1. Newton Lee Editor
Google ItTotal Information Awareness

2. Editor
Newton Lee
Newton Lee Laboratories, LLC, Institute for
Education, Research and Scholarships
Woodbury University School of Media,
Culture and Design
Burbank, CA
USA
This book is an independent publication and is not affiliated with, nor has it been authorized,
sponsored, or otherwise approved by any governments or organizations including Google.
References to various copyrighted trademarks, characters, marks and registered marks may
appear in this book. References to various Google copyrighted trademarks, servicemarks,
marks and registered marks owned by Google and/or its susidiaries may appear in this book.
Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or
image, this book uses the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion with no
intention of infringement of the trademark.
ISBN 978-1-4939-6413-0 ISBN 978-1-4939-6415-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6415-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946312
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York

3. To peace, love, and freedom

4. Acknowledgements
The research effort for Google It was partially supported by a Woodbury University
faculty development grant and adjunct faculty micro grant.
Google It (Soundtrack) is a companion music album that features all the songs
mentioned in the book. I would like to thank Roger Hodgson (Supertramp) for his
permission to include “The Logical Song” in the album, and also to thank the
amazing international musicians and administrators involved in the companion
music album: René Baños, Jake Coco, Keith Cooper, Brody Dolyniuk, Stefanie
Field, Linda Gianotti, Poney Gross, Chris Hathcock, Seyfulla Mustafayev, Patrick
Printz, Athena Reich, Shakti Shivaya, Pete Stark, and Princess X.
Track listing:
1. “The Logical Song” written and performed by Roger Hodgson (Supertramp),
USA
2. “Another Brick in the Wall, Pt 2” performed by Bizimkiler, copyright by
ANS TV, Azerbaijan Republic
3. “Hotel California” performed by Vocal Sampling, Cuba
4. “In the Year 2525” performed by Pete Stark, Australia
5. “Time” performed by Brody Dolyniuk, USA
6. “Losing My Religion” performed by The Reticent (Chris Hathcock), USA
7. “With a Little Help from My Friends” performed by Adam Christopher, Tay
Watts, Corey Gray, and Jake Coco, USA
8. “Free” performed by Princess X, USA
vii

5. A Word From Roger Hodgson:
“The Logical Song was born from my questions about what really matters in life.
Throughout childhood we are taught all these ways to be and yet we are rarely told
anything about our true self. We are taught how to function outwardly, but not
guided to who we are inwardly. We go from the innocence and wonder of child-
hood to the confusion of adolescence that often ends in the cynicism and disillu-
sionment of adulthood. In The Logical Song, the burning question that came down
to its rawest place was ‘please tell me who I am.’ I think in these modern times, the
more complex life becomes, this eternal question becomes ever louder—which is
why the song continues to strike such a deep chord in people around the world.”
viii Acknowledgements

6. About the Book
From Google search to self-driving cars to human longevity, is Alphabet creating a
neoteric Garden of Eden or Bentham’s Panopticon? Will King Solomon’s challenge
supersede the Turing test for artificial intelligence? Can transhumanism mitigate
existential threats to humankind? These are some of the overarching questions in
this book, which explores the impact of information awareness on humanity starting
from the Book of Genesis to the Royal Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC
to the modern day of Google Search, IBM Watson, and Wolfram|Alpha.
The book also covers Search Engine Optimization, Google AdWords, Google
Maps, Google Local Search, and what every business leader must know about
digital transformation. “Search is curiosity, and that will never be done,” said
Google’s first female engineer and Yahoo’s sixth CEO Marissa Mayer.
The truth is out there; we just need to know how to Google it!
Contributors
Dennis Anderson, Ph.D., St. Francis College
Penelope Beery, Ed.D., Knowledge Building in Action
Dirk Bruere, the Transhumanist Party
Frank Buddenbrock, Google AdWords Certified Specialist
Lincoln Cannon, Mormon Transhumanist Association
John Cassel, Wolfram Research
Nicole Ciomek, Radiant PPC
Tina Courtney, Evolve Inc.
Andrew Donaldson, Bolder Super School
Robert Epstein, Ph.D., American Institute for Behavioral Research and
Technology
Dennis Gamayunov, Ph.D., Lomonosov Moscow State University
Barret Havens, MLIS, Woodbury University
ix

