: Occurrence of Teen Pregnancy and College Dropout and Its Economic Effects on Families

1. Obumnneke Amadi-nwada
Scholar-Practitioner Project: Final
Report
Walden University

2. Research Topic and Background
 Research Topic : Occurrence of Teen Pregnancy and College
Dropout and Its Economic Effects on Families
 Background
 The rate of college and high school pregnancy is notable
high(CDC, 2015).
 3 in 10 girls in high school or college will become pregnant before
the age of 20”( (Shuger,2012).

3. Teenage Pregnancy Images Photos

4. Research and Hypothesis Question
 Research Question: Are the occurrence of teen pregnancy and
college dropout strongly related to the factors of economic effects
on families?
 Null hypothesis (H1): The occurrence of teen pregnancy and
college dropout are strongly related to the factors of economic
effects on families.
 Alternate hypothesis (H0): The occurrence of teen pregnancy and
college dropout are not strongly related to the factors of economic
effects on families.

5. Research Methodology
 Quantitative Method:
 The study used an archived secondary database to collect variables
that will generalize the study population,
 To answer the research questions

6. Research Design
The Study Type
 Descriptive Analysis
 Inferential Analysis
Sub-type
 independent
 dependent variables
Statistical Test

7. Data Analysis Plan (variables and statistical procedures)
Variable Names
Family type / Marital status
Employment status
Number of children in household
Education level
Income level
Own or rent home; private residence
Number of adults in household
Number of adult men in household
Number of adult women in household
Ages in years
State
Pregnant
Sex
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Amadi, 2015).

8. Data Analysis Plan (variables and statistical procedures)
cont.:
Statistical Procedures:
 SPSS:
 Descriptive statistical analyses: frequency statistics and cross
tabulation
 Inferential statistical analyses: linear regression analysis
 Graphs
 Interpretation

9. Data Dictionary and Data Table
Data Dictionary
Record Type Code Id Code Description
Puma population size 100,000
St state code 72 .puerto rico/pr
Ten tenure 1. owned with mortgage or loan
2. owned free and clear
3. rented for cash rent
4. no cash rent
Fes family type 1.married-couple family: husband and wife in lf
2. married-couple family: husband in labor force, wife .not in lf
3. married-couple family: husband not in lf, .wife in lf
4. married-couple family: neither husband nor wife in .lf
5. other family: male householder, no wife present, in .lf
6. other family: male householder, no wife present, not in lf
7. other family: female householder, no husband present, in lf
8.other family: female householder, no husband present, not in lf
Fincp family income -59999..99999999 .total family income in dollars

10. Data Dictionary cont.
wif employment workers in family during the past 12 months
1 .1 worker
2 .2 workers
3 .3 or more workers in family
Wkexrel work experience of
householder and spouse
1 to 16 coded variations
Workstat work status of
householder or spouse
in family households
1 to 15 coded variations
Schl educational attainment(
less than 3 years)
01. No school completed; 02. nursery school to grade 4; 03 .grade 5 or
grade 6; 04 .grade 7 or grade 8;
05 .grade 9; 06 .grade 10;o7 .grade 11; 08 .grade 12 no diploma; 09 .high
school graduate; 10 .some
college, but less than 1 year; 11 .one or more years of college, no degree;
12 .associate's degree;
13.bachelor's degree; 14 .master's degree; 15 .professional school

11. Data Dictionary cont.
Hugcl flag to indicate grandchild living in
housing unit
o. hu does not contain grandchildren
same above 1. hu does contain grandchildren
Hupac same above 1. with children under 6 years only
2. with children 6 to 17 years only
3. with children under 6 years and 6 to 17 years
4. no children
Hupaoc same above 1. presence of own children under 6 years only
2. presence of own children 6 to 17 years only
3. presence of own children under 6 years and 6 to 17 years
Mar marriage status 1 married
2 .widowed
3 .divorced
4 .separated
5 .never married or under 15 years old
R18 presence of persons under 18 years in
household
0 .no person under 18 in household
1 .1 or more persons under 18 in househol

12. Data Table cont.
2 .2 or more persons 60 and over
R65 0 .No person 65 and over
1 .1 person 65 and over
2 .2 or more persons 65 and over
NOC Nos of own children
in household
01..19
NPF nos of persons in
family
02..20
NPF nos of persons in
family
02..20 .Number of persons in family
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Bright Hub Inc, 2012).
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Bright Hub Inc, 2012).

