3. INTRODUCTION
•Testicular cancers are the most common solid malignancy and the second leading
cause of cancer death in young men
•Affecting males between the ages of 15 and 35, although they represent only
approximately 1 percent of all solid tumors in men
•The are classified as per WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS OF TESTIS 2016
•THE H&E is gold standard for diagnosis, IHC plays a significant role and <5% of tumors
require Immunostaining for accurate interpretation.
•Differential diagnosis can be resolved with IHC
•BUT, few pre-analytical errors to be kept in mind
4.
5. PREANALYTICAL ERRORS
IHC is very important for diagnosis of type of cancer, however there can few errors which give
false results
FALSE NEGATIVE:
Antibody inappropriate, denatured , used at wrong concentration
Loss of antigen through poor fixation/diffusion.
Presence of antigen at a density below level of detection.
FALSE POSITIVES:
Cross- reactivity of antibody with unintended antigens
Nonspecific binding of the antibody to the tissue
Presence of endogenous peroxidase
Entrapment of normal tissues by tumor cells
10. GERM CELL NEOPLASIA IN SITU
•Syn – Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified;
testicular intraepithelial neoplasia
•Derived from primordial germ cells/gonocytes that failed to
differentiate into spermatogonia
• Adult testis – inside seminiferous tubules, between sertoli
cell and basal membrane;
•infantile testis - GCINS cells detached from basal membrane
•No. tubules affected – few to 100% (variable)
•Gonocyte-like germ cells - clear cytoplasm; angulated nuclei;
coarse chromatin ,base of tubules
•Nuclei - string of beads – separated from the lumen of
tubule – by uniform sertoli cell nuclei
11. IHC – PLAP (cytoplasmic), OCT3/4(NUCLEAR), Podoplanin, NANOG, LIN28 (absent – normal
spermatogonia), SALL4
KIT(CD117) – non specific; normal spermatogonia – may be positive (cytoplasmic
membrane)
Frozen section – Alkaline phosphatase – helpful
EMA, CD30, GLYPICAN 3, SOX2
12. •DD
Vacolization of seminiferous tubule cells (degenerative change)
Maturation arrest in spermatogonia
Metastatic carcinoma- melanoma, lymphoma may colonize seminiferous tubules
OCT ¾ - resolve this matter
13. Marker with normal tissues expressing type dd
Oct ¾ (Octamer-binding transcription
factor 4)
Is not expressed in normal,
differentiated cells
nuclear • Highly sensitive and specific for seminoma
• Poor prognostic factor for esophageal squamous cell
carcinoma
• May be poor prognostic factor for non-small cell lung
cancer
• MAY LOOSE REACTIVITY AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY
PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase)
placenta
Cytoplasmic • Germ cell tumors(does not stain spermatocytic seminoma)
• Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
• Trophoblastic tumors
• Serum PLAP is increased 10 fold in smokers- so not always
included in diagnostic workup
Podoplanin (D2-40)
Novel marker of mesothelial cells,
germ cells, lymphatic endothelial cells
membranous Seminoma (100%)
Embroyonal carcinoma (30%)
Others: mesothelioma
dermatofibroma
Hemangioblastoma
Primary skin adnexal tumor
14. Marker with normal tissues
expressing
type dd
SALL4
Embryonic stem cells
Nuclear Pan germ cell tumor marker
CD117(stem cell factor receptor)
Germ cells
Cytoplasmic and membranous • Seminoma
• Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
Others: Gist
PEComas
Oncocytomas
CD 30 Membranous and golgi(paranuclear
dot like)
Embryonal carcinoma
15. Specificforms – Intratubulargermcellneoplasia
Intratubular seminoma – complete filling of tubules
by neoplastic cells (identical to seminoma, GCINS),
lymphocytes present
IHC – simillar to seminoma
Intratubular non – seminoma – almost always
embryonal carcinoma
Distortion of tubules , enlarged beyond normal
diameter, necrosis, calcification
IHC – OCT3/4 +, CD 30 +, CD 117 –
(CD 30 is negative in GCNIS)
17. Seminoma
•Malignant germ cell tumour - considered - neoplastic
