RDMR-AEM, CARGO TEAM, CORPUS CHRISTI ARMY DEPOT, Corpus Christi, TX
CRANDALL DRY DOCK ENGINEERS, INC., Chelsea, MA
CRANE PRO, Milwaukee, WI
CROWN EQUIPMENT COMPANY, New Breman, OH
COZEN & O’CONNOR, Attorneys at Law, Charlotte, NC
DANIELI CORPORATION, Pittsburgh, PA
DAMAN INDUSTRIES, East Brady, PA
DAVIS-STANDARD, Division of Crompton & Knowles Corporation, Pawcatuck, CT
DELAVAL TURBINE DIVISION, Trenton, NJ
DENNY AND PATANE, Attorneys at Law, Philadelphia, PA
DEPT. OF THE ARMY, ST. PAUL DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, St. Paul, MN
DELPHI SAGINAW STEERING SYSTEMS, Saginaw, MI
DELTA-T Corporation, Lexington, KY
DELTA POWER COMPANY, LLC, Troy, MI
DIAMOND SHAMROCK ALBERTA GAS CO., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
DIAMOND POWER SPECIALTY COMPANY, Babcock & Wilcox, a McDermott company,
Lancaster, OH
DODGE, CST, Seattle, WA
DODGE RELIANCE ELECTRIC, Greenville, SC
DODGE - ROCKWELL, Greenville, SC
DOFASCO STEEL COMPANY, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
DURST DIV. REGAL-BELOIT CORP; Clinton, WI
D. STEWART & ASSOCIATES, Pittsburgh, PA
EATON CORPORATION, TRANSMISSION DIVISION, Kalamazoo, MI
EIMCO PROCESS EQUIPMENT CO., Salt lake City, UT
ELLIOTT TURBOMACHINERY, Jeannette, PA
EMCO Gears, Chicago, IL
EMERSON JOHNSON MACKAY, INC. North Hollywood, CA
ELECTRONIC POWER DESIGN, INC., Houston, TX 77020
ELGILOY SPECIALTY METALS, Elgin, IL
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS WORKSHOPS, Cranberry Township, PA
ENERSUL, L.P., Calgary, AB, CANADA
ESSROC – ITALCEMENTI , Nazareth, PA
FACTORY MUTUAL SYSTEM
- Melbourne, Australia
- Concord, CA
FAILURE ANALYSIS ASSOCIATES, Menlo Park, CA
FAIRFIELD MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC., Lafayette, IN
FALK CORPORATION, Milwaukee, WI
F. E. MYERS, INC., Ashland, OH
FERMENTA PRODUCTS, INC., West Chester, PA
FERRILL AND LOGAN, Attorneys at Law, Ft. Washington, PA
FETSKO AVIATION AND SALES, INC., Media, PA (Spitfire Helicopter Company)

FFE MINERALS, Bethlehem, PA
FL SMIDTH CO., Bethlehem, PA
FM GLOBAL INSURANCE, Victoria, Australia
FORD MOTOR COMPANY
- Transmission and Chassis Division, Livonia, MI
- Office of the General Counsel, Dearborn, MI
FOSTER, SWIFTE, COLLINS, & COEY, Attorneys at Law, Lansing, MI
FROST, BROWN, TODD, Attorneys at Law,
- Knoxville, KY
- Cincinnati, OH
FMC Airport Products, Orlando, FL
FMC Corporation, Naval Systems Division, Minneapolis, MN
FRANKE GEAR COMPANY, Chicago, IL
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE RESEARCH LABORATORIES, Philadelphia, PA
FROST, BROWN, TODD, Attorneys at Law, Lexington, KY
FUNK MANUFACTURING, Division of Cooper Industries, Coffeyville, KS
FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI L.L.P., Attorneys at Law, Houston, Texas
GCA/PAR SYSTEMS (Robotics), St. Paul, MN
GEAR ENGINEERS, Seattle, WA
GEARTECH, Albany, CA
GEA POWER COOLING SYSTEMS, San Diego, CA
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
- Projection Display Devices Division, Syracuse, NY
- GE Aviation, Lynn, MA
- Steam Turbine - Generator Division, Lynn Operations, Lynn, MA
- Aircraft Engine Business Group, Cincinnati, OH
- Transportation Systems (Railroad Locomotive) Group, Erie, PA
- Electric Service Center (Apparatus Service), Charleston, WV
GENERAL FILTER COMPANY, Ames, IA
General Motors
-GM Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
-Lordstwon Assembly Plant, Lordstown, OH
GENERAL POWER CORPORATION, Paoli, PA
GENESIS PARTNERS, LTD., Horsham, PA 19044
GENEVA STEEL COMPANY, Provo, UT
GEO. M. MARTIN COMPANY, Emeryville, CA
GLOBE MOTORS, INC., Dayton, OH
GLOBE MACHINE COMPANY, Canton, GA
GKN TORQUE TECHNOLOGY, Auburn Hills, MI
GMH ASSOCIATES, Trenton, NJ
GOODRICH ACTUATION SYSTEMS, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY, Oak Brook, IL
GROLIER, INCORPORATED, New Book of Knowledge Encyclopedia, Hawleyville, CT
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
- Technical Center, Warren, MI
- Chevrolet-Pontiac-Canada Group, Troy, MI