13. Data Table
Data Table
Name Type Decimals Measurable
Unit
Id
Family Type Numeric 0 Number Codes Married-Couple Family And Others
Employment Status Numeric 0 Number Codes Worked Ft; <Ft; Not Employed ;
Unemployed; Self Employed
Marital Status Numeric 0 Number Codes Married, No Unmarried Partner
Number Of Children In
Household
Numeric 0 Numbers 1 T0 19
Education Level Numeric 0 Numbers Attainment Level
Age Numeric 0 Years 1-18; 60 And Over
Income Level Numeric 0 Percentage Total Family Income

14. Data Dictionary cont.
Own Or Rent Home; Private
Residence
Numeric Yes Dollars Tenure
Number Of Adults In
Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
Number Of Adult Men In
Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
Number Of Adult Women In
Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
State Numeric 0 Numbers Codes
N/B: FT- FULL TIME
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; AHIMA, 2012)

15. Results and Interpretation
 SPSS Results: Descriptive Analysis:
Frequencies:
Statistics
State
Fips
Code
Nos of
Adult
Men
In
House
Nos of
Adults
In
House
Nos of
Adult
Women
In
House
Age
In
Yrs
Marital
Status
Nos of
Children
in
House
Educa
Level
Employ
Status
Income
Level
Own
Or
Rent
Home
sex Preg
Status
N
Vali
d
14772 14000 14000 14000 1477
2
14757 14753 14749 14741 14726 14684 147
72
1921
Mis
sing
0 772 772 772 0 15 19 23 31 46 88 0 12851
Mean
53.00 .85 1.84 .99 56.7
2
2.10 67.68 5.01 4.06 16.72 1.31 1.6
0
2.00
Median
53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 58.0
0
1.00 88.00 5.00 4.00 7.00 1.00 2.0
0
2.00
Mode 53 1 2 1 63 1 88 6 1 8 1 2 2
Std.
Deviation
.000 .588 .758 .484 17.1
93
1.589 36.571 1.003 2.808 28.038 .771 .49
1
.464
Variance
.000 .346 .575 .234 295.
604
2.526 1337.43
6
1.006 7.884 786.11
6
.594 .24
1
.216
Std. Error
of
Skewness
.020 .021 .021 .021 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .02
0
.056
Range 0 7 8 6 92 8 98 8 8 98 8 1 8
Sum
78291
6
11916 25730 13814 8379
34
31004 998548 73917 59913 246282 19227 235
86
3836
Perc
entil
es
25
53.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 46.0
0
1.00 88.00 4.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 1.0
0
2.00
50
53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 58.0
0
1.00 88.00 5.00 4.00 7.00 1.00 2.0
0
2.00
75
53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 69.0
0
3.00 88.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 1.00 2.0
0
2.00
Skewness
.678 1.401 .816 -
.388
1.414 -1.242 -.695 .066 2.232 5.796 -
.39
4
10.237

16. SPSS Results: Descriptive Analysis:
Frequencies: cont.
Case Processing Summarized In Excel Table
Crosstab Out Put Chi-
Square
Tests
Symmetric
Measures
Marital Status(Iv)*Dv's Pearson
Chi-
Square
No Of
Valid
Cases
Asymp.Sig Cramer's V
State Fips Code a 14757 - -
Number Of Adults In
Household
9120.325 13988 0.00 0.330
Number Of Adult Men In
Household
6616.733 13988 0.00 -0.206
Number Of Adult Women
In Household
2458.085 13988 0.00 0.171
Reported Age In Years 8240.07 14757 0.00 0.305
Number Of Children In
Household
1241.461 14753 0.00 0.118
Education Level 582.664 14749 0.00 0.081
Crosstabs:

17. SPSS Results: Inferential Analysis: Linear
Regression: cont.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Marital Status 2.35 1.932 1679
State Fips Code 53.00 .000 1679
Number Of Adults In Household
2.09 .875 1679
Number Of Adult Men In
Household
.87 .591 1679
Number Of Adult Women In
Household
1.22 .529 1679
Reported Age In Years
34.23 7.749 1679
Number Of Children In
Household
25.64 38.356 1679
Education Level 4.90 1.135 1679
Employment Status 2.84 2.228 1679
Income Level 16.90 27.617 1679
Own Or Rent Home 1.54 .916 1679
Respondents Sex 2.00 .000 1679
Pregnancy Status 1.99 .427 1679

18. SPSS Results: Inferential Analysis: Linear
Regression: cont.
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardize
d
Coefficients
T Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 4.284 .363 11.817 .000
Number Of Adults In
Household
-.990 .065 -.448 -15.166 .000
Number Of Adult Women
In Household
1.912 .112 .524 17.034 .000
Reported Age In Years -.048 .005 -.194 -8.879 .000
Number Of Children In
Household
.013 .001 .268 13.357 .000
Education Level -.192 .034 -.113 -5.605 .000
Employment Status -.017 .017 -.019 -.975 .330
Income Level .000 .001 .004 .186 .852
Own Or Rent Home .233 .043 .110 5.401 .000
Pregnancy Status -.130 .087 -.029 -1.484 .138

19. Inferential Analysis: Linear Regression:
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 2395.131 9 266.126 114.750 .000b
Residual 3870.722 1669 2.319
Total 6265.853 1678
a. Dependent Variable: Marital Status
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .618a
.382 .379 1.523
a. Predictors: (Constant), Pregnancy Status, Number Of Adults In
Household, Employment Status, Number Of Children In Household,
Income Level, Own Or Rent Home, Education Level, Reported Age
In Years, Number Of Adult Women In Household

20. Results and Interpretation
SUMMARY OF COMPUTED TEST
1. Descriptive analysis: The output of Pearson chi-square significance level for the crosstab frequency shows that Asymp.
Sig. is less than .05 in all dependent variables at 0.00 except in pregnancy status indicating that chi square is significant
(sig is less than a = 0.05), so I would not reject the H1. This means that I am accepting the hypothesis that the occurrence
of teen pregnancy and college dropout are strongly related to the factors of economic effects on families.
2. The number of children have the highest mode which is most frequent variable at 88 followed by income at 9.
3. Standard deviation was highest at 36.571 by the number of children followed by income at 28.038.
4. Variance is lowest at sex for .241.

