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エラトステネスの篩
を用いた素数判定
3年5組 ****
TwitterID @3_3_nk
自己紹介
■ 数学大好き18歳
■ とうとうTwitterのフォロワーが
1000人に
 ありがとうございます
■ AtCoderのレートが緑になった
 うれしい
そもそも「素数」とは
■ 「1」と「その数自身」の2つ以外に約数がない自然数の
こと
■ つまり、「自然数 かつ 約数の個数が𝟐個」ならば素数
 この定義が何よりも優先されると考えてください
「素数判定」って何ですか
■ ある数が、素数か素数でないか判定すること
■ 素数でない数のことを合成数といいます(一部例外あり)
■ 今回は「効率よく素数判定しよう」を主軸に話します
 「計算量を少なくしよう」ということ
100未満の自然数を素数判定しよう
■ 条件に当てはまる数はだいたい
100個ある
 1つ1つ素数判定していくのは
大変
■ ここで登場するのが「エラトス
テネスの篩」というアルゴリズ
ム
エラトステネスの篩(ふるい)とは
■ N以下のすべての自然数に対して、素数か素数でないかを
比較的高速に判定することができる
1. 2から𝑁までの整数を並べる
2. 一番小さい数を𝑝と置き、𝑝以外の𝑝の倍数をすべて消す
3. 上記の操作を 𝑝 > 𝑁 となるまで繰り返す
■ 証明は省略(ググったらいっぱい出てくるので)
実際にエラトステネスの篩を
やってみよう!
1.𝑁までの自然数を一通り書き出す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
2.一番小さい2を残す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
3.2の倍数をすべて消す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
4.次に小さい3を残す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
5.3の倍数をすべて消す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
6.5を残し、5の倍数をすべて消す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
7.7を残し、7の倍数をすべて消す
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
8.11 > 100 なので残りは全て素数
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
どのくらい早いのか?
■ 愚直に計算した場合、𝑂 𝑁 𝑁 かかる
■ エラトステネスの篩を用いて計算した場合、
𝑂(𝑁 log log 𝑁) かかる
■ 𝑁が十分大きい時 𝑂 𝑁 𝑁 > 𝑂 𝑁 log log 𝑁 なので、
エラトステネスの篩を用いて計算したほうが計算量が
少なく済む!
エラトステネスの篩を実装する
■ 長さ𝑁 + 1の配列を用意し、各要素に対して 𝑖(0 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁)
が素数なら ”true” を、非素数なら ”false” を代入する
■ 0, 1 は非素数なのであらかじめ “false” を代入しておく
■ 𝑖 について 𝑁 回ループする
 𝑖 が “true” なら、2𝑖, 3𝑖, 4𝑖, … に “false” を代入する
実装する
• C++での実装例
void seive(){
for(int i = 0; i <= N; i ++) num[i] = true;
num[0] = false;
num[1] = false;
for(int i = 0; i <= sqrt(N); i ++){
if(i == true){
for(int j = i * i; j <= N; j += i){
num[j] = false;
}
}
}
}
結論
■ 普通に計算するよりめちゃ
くちゃ早い!
■ 実装するのも簡単
■ 名前は正しく覚えてくださ
い!!!
エラトステネスの篩
を用いた素数判定
3年5組 ****
TwitterID @3_3_nk

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エラトステネスの篩を用いた素数判定 2019 - 05 - 08

Editor's Notes

  1. >タイトルなんですが、素数判定
  2. 約数とは、その数を割り切るような自然数のこと