- Research Laboratory, Warren, MI
- Hydramatic Division, Toledo, OH
GEORGIA POWER COMPANY, CHATTAHOOCHEE HYDRO GROUP, Fortson, Georgia
GIDDINGS & LEWIS MACHINE TOOL COMPANY, Fond du Lac, WI
GRAYCOR CORPORATION, Homewood, IL
GREEY LIGHTNIN, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
GRIFFIN LeGrand, An EVI Company, Calgary, CANADA
GRIFFIN GEAR COMPANY, Spartanburg, SC
G-STEEL, Bankhai Rayong City, Thailand
HALM INDUSTRIES, INC, Glen Head, NY
HANOVER GEAR CO., Hanover, PA
HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR COMPANY, INC. Milwaukee, WI
HARNISCHFEGER P&H, Milwaukee, WI
HARRIER TECHNOLOGY, IN., Santa Barbara, CA
HARRIS GRAPHICS CORPORATION
- Production Press Division, Westerly, RI
- Web Press Division, Dover, NH
HAWLEY, TROXELL, ENNIS & HAWLEY, Attorneys at Law, Boise, ID
HAZEN AND SAWYER ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS, New York, NY
HEWLETT-PACKARD AVONDALE DIVISION, Avondale, PA
HIBBING TACONITE COMPANY, Hibbing, MN
HOLLAND AND KNIGHT, LLP Attorneys at Law, Falls Church, VA
HORSBURGH & SCOTT COMPANY, Cleveland, OH
HUMBOLDT WEDAG, INC., Norcross, GA
HUB CITY, INC. - REGAL-BELOIT CORPORATION, Aberdeen, SD
I/N TEK STEEL CORPORATION, New Carlisle, IN
INGERSOLL-RAND Company, Productivity Solutions, Annadale, NJ
INTERGEN,
- Burlington, MA
- Mexicali, Mexico
INTI RAYMI S. A., MINA KORI KOLLO, La Paz, BOLIVIA
IPSCO STEEL CO.
- Regina, Saskatchewan, CANADA
- Muscatine, IA
- St. Paul, MN
INTERNATIONAL STEEL GROUP, East Chicago, IL
I2S, LLC (formerly INTEGRATED INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS), Yalesville, CT
iROBOT CORPORATION, Bedford, MA
ISG STEEL, Indiana Harbor, IN
JACKSON MCDONALD, Attorneys at Law, Perth, WA, Australia
J. E. SAGUE & ASSOCIATES, Philadelphia, PA
JOHN DEERE PRODUCT ENGINEERING CENTER, Waterloo, IA
JONES DAY, Attorneys at Law, Atlanta, GA
KBE+, Inc., Syracuse, NY
KCI CRANE PRO SERVICES, Novi, MI
KENDALL O. CLAY, Attorney at Law