counterparts of the primordial germ cells /gonocytes present
during early embryonic development
•Syn – geminoma; ovary - dysgerminoma
GROSS MICRO:
23. Marker with normal tissues expressing type dd
Sox 2
Fetal CNS tissue
nuclear Embryonal carcinoma
PNET in teratoma
AE1/AE3 (pan cytokeratin cocktail)
Most epithelial cells
cytoplasmic Used with conjugation with CAM5.2
to screen carcinomas
29. Marker with normal tissues expressing type dd
Glypican – 3
By- embroyonic liver, placenta
(syntiotrophoblast)
Cytoplasmic,
membranous,
canlicular
HCC
Hepatoblastoma
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Placental ste trophoblastic tumor
AFP
Fetal liver
Cytoplasmic Yolk sac tumor
OTHERS :HCC
HEPATOBLASTOMA
GATA -3
Involved in the luminal differentiation of
breast epithelium, development of
collecting system / urothelium and
trophoblastic differentiation
nuclear renal tumors
Paragangliomas
Choriocarcinomas
Mesotheliomas
yst
30. TROPHOBLASTICTUMOR
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant GCT that differentiates to resemble the
trophoblastic cells of the extraembryonic chorion –
cytotrophoblast, intermediate trophoblast, and
syncytiotrophoblast
Gross - Micro -
32. Non-choriocarcinoma trophoblastic tumors:
•GCTS showing trophoblastic differentiation other than choriocarcinoma and
non-trophoblastic contaning syntiotrophoblasts
• Cystic trophoblastic tumor – post therapy
• Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour
• Placental site trophoblastic tumour,
• Regressing choriocarcinoma,
• Hybrid trophoblastic tumours.
Positive stain - Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Inhibin, GATA 3 & CK 18
33. Marker with normal tissues expressing type dd
Hcg (human chrionic gonadotrophin)
syntiotrophoblast
cytoplasmic • Choriocarcinoma
• Syntiotrophoblast gaint cells in
seminoma
Inhibin
Granulosa cell, Sertoli cells, adrenal cortical
cells, trophoblasts
cytoplasmic • Adrenocortical neoplasm
• Sex cord stromal tumors
• Trophoblastic tumors
• Hemangioblastoma
34. Teratoma
postpubertal-type
Malignant GCT composed of several types of tissue
representing one or more of the germinal layers
endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm
syn – mature teratoma, immature teratoma
Gross
Micro - any epithelial or mesenchymal tissue type can
be seen, as can neural tissue.; cytological atypia
35. • IHC- glandular element- epithelial membrane antigen, HCG (syntiotrophoblast), PLAP
(glandular structures)
Histologically different from prepubertal
Solid appearance
Disordered arrangement of tissues
Atypia and mitosis
Associated to GCNIS (Primary criteria for distinction between pre and postpubertal)
36. TERATOMAS WITH SOMATIC TYPE MALIGNANCY
•Develops a distinct secondary component that resembles somatic-type malignant
neoplasm (eg. Sarcomas and carcinomas)
•GROSS- grey white nodule, with necrosis and haemorrhage
•HISTO : Expansile/infiltrative growth patterns. Organoid admixtures of varied elements
admixed with GCT components.
• PNET another m/c to be found
• Adult type: Neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), carcinomas.
• IHC – similar to the counter parts in other organs
PLAP, OCT3/4, ALPHA FETO protein
38. Mixedgermcell tumour
•Contains 2 or more malignant GCT components
•Most frequent combination: Embryonal Ca with teratoma,
seminoma and/or yolk sac
•Combination of prepubertal teratoma and yolk sac tumor is
not considered mixed GCT
•Gross – variegated appearance depending upon the
components present
39. MICRO:
A cystic glands of embryonal carcinoma with a more subtle
microcystic yolk sac tumour component.
B Polyembryoma variant of a mixed germ cell tumour forms
embryo-like bodies with a core of embryonal carcinoma, an
amniotic-like space, and a "ventral" yolk sac tumour component
C Diffuse embryoma. A diffuse embryoma variant of a mixed
germ cell tumour shows a necklace-like arrangement of
columnar embryonal carcinoma cells with a parallel component
of flat yolk sac tumour cells.