21. Results and Interpretation cont.
Inferential analysis:
1. The Anova regression sig column shows that p < 0.0005, which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression
model statistically significantly predicts the outcome variable
2. The model summary table shows that the R value represents the simple correlation and is .618 which indicates a high
degree of correlation between variables measured. The R Square value indicates how much of the total variation in the
dependent variables, can be described by the independent variable, in this case, 38.2% can be explained, which is very
large

22. Results and Interpretation cont.
Graphs:
1. The Bar chart displays the categories on the graph's x-axis, and either the frequencies on the y-axis e.g. the count on marital status
for employment shows that quite a number of the different categories have worked without indication that they are still working at
> 3500 counts out of 4000 counts and the also some reasonable count are unemployed at 1.less than 1000counts out of 4000counts
2. The histogram shows how many times each variable occurred in the observation. The variables are almost never normally
distributed. The normal curve is applied to the histogram is to help access the degree of which variable counts approximate the
normal distribution
(Green, and Salkind, 2011).

23. Implications for Social Change
 Understanding the factors associated with the cause of teen pregnancies
impacting families from different instances will assist public health promoters
and decision makers to monitor the activities actively and progress of
prevention programs associated with the problem for advancement.

24. Discussion
 According to reports, “Puerto Rico currently has an 18 percent teen
pregnancy rate and childhood poverty rate of 55 percent” (Community
Counseling Centers of Chicago, 2014). Another study revealed that within
the social and demographic characteristics of Hispanics in the U.S. with
respect to the economic status, Hispanics are disproportionately
symbolized among the poor. The also pointed out that the “higher rates of
pregnancy and childbearing among Hispanic teens in the U.S. may reflect
preexisting disadvantages and cultural differences” (Ryan, Franzetta, &
Manlove, 2005, p.7).

25. Conclusion
Economic factors are a great determinant of
high risk behaviors such as teen pregnancy
and childbearing mostly among the poor
people.

26. Graphs: Histogram And Bar Graphs:

27. Graphs cont.

28. Graphs cont.

29. Graphs cont.

30. References
Amadi, O. (2015). Week_Assignment_PUBH-8545-AdvAnalysis-Summer. Retrieved from
https://class.waldenu.edu/
AHIMA (2012).Dictionary. Retrieved from http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_049331.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_049331
BioMedSearch.com (2015). Using a five-step procedure for inferential statistical analyses. Retrieved from
http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Using-five-step-procedure-inferential/245037750.html
CDC (2015). About Teen Pregnancy; Teen Pregnancy in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/index.htm
Crossman, A. (2014). Statistics. Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Statistics/a/Descriptive-inferential-statistics.htm

31. References cont.
Community Counseling Centers of Chicago (2014). Parenting Effort in Puerto Rico Huge Success. Retrieved from
https://www.c4chicago.org/community-counseling-c-enters chicago/parenting-effort-puerto-rico-huge-success
IBM (2015). Crosstabs statistics. Retrieved from http://www
01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLVMB_21.0.0/com.ibm.spss.statistics.help/idh_xtab_statistics.htm
google.com(n.d).Images for teenage pregnancy images. Retrieved rom
https://www.google.com/search?q=teenage+pregnancy+images+photos&biw=1438&bih=677&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ7Alq
FQoTCMrCs LGMn8cCFQYaHgod5x4Fkg&dpr=0.95
Lund Research (2013). Linear Regression Analysis using SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-
tutorials/linear-regression-using-spss- statistics.php
NIST (2013).What are statistical tests? Retrieved from http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc13.htm
Miller, F. C. (2000). Impact of adolescent pregnancy as we approach the new millennium. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 13(1), 5-8.
University of the West of England (2015). Data Analysis. Retrieved fromhttp://learntech.uwe.ac.uk/da/Default.aspx?pageid=1440

32. References cont.
utoronto.ca (2015). Pol242 lab manual: exercise 3a: Crosstabulation with Nominal Variables. Retrieved from
http://groups.chass.utoronto.ca/pol242/Labs/LM-3A/LM-3A_content.htm
Waldenu.edu(2015).USW1_PUBH_8545_Week01_DataDictionary_forPuertoRico_DataSe. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu
Ryan, S., Franzetta, K., & Manlove, J. (2005). Hispanic Teen Pregnancy and Birth Rates: Looking Behind the Numbers.
Child Trends Research Brief. Publication# 2005-01. Child Trends.
Shuger, L. (2012). Teen Pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities are Doing to Address These
Issues.Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy and America’s Promise Alliance.
Retrieved from http://www.americaspromise.org/sites/default/files/legacy/bodyfiles/teen- pregnancy-and-hs-dropout-print.pd