KENNECOTT UTAH COPPER, Copperton Concentrator, Bingham Canyon, UT
KENTUCKY ELECTRIC STEEL, Ashland, KY
KEIM PUBLISHING, New York, NY
KINNEY VACUUM COMPANY, A Unit of General Signal, Canton, MA
KOHLER COMPANY - ENGINE DIVISION, Kohler, WI
KONGSBERG AUTOMOTIVE; Willis, TX
Kone Escalator R&D Coal Valley, IL
KORE GEAR COMPANY, Destin, FL
KIRKLAND & ELLIS, Attorneys at Law, Chicago, IL
LA CANDELARIA MINE, Copiapo, CHILE
LANGSTON, A Member of the Molins Group, Cherry Hill, NJ
LANTEC INDUSTRIES, Inc., Langley, BC, Canada
LAVAL UNIVERSITY, Quebec City, Canada
LEATHERWOOD, WALKER, TODD, & MANN, Attorneys at Law, Greenville, SC
LEAR ROMEC DIVISION - CRANE AEROSPACE & ELECTRONICS, Elyria, OH
LeROI INTERNATIONAL, INC. Sidney OH
LEXMARK, IBM Computer Printers, Lexington, KY
LIGHTNIN MIXERS, Rochester, NY
LIGHTNIN MIXERS LIMITED, Poynton, Stockport, Cheshire, Great Britain
LISKOW & LEWIS, Attorneys at Law, Lafayette, LA
LONG & LEVITT, Attorneys at Law, San Francisco, CA
LONG MACHINE & TOOL, Cleona, PA
LORD CORPORATION, Erie, PA
LOUISIANA HYDROELECTRIC LTD, Vidalia, LA
LOWER LAKE DOCK COMPANY, Cleveland, OH
LTV STEEL COMPANY
- Cleveland Works, Cleveland, OH
- Indiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, IL
LYTAL, REITER, CLARK, FOUNTAIN & WILLIAMS, Attorneys at Law, W. Palm Beach, FL
M3 ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, Tucson, AZ
MACDON INDUSTRIES, LTD. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA
MAGMA NEVADA MINING, Ely, NV
MARINE TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, Franklin, LA
MARSH TECHNOLOGIES, Chesterfield, MO
M & M PRECISION SYSTEMS, An Acme-Cleveland Company, West Carrollton, OH
MCKENNA CONTRACTING, LLC, Sarasota, FL
METSO GEARS, Cambridge, Ontario, CANADA
MID-ATLANTIC CRANE & EQUIPMENT CO., Raleigh, NC
MILES & STOCKBRIDGE, P. C., Attorneys at Law, Baltimore, MD
MILLER CONSULTING GROUP, Indianapolis, IN
MINCORP ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS, Englewood, CO
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTS, INC. Warrendale, PA
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC., New York, NY
MIXING & MASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, State College, PA
MIXING EQUIPMENT CO., A Unit of General Signal, Rochester, NY
MILTON ROY COMPANY, Ivyland, PA

MILWAUKEE GEAR COMPANY, INC., Milwaukee, WI
MINERAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS, INC., York, PA
MONTGOMERY ELEVATOR COMPANY, Moline, IL
MOOG, INC.
- Missile Systems Division, East Aurora, NY
- Aircraft Group, Salt Lake Operations, Salt Lake City, UT 84119-1112
MOOT & SPRAGUE, Attorneys at Law, Buffalo, NY
MORGAN, MELHUISH, MONAGHAN, MEYER, ARVIDSON, ABRUTYN, &
LISOWSKI, Counselors at Law, Livingston, NJ
MORGAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Mining Truck Wheel Motors; Worcester, MA
MOYER & BERGMAN, Attorneys at Law, Cedar Rapids, IA
NASA JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, Pasadena, CA June 2009
NASH ENGINEERING COMPANY, Norwalk, CT
NATIONAL MACHINERY COMPANY, Tiffin, OH
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORIES, Golden, CO
NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY
GRANITE CITY STEEL DIVISION Granite City, IL
GREAT LAKES DIVISION, Ecorse, MI
NAVAIR Propulsion & Power Engineering, Patuxent River, MD
NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER
Patuxent River, MD
Lakehurst, NJ
NAVAL AVIATION DEPOT
Cherry Point, NC
North Island, San Diego, CA
USNUNK NAVAIR - SECONDARY POWER, Patuxent River, MD
NEG Micon, Randers, Denmark
NEWCREST CADIA MINES, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
NEW VENTURE GEAR, NEW PROCESS GEAR DIVISION, East Syracuse, NY
NEW ZEALAND MILK PRODUCTS CORP., Allerton, IA
NETZSCH, INC, Exton, PA
NORTHLAND, A Scott Fetzer Company, Watertown, NY
NOVELIS CORPORATION, Oswego, NY
NUCOR STEEL CORPORATION
- Berkeley, SC
- Hickman, AS
- Decatur, AL
- Memphis, TN
NUTTALL GEAR CORPORATION, Niagara Falls, NY
OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, Niagara Falls, NY
OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, Wilmington, DE
OGDEN MURPHY WALLACE P.L.L.C., Attorneys at Law, Seattle, WA
ONTARIO DRIVE AND GEAR, New Hamburg, ON CANADA
OTTERTAIL CORPORATION, Fargo, ND (Fergus Falls, MN)
OUTBOARD MARINE CORPORATION (OMC), Milwaukee, WI
P & H MINE PRO SERVICES, Milwaukee, WI