46. TERATOMA, PREPUBERTAL- TYPE
Composed of somatic tissues derived from one or more germinal layer.
SIMILAR TO MATURE CYSTIC TERATOMA OF OVARY
Gross and micro:
48. Pre pubertal Yolk Sac tumor
m/c tesisticular GCT in infants and children
Histologically, identical to postpubertal type
SAME IHC PROFILE AS POST-PUBERTAL YST
51. IHC- lnhibin, calretinin, SF1 , melan A, and C D99 are
typically positive. Chromogranin , synaptophysin, and cytokeratins are variably expressed, and
< 10% of tumours are S 1 00 protein-positive
Dd- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (testicular adrenal rest tumours)
52. SERTOLI CELL, NOS
is a neoplasm composed of sex cord cells that usually shows focal tubular differentiation
but rarely grows diffusely.
GROSS- 2-5cms, well circumscribed with uniform yellow cut surface
HISTO-
IHC- Inhibin (50%) nuclear beta catenin (60-70%) , calretinin, SF1, CD99, melan A, WT1
vimentin, s100, sox9 (few)
53.
54. LARGE CELL CALCIFYING SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
Composed of abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and focal to massive calcifications.
PRKAR1A germ line mutation (60-70%)
GROSS- 1-15cms, tan to white, gritty, necrosis and haemorrhage
HISTO-
IHC- INHIBIN, s100, SF1, beta-catenin
55. INTRATULAR LARGE CELL HYALINIZING SERTOLI CELL NEOPLASIA
Occurs exclusively in paitents with Peutz – Jeghers syndrome
GROSS- Scattered firm foci measuring few mm in diameters
HISTO-
IHC- Inhibin, aromatase, cytokeratin
56. GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR- ADULT
•Neoplasm composed of sex cord cells that resemble granulosa cells of Graafian follicles of
ovary.
GROSS- well circumscribed, solid,sometimes cyst, c/s- lobulated yellowish tan.
MICRO-
IHC- VIMENTIN, calretinin , CD99, melan A, FOXL2, smooth muscle actin, S100
nuclear beta catenin
57. JUVENILE GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR
Shows solid and follicular patterns with immature nuclei
GROSS- well circumscribed, solid, cystic , yellow to tan-white
MICRO-
IHC- Inhibin, calretinin, CD99, SOX9, VIMENTIN, PANCYTOKERATIN, SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN
58.
59.
60. TUMOR CONTAINING BOTH GERM CELL AND
SEX CORD STROMAL TUMOR ELEMENTS
GONADOBLASTOMA
Arise from dysgenetic gonad
Restis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) gene involved
GROSS-granular, gritty c/s- calcifications
HISTO- Spindle cell gonadal stroma , occasional
Leydig like cells lacking reinke crystal.
61. IHC-OCT3/4, FOXL2 (does not stain Sertoli cells of GCNIS THUS DIFFRENTIATE FROM
GCNIS) SEC CORD CELLS ( staing for alpha-inhibin, calretinin, FOXL2) and absence of
infiltrating lymphocytes distingyush from dysgerminoma/seminoma.
The testis is composed of lobules of seminiferous tubules, interlobular septa, the mediastinum testis, rete testis, the tunica albuginea, and tunica vaginalis. Normal seminiferous tubules have a basement membrane and a thin fibrous wall, and contain germ cells in various stages of maturation plus Sertoli cells. Blood vessels and lymphatics, mesenchymal supporting tissue, macrophages, and Leydig cells are contained within the intertubular interstitium.
Lobules are separated from each other by fibrous interlobular septa, which contain blood vessels and lymphatics.
FOR THE ACCURATE RESULT
We will discuss about important ones
So therefor preanytical errors are the first step to keep in mind for avoiding the error further workup.