7. David J. Kelley, Microsoft MVP and Futurist
Christoph Lahtz, Ph.D., Medical Researcher and Transhumanist
Newton Lee, Institute for Education Research & Scholarship and Woodbury
University School of Media Culture & Design
Sandra Lund-Diaz, M.Ed., Knowledge Building in Action
Trond Lyngbø, Search Planet AS
Aylin Manduric, University of Toronto and Center for the Study of the Presidency
and Congress
Darren Manners, Sycomtech
Mireia Montane, Ph.D., Knowledge Building in Action
Robert Niewiadomski, Educator
Frances Eames Noland, University of Oxford
Emily Peed, Institute for Education, Research, and Scholarships
Jennifer Rosenfeld, Woodbury University
Cyrus Shahabi, Ph.D., University of Southern California
Tiana Sinclair, Futurist
Zach Tolan, the Polymathic Prodigy Institute
Natasha Vita-More, Ph.D., Humanity+ and University of Advancing Technology
Mikhail Voronov, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Lewis Watson, Marshall Fundamental School
Nyagoslav Zhekov, Whitespark Inc.
x About the Book

8. Contents
Part I The Gordian Knot
1 To Google or Not to Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Newton Lee
1.1 A Brief History of Time: From Research to Product . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Form Follows Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Google Doodles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 I’m Feeling Lucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Have Fun and Keep Googling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Gatekeeper of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Censorship of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8 Information Warfare and Connecting the Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 Information Silos and Prison of Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.10 Knowledge of Good and Evil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.11 Google’s Mantra: Don’t Be Evil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.12 Google for Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.13 The Closing of the American Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.14 The Opening of the American Mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.15 Internet Revolution and Collective Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.16 Alphabet Slogan: Do the Right Thing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.17 Philanthropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.18 Moon Landing and a Little Help from My Friends. . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.19 Faith in God and Trust in Google. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Google My Religion: Unraveling the Gordian Knot of Religious,
Moral, and Political Entanglement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Newton Lee
2.1 Book of Genesis and Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2 Information War and the Blame Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3 Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.4 Questioning One’s Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
xi

9. 2.5 Religion and Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.6 Religious Radicalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7 Children in War and Peace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.8 Terrorism and Abrahamic Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.9 Ten Plagues of Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10 Xenophobia and Islamophobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.11 Capital Punishment and Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.12 Nine Familial Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.13 War on Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.14 Forgiveness and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.15 Masks of God and Moral Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.16 Prostitution and Gender Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.17 Pornography, Feminism, and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.18 Unmasking of God and Enlightening Humankind . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.19 Separation of Church and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.20 Trinity of Religions, Arts, and Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.21 Death, Resurrection, and Future of Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.22 And Now for Something Completely Different, or not . . . . . . . . 98
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3 Google Versus Death; To Be, Or Not to Be?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Newton Lee
3.1 Existential Threats to Humankind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.2 Can Google Solve Death?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3 Biblical Account of Human Lifespan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.4 Selfish Versus Selfless Question of Super Longevity . . . . . . . . . 123
3.5 Precious Commodity of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.6 Negligible Senescence and Princess Leia in Star Wars . . . . . . . . 129
3.7 Rejuvenation and the Curious Case of Benjamin Button . . . . . . 131
3.8 The Man with the Golden Arm Helped Save
2 Million Babies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.9 The Man Who Can’t Catch AIDS Helped Develop
Anti-Viral Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.10 No Mother Should Bury Their Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.11 Big Data for “Nowcasting” of Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.12 Top 10 Lists of Health-Related Search Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.13 Knowledge Graph of Health Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.14 CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.15 Human-Animal Chimeras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.16 3D Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.17 Cyborg: Cybernetic Implants and Nanobot Repairs . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.18 Artificial Intelligence and IBM Watson DeepQA . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.19 Human-Machine Symbiosis and Google DeepMind . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.20 Turing’s Imitation Game and Animal Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.21 King Solomon’s Challenge and the Trolley Problem . . . . . . . . . 160
xii Contents