PACIFIC RIM ENGINEERED PRODUCTS, Surrey, BC, CANADA
PARKER AEROSPACE CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVISION, Irvine, CA
PARKER - ZENITH PUMPS, Sanford, NC
PATTERSON BELKNAP WEBB TYLER Attorneys at Law, New York, NY
PCS CORY DIVISION, Saskatoon, SK Canada
PEPPER, HAMILTON, & SCHEETZ, Attorneys at Law, Philadelphia, PA
PHELPS DODGE CORPORATION, LA CANDELARIA MINE, Copiapo, Chile
PHILADELPHIA GEAR CORPORATION, Norristown, PA
PICANDS - MATHER COMPANY, Cleveland, OH
PITMAN DIVISION, A. B. Chance Co., Grandview, MO
PITTMAN CORPORATION, A Subsidiary of Penn Engineering and
Manufacturing Corp., Harleysville, PA
PLUNKETT & COONEY, Attorneys at Law, Detroit, MI
PMC Industries, Wickliffe, OH
POWER PRODUCT SYSTEMS - KONGSBERG AUTOMOTIVE, Willis, TX
PRATT INDUSTRIES - CONYERS MILL, Conyers, GA
PRO-TEC COATING COMPANY, Leipsic, OH
PROSOFT CORPORATION, Pelham, AL
PSE&G, Bridgeport, CT
PONNS AND THOMAS, Eddystone, PA
PRIDE MOBILITY PRODUCTS, Exeter, PA
PUMP & POWER EQUIPMENT, INC., Lenexa, KS
PURDY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Manchester, CT
QUAKER GEAR COMPANY, Huntingdon Valley, PA
RAYTHEON CORPORATION, Lexington, MA
RENOLD - AJAX CORP., Westfield, NY
REPUBLIC TECHNOLOGY, Lorain, OH
REPUBLIC ENGINEERED PRODUCTS, Akron, OH
RESEARCH - COTRELL, Hamon Cooling Tower Division, Sommerville, NJ
REXNORD - PROCESS MACHINERY DIVISION, Milwaukee, WI
RG STEEL, Sparrows Point, MD
RICHMOND TIMES-DISPATCH NEWSPAPERS, Mechanicsville, VA
RILEY GEAR CORPORATION, St. Augustine, FL
RIDGID TOOL COMPANY, Elyria, OH
ROBINS, KAPLAN, MILLER & CIRESI, Attorneys at Law, Minneapolis, MN
ROCKWELL AUTOMATION, Greenville, SC
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
- Graphics Systems Division, Cedar Rapids, IO
- Graphics System Division, Chicago, IL
- Automotive Operations, Troy, MI
ROTEK, INCORPORATED, Aurora, OH
ROUGE STEEL CO., Dearborn, MI
RUBIN/ANDERS SCIENTIFIC, INC. Brookline, MA
R&R Transmissions, Aston, PA
SAGINAW DIVISION, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Saginaw, MI
SANDEN INTERNATIONAL, INC., Wylie, TX