GCNIS originates from primordial germ cells or gonocyte blocked in its maturation to a prespermatogonia
Polypoidization is an early step initiating GCNIS WHICH remain dormant until puberty, after puberty it progresses to seminoma by default pathway or reprogrammed to non-seminoma consisting of------
This is due to gain or loss in specific chromosome mentioned……. KIT mutation is recurrent finding
GCNIS UNRELARED include prepubertal teratoma and spermatocytic tumor. Yolk sac prepubertal shows specific gains and loss and result from progression of teratoma
spermatocytic occurs due to gain in ch.9
List of tumor markers looking foreward to
OCT 4 ONLY MARKS FETAL GERM CELL
Plap – placental alkaline phosphatase
Podoplanin –membranous- negative for EC
Sall 4 – nuclear
CD30 is positive in embroyonal, gypican in yst, sox 2 in yst
Ema- metastatic high grade carcinoma
117 is non specific as at also stains immature Sertoli cells
INRATUBULAR- TUBELES ARE EXPANDED , obliteration of normal components , including Sertoli cells, tubules surrounded by lymphocytes
EMBRONAL CA- distortion og seminiferous tubules , enlarged beyond normal diameter, necrosis, clacification,
Gross – solid, homogenous, lobulated, cream/tan or pale yellow, bulge on c/s. Necrosis, hemorrhage +/-
MICRO --Monomorphic primitive germ cell and lymphocytes tumour cells - pale to clear cytoplasm, distinct cytoplasmic membranes, polygonal non overlapping nuclei, granular chromatin
One or more large , centrally located nucleoli.
Granulomatous reaction +/-
Morphologic variants: microcystic, cribiform, solid tubular, interstitial --- same prognosis
Syncytiotrophoblasts in 10-20% (OCT4 +) --- same prognosis
Atypia --- same prognosis
IHC algorithm for germ cell tumours
Oct4 ACTS AS GATEKEEPER
Nuclear – OCT3/4, SALL4, SOX17
Cytoplasmic membrane - KIT(CD117), PLAP, Podoplanin
HMW KERATIN IS POSITIVE IN NON-SEMOINOMA GERM CELL TUMOR
SOX 2 POSITIVE IN EMBROUONAL
-GROSS enlarged testis ,variegated appearance, solid, white to tan, hemorrhagic, necrotic and cystic
HISTO- large, pleomorphic vesicular nuclei, single or multiple macronucleoli, dense amphophilic cytoplasm, poorly defined cytoplasmic membranes, mitotic figures, apoptotic bodies. Nuclear crowding, pleomorphism
Cd30, oct ¾, sox 2 (NUCLEAR) help to distinguish from gct
REACTIVITY TO Cd30(membranos) disappears after chemo but oct3.4 persists
Gross-- solid to partially cystic, usually with a greyish-white to tan cut surface may have a myxoid quality. haemorrhage and necrosis +/-
a. gross
b. Schiller duval bodies- endodermal sinus pattern
c. Pleomorphism and hyaline globules in yolk sac tumor of testis.
Gross- haemorrhagic nodules containing foci
of solid, greyish-tan tumour.
Micro-biphasic appearance –mononucleated (cytotrophoblasts and intermediate trophoblasts) and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts - in a haemorrhagic background
Syntiotrophoblast reactive to hcg
Ae1/ae3 – cytoplasmic
Cam5.2 is low molecular weight keratin.. Used along with ae1/3 to screen carcinoma
Hcg- cytoplasmic ,
Inhibin- cytoplasmic, gata- nuclear,
- nodular and firm. The cut surfaces are heterogeneous with solid and cystic areas corresponding to the tissue types present histologically
A teratoma with somatic-type malignancy is a teratoma that develops a distinct secondary component that resembles a somatic·type malignant neoplasm, as seen in other organs and tissues (e.g. sarcomas and ca1cinomas).
sarcomas are most common; most common ca - adenoca
SARCOMAS ( RHABDOMYOSARCOMA) are must common
Closely associated with yst and embroyonal component
They lack cells with cytological atypia hich is seen germ cell associated teratoma
Most tumours are 0. 5-5 cm and well circumscribed.They have a homogeneous ,soft, yellow t o tan or brownish-green cut surface, but haemorrhage and necrosis are seen in about 25% of them . Lobulation with visible wh ite bands between lobules may be present
NESTS OF PALLISADING CELLS- CALL-EXNER LIKE ARRANGEMENT
SERTOLI CELLS
Sertoliform cells expresses sex cord stromal markers ---------------------------------------------------adenocarcinoma related markers