SATURN CORPORATION (General Motors), Troy, MI
SAUER SUNDSTRAND, INC., Ames, IA
SCHLUMBERGER ANADRILL, Houston, TX
SCHIFF, HARDIN & WAITE, Attorneys at Law, Chicago, IL
SEAGRAM’S AMERICA, NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING, Lawrenceberg, IN
SIMAN AND FORD, Attorneys at Law, Springhouse, PA
SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ PTY LTD. CONSULTING, Perth, Australia
SMITH & MOORE, LLP - Attorneys at Law, Dallas, Texas
SMS ENGINEERING, Pittsburgh, PA
SMS MILLCRAFT, Washington Township, PA
SNC Lavalin, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
SNC-Lavalin America, Pittsburgh, PA
SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS, Dearborn, MI
SPECTRUM PRODUCTS, INC., Wilmington, DE
SPS TECHNOLOGIES, INC, Fort Washington, PA
SSAB – IOWA, INC. Muscatine, IA
STATE OF MARYLAND, Attorney General's Office, Contract Litigation Unit, Baltimore, MD
STERLING TOGGLE INC, West Babylon, NY
STEWARD MACHINE COMPANY, Birmingham, AL
SUNDSTRAND CORPORATION - Pneumatic Systems Division, Advanced
Systems Group, Rockford, IL
SVEDALA INDUSTRIES, York, PA
SVEDALA INDUSTRIES, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
THERAKOS IMMUNE CELL THERAPY, Exton, PA
TELEDYNE CONTINENTAL MOTORS, General Products Division, Muskegon, MI
THIELSCH ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, INC., Cranston, RI
THELEN REID BROWN RAYSMAN & STEINER, Attorneys at Law, San Francisco, CA
THOMPSON COBURN, LLP, Attorneys at Law, St. Louis, MO
THYSSENKRUPP Elevator Co., Middleton, TN
THYSSENKRUPP STEEL USA, LLC, Calvert, AL
TILDEN MINING COMPANY, Ishpeming, MI
TIMKEN, Canton, OH
TRICO STEEL COMPANY, Decatur, AL
TRILECTRON INDUSTRIES, INC., Hawthorne, NJ
UNIGEAR INDUSTRIES INC.; Baie d’Urfé (Montréal), Québec, Canada
UNITED DEFENSE L. P., Minneapolis, MN
UNITED STATES ARMY
- AVSCOM, St. Louis, MO
- Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, MN
- Corps of Engineers, Rock Island, IL
- Corpus Christi Army Depot, RDMR-AEM, Corpus Christi, TX
- Naval Air Propulsion Center, Trenton, NJ
- Naval Ship Engineering Center, Philadelphia Navy Yard, PA
- Naval Supply Systems Command, Norfolk Naval Base, Price Fighter Squadron
- Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL
- Propulsion Systems Branch AMSRD-AMR-AE-P-S, Huntsville, AL

- US Army Aviation Engineering Directorate RDMR-AEZ, Redstone Arsenal, AL
USX CORPORATION (UNITED STATES STEEL)
- Clairton Works, Clairton, PA
- Edgar Thompson Works, Braddock, PA
- Fairfield Works, Fairfield, AL
- Fairless Works, Fairless Hills, PA
- Gary Works, Gary, IN
- Granite City Works
- Great Lakes Works
- USSK Kosice, Slovakia
- KOBE Works, Lorain, OH
- Lorain Tubular Works, Lorain, OH
- Minntac, Mt. Iron, MN
- Mon Valley Works, Dravosburg, PA
- Technical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPI Posco, Pittsburg, CA
- USS Serbia Works Goranska, Serbia
- USS Keetac, Keewatin, MN
UNIVERSAL TECHNICAL SYSTEMS (UTS), Rockford, IL
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Research Center, East Hartford, CT
Pratt & Whitney Space Exploration, West Palm Beach, FL
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
- Milwaukee, WI
- Madison, WI
UNIVERSITY OF TULSA, Tulsa, OK
US FILTER – ENVIREX PRODUCTS, Waukesha, WI
VAN COTT, BAGLEY, CORNWALL & McCARTHY, Attorneys at Law,
Salt Lake City, UT
VAPOR - MARK IV TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTS GROUP, Nile
VA TECH HYDRO CANADA Inc., Stoney Creek, Ontario, CANADA
VA TECH ESCHER WYSS - CANADA, St, Catherines, Ontario, CANADA
VELAN VALVE INC., Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
VERSON PRESS CORP., A DIVISION OF ALLIED PRODUCTS CORP, Chicago, IL
VICEROY GOLD CORPORATION, Castle Mountain Mine, Searchlight, NV
V&M STAR STEEL, Youngstown, OH
VOEST - ALPINE Corp., Pittsburgh, PA
WADLAND & ACKERMAN, COUNSELORS AT LAW, Andover, MA
WAJAX INDUSTRIAL COMPONENTS, Lachine, QC, CANADA
WARN INDUSTRIES, INC., Milwaukee, OR
WALKER PROCESS CORPORATION, Division of Chicago Bridge & Iron Company,
Aurora, IL
WAUKESHA ENGINE, Waukesha WI
WEIL, GOTSHAL & MANGES LLP, Attorneys at Law, Washington, DC
WELDING ENGINEERS, INC., King of Prussia, PA

WESTAR CORPORATION, St. Louis Engineering Center, St. Charles, MO
WESTECH, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS GROUP, Baltimore, MD
WESTVACO CORPORATION
- Bleached Board Div., Covington, VA
- Corporate Engineering, New York, NY
- Fine Papers Division, Luke, MD
- Fine Papers Division, Wickliffe, KY
- Kraft Division, North Charleston, SC
WESTON, BENSHOOF, ROCHEFORT, RUBALCAVA, MacCuish, LLP, Attorneys at Law,
Los Angeles, CA
WESTECH CORPORATION, Salt Lake City, UT
WHEELING-PITTSBURGH STEEL CORPORATION, Wheeling, WV
WHEELER TRIGG KENNEDY LLP, Attorneys at Law, Denver, CO
WHIRLPOOL
- KitchenAid Small Appliance Technology Center, St. Joseph, MI
WHITE OLIVER & AMUNDSON, APC, Attorneys at Law, Denver, San Diego, CA 92101
WHITE SUNDSTRAND MACHINE TOOL COMPANY, Belvidere, IL
WINOOSKI ONE PARTNERSHIP, Winooski, VT
WINSMITH, Peerless - Winsmith, Inc., Buffalo, NY
WORTHINGTON STEEL CO, Decatur, AL
XTEK, Cincinnati, OH
YORK EQUIPMENT CO., York, PA

Roy J. Cunningham
Senior Metallurgical Engineer

RESUME'
Roy J. Cunningham, Senior Metallurgical Engineer
24 Marlborough Lane
Phone: 610-358-0785 Fax: 610-358-2776
Web: www.gear-doc.com; E-Mail: royjcunningham@comcast.net
Mr. Cunningham holds a Master of Engineering Science Degree in Metallurgical/Materials
Engineering from Drexel University (1970), a Bachelor of Science Degree in Metallurgical
Engineering from Drexel Institute of Technology (1967) and has had additional studies in
Fracture Mechanics of Metallic Materials from Lehigh University (1978) and Advanced
Processing Methods of Steel Manufacture from the American Society for Metals, Metals Park,
Ohio (1980).
He served as Senior Manager for the Materials Engineering Dept. of the Boeing Company –
Helicopters Division until his retirement after 34 years of service. Mr. Cunningham’s primary
interests at Boeing were in the areas of Aerospace Materials Processing, Heat Treatment of
Aerospace Gearing, Aircraft Materials Testing, Failure Analysis, Corrosion Testing/Evaluations
and Prevention, Quality Control Inspections, and Basic Steel Mill Processing. He was also
responsible for research and development in the areas of the Development and Heat Treatment of
Advanced Gear Materials, Testing and Evaluation of Cast and HIP'ed titanium/precipitation
hardening stainless steel cast components and Fracture Toughness/Threshold Fatigue Testing of
Improved/Advanced Gear Steels.
At Boeing he was responsible for the direction and overall activities of approximately 50
Engineers and Engineering Technicians in the Metals and Composites and Standards Groups to
insure the appropriate compliance and proper use and processing of various materials on all
company programs. These included the Chinook, Sea Knight, V22 Osprey aircraft, the
Comanche Helicopter and JSF aircraft. In addition, he provided mentoring in the areas of
materials, processes, failure analysis, corrosion and its prevention, manufacturing plan reviews,
engineering drawing review and vendor related problems/activities for all critical aircraft
component manufacture. He was responsible for IR&D in the Materials Engineering Group
which was primarily related to advanced material processing techniques. He served as Company
Representative to and actively participated in the AGMA Metallurgy and AGMA Aerospace
Gearing Committees. He was Subcommittee Chairman of the Penn State (State College) ARL
Advanced Gear materials program for the development and testing of advanced gear materials
including a new corrosion resistant gear steel for aerospace applications.
Additional accomplishments include: Granted patent # 3885995 for the unique process
(preoxidation) for carburizing high hot hardness tool steel, (The preoxidation process is used for
all advanced gear steel components in Chinook transmissions); developed the processing
requirements for producing powder metallurgy components from an advanced high hot hardness

tool steel and completed a program for the development of a high temperature vacuum
carburizing technique for gear steels.
As Senior Manager, he was responsible for five (5) Materials and Process Technical
Laboratories. During this time he updated all Materials Laboratories with the latest technological
equipment to insure state of the art analyses were performed. This included instruments such as
an SEM/EDAX, TEM, X-ray Diffraction, Polarized Light Microscope, Digital Photographic
Processing, Automated Microhardness Testing units. Represented Boeing in a number of
litigation efforts, have been deposed numerous times and been designated as an expert witness in
regards to failure investigations of various critical components related to the Chinook and Sea
Knight helicopters. He has given various presentations to customers, subcontractors, other
aerospace companies and related vendors on subjects such as ‘crevice corrosion of gear steels’,
grinding burn evaluations of carburized and non-carburized materials, development of vacuum
carburizing techniques and the advancement and processing requirements for high hot hardness
gear materials.
During 1973 - 1974 M. Cunningham was employed by Shieldalloy Co., in Newfield, NJas
Assistant Superintendent of Melting and Smelting where he was responsible for supervising the
aluminum master alloy production department. Responsibilities included developing quality
control procedures and standards for melting and production of aluminum-titanium-boron
hardener alloys, improving manufacturing methods to decrease equipment down time while
increasing production output. This work allowed him to develop an understanding of the
metallurgical mechanics of Aluminum master and Ferro alloy melt processing along with a basic
understanding of electric furnace, induction furnace and aluminothermic furnace reactions and
operations.
Mr. Cunningham has been engaged as senior Metallurgical Engineer with Drive Systems
Technology, Inc. from 1972 to present on a part-time/full time basis. Emphasis has been on
Materials Engineering – evaluating and solving materials and processing problems, determining
the cause and nature of failed materials, components and systems, making recommendations on
how to prevent similar problems in the future along with performing numerous quality control
inspections of gearing type components.
1) Investigations involved but are not limited to:
a) Failures of Carburized and Hardened, Through Hardened, Flame Hardened, and
Induction Hardened Gears –Modes of failure included spalling, pitting, case crushing,
tooth tip cracking, tooth bending fatigue, entrapped exogenous inclusions, grinding
burns/cracks, etc..
b) Heat treat processing discrepancies related to carburizing, induction hardening, flame
hardening, nitriding and through hardening processes and includes design, installation
and environmental issues.
c) Internal bursts of large forgings for carburized gearing related to hydrogen absorption
during melt processing and forging temperature and times related problems.
d) Material processing issues – Non-uniformity in heat treat configuration,
improper/poor weld technique, inadequate support during heat treatment resulting in
excessive distortion, excessive lead pot tempering of spiroid gearing and water
coolant contamination in heat treating cooling chamber tubing.

e) Have been involved in the failure analysis of gear materials, testing and qualification
for several vehicular systems for the handicapped.
f) Various types of corrosion problems– atmospheric, galvanic, stress corrosion
cracking, crevice corrosion, etc. For example, the galvanic corrosion failure of a
kerosene heater, crevice corrosion of a large water cooled rolling mill mandrel,
atmospheric corrosion of stainless steel cages used for medical test applications, and a
galvanic corrosion problems caused by improper plating techniques on electrical relay
switches.
With regard to several of the above items, Expert Witness and/or Depositions were given.
2) Written and/or approved various types of Materials and Process Specifications:
a) Gear Steel Material Specifications
b) Heat treating/Carburizing Specifications – including carburize and
hardening procedures for gear steels.
c) Heat treat process for induction hardened gears.
d) Nitride Process for hardening of industrial gearing.
e) Nital Etch Inspection – Grinding Burn process
f) Ultrasonic Inspection of raw materials
g) Magnetic Particle Inspection of Gearing Components
3) Reviewed and approved various manufacturing processes, engineering drawings and heat
treat procedures/techniques.

PUBLICATIONS LIST
24 Marlborough Lane
Phone: 610-358-0785 Fax: 610-358-2776
1) “Parameters of Aerospace Gear Heat Treating” – published in Heat Treating
Magazine 11(7) and 11(8), 1979.
This paper also presented at the American Society for Metals Heat Treating Conference in
Chicago, Illinois, on October 10, 1978.
2) “Metallurgical Requirements and Qualification Testing of an Advanced Gear
Material” – Presentation given to AGMA Aerospace Gearing Committee Meeting in
Atlanta, Ga., May 1976.
3) “Recent Helicopter Advancements in Materials Research at Boeing Vertol” –
Presentation given at the AGMA Aerospace Gearing Committee Meeting in Orlando, Fl.,
March 1980.
4) “Optimizing Fatigue Properties of a Cast Precipitation Hardening Steel”, Co-Author
with Ray Nagan, Arwood Corp., published in Metals Progress, March 1981.
5) “Standard Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing” – Specification written for
the American Gear Manufacturers Association – Specification No. 246.01.
6) “Material Evaluation, Test Results and Final Report – Vasco X2, 0.15% Carbon
(BMS 7-223) Steel HLH/ATC Transmission”, 173pp. June 1974. B/V Proprietary
Report – Document No. 301 – 12-10036-2).
7) “Toughness Evaluation of BMS 7-223 Steel”, 32pp. October 1979, B/V Document No.
D210-12033-1.
8) “Threshold Stress Level Evaluation of Vasco X2 Steel”, (BMS 7-223) and AISI 9310
(BMS 7-249), IR&D 1978 Final Report, 49pp. April 1979, B/V Document No. D210-
12034-1.
9) “Fatigue Life Improvement of 15-5Ph Stainless Investment Cast Material” – IR&D
1978 Final Report, 26pp. August 1979, B/V Document No. D210-12035-1.
10) “Salt Water Corrosion Failure of a 4340M Steel Component” – Paper written and
presented at the Metallography in Failure Analysis Conference in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
in May 1983.
11) “Qualification of High Temperature Vacuum Carburizing for an Aircraft Gear
Steel” – Presented at 1st International SAMPE Metals Conference, August 1987.
12) “Qualification of High Temperature Vacuum Carburizing for an Aircraft Gear
Steel”, Published in ‘Competitive Advances in Metals and Processes, pp. 301 – 308,
1987.
13) “Process Developments in Advanced Gear Materials” – Presented at 1st International
SAMPE Metals Conference, August 1987.

14) “Process Developments in Advanced Gear Materials” – Published in competitive
Advances in Metals & Processes, pp 320 – 327, 1987.
15) “Competitive Advances in Metals and Processes”, Edited by R. Cunningham –
Published in Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 356 pp,
1987.
16) American Gear Manufacturers Association Specification – AGMA 240.02, “Practice
for Carburized Aerospace Gearing” – I was a principal contributor to this
specification.
17) American Gear Manufacturers Association Specification – AGMA 230.01 “Surface
Temper Inspection after Grinding” – I was a principal contributor to this specification.
18) “Gear Materials” – ‘Chapter Written in Darle Dudley’s Gear Handbook’, 2nd Edition,
Published by McGraw-Hill, 1992, 41 pp
19) The Application of Very Large, Weld Fabricated, Carburized, Hardened & Hard
Finished Advanced Technology Gears In Steel Mill Gear Drives” May 2006, by
Raymond J. Drago, Roy Cunningham, & Steve Cymbala: Association of Iron & Steel
Technology AISTech Technical Meeting, Cleveland, OH, 18 pages.
20) Hydrogen & Internal Residual Stress Gear Failures – Some Failure Analyses and
Case Studies – Raymond J. Drago and Roy J. Cunningham, Drive Systems Technology,
Inc. - 9 pp. Paper given at AGMA Yearly Meeting, 2008.
21) The Anatomy of a Micropitting Induced Tooth Fracture Failure - Causation,
Initiation, Progression and Prevention - Raymond J. Drago and Roy J. Cunningham, &
Steve Cymbala, Drive Systems Technology, Inc. 9 pp, Paper given at AGMA Yearly
Meeting, 2009.
22) The Anatomy Of A Lubrication Erosion Failure - Causation, Initiation, Progression
And Prevention September 2013 – AGMA Fall Technical Meeting Paper 13FTM16, By
Raymond J. Drago and Roy J. Cunningham, Drive Systems Technology, Inc., and
William Flynn, Chalmers & Kubeck.
SOCITY MEMBERSHIPS
ASM - American Society for Metals – Past Member
AGMA - Aerospace Gearing Committee, Subcommittee Chairman of Aerospace Materials
AGMA - Metallurgy and Materials Committee – Member
SAMPE - General Chairman of the SAMPE International Metals Conference held August
1978 at Valley Forge, Pa.
PATENT
A Unique Method for Carburizing High Alloy Steel – U.S. Patent No. 3885995, issued May,
1975.

SEMINAR LIST
24 Marlborough Lane
Phone: 610-358-0785 Fax: 610-358-2776
Gear Materials - Selection, Metallurgy, Heat Treatment, and Quality Control (24
Hours)
5. Arrow Gear Company, On-Site, Downers Grove, IL March 2011
6. Arrow Gear Company, On-Site, Downers Grove, IL September 2011
7. American Gear Manufacturers Association, Milwaukee, WI, May 2012
8. American Axle and Machine, Detroit, MI July 2012

Steve Cymbala
Senior Drives Engineer

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