10. 3.22 Artificial General Intelligence and Superintelligence. . . . . . . . . . 162
3.23 Transhumanism and Anti-Death Political Candidates . . . . . . . . . 166
3.24 Google’s D-Wave Quantum Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.25 To Be, or not to Be, that Is the Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Part II Don’t Be Evil; Making the World a Better Place
4 SEO in the Age of Digital Transformation: What Every
Business Leader Must Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Trond Lyngbø
4.1 Google Has Transformed Business Forever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.2 Google’s Impact on Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.3 Google—A Trusted Personal Aide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.4 What Gives Google Such Impact and Importance?. . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.5 Google’s Past, Present and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.6 Google’s on a Mission—And It’s just Getting Started . . . . . . . . 192
4.7 Who Wins in This Fast-Evolving Scenario? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5 Search Engine Optimization: Getting to Google’s First Page. . . . . . 195
Frank Buddenbrock
5.1 Google’s First Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.2 Search Engine Optimization (SEO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.3 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.4 SEO Ranking Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.4.1 Site Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.4.2 Title Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.4.3 Meta Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.4.4 Heading Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.4.5 Keyword in URL/Keyword in Domain Name . . . . . . . . 199
5.4.6 Keywords in Body Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.4.7 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.4.8 Sitemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.4.9 Anchor Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.4.10 Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.4.11 Backlinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.5 SEO Done Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.6 SEO Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6 4 Tips for Writing Outstanding SEO Boosting Content. . . . . . . . . . 205
Tina Courtney
6.1 The SEO Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.2 Tip #1: The Audience Comes First. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.3 Tip #2: Backlink Like You Mean It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.4 Tip #3: Extra, Extra, Read All About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.5 Tip #4: Visual Voodoo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Contents xiii

11. 7 Internet Advertising and Google AdWords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Nicole Ciomek
7.1 The Importance of Internet Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2 Google AdWords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.3 AdWords Ads: What Google Is Selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.1 What an AdWords Ad Looks like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.2 The Different Parts of an Ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.3 What Makes an Ad Compelling?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.4 AdWords Campaigns: The Advertiser’s Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.4.1 What Is a Campaign? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.4.2 How to Select a Campaign Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.4.3 How Campaign Structure Impacts Performance
and Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.5 Keywords: How Ads Are Targeted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.5.1 How to Go About Keyword Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.5.2 How to Determine if You’ve Got a Strong
Keyword List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.5.3 Keyword Match Types: What They Are All About. . . . 218
7.6 Keyword Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.6.1 You’ve Got Your Keywords, Now What?. . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.6.2 Different Theories on How to Organize
Your Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.6.3 How to Choose an Organizational Style . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.7 Negative Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.7.1 What is a Negative Keyword?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.7.2 How to Select Your Negative Keywords. . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.8 Landing Pages: Clicking an Ad is just the Beginning. . . . . . . . . 222
7.8.1 What is a Landing Page and Why They are One
of the Most Important Aspects of PPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.8.2 What Makes a Great Landing Page and How
to Select the Landing Page for Your Campaign . . . . . . 223
7.9 Tracking Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.9.1 Why Conversion Tracking Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.9.2 What is Conversion Tracking? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.10 Quality Scores: Google’s Invisible Hand Tilts the Field . . . . . . . 225
7.10.1 What Are Quality Scores? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.10.2 Why They Matter and How They Impact
Your AdWords Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.11 Analysis and Optimization: Ongoing Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.11.1 An Ongoing Effort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.11.2 Approaches for Account Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.12 Beyond the Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.12.1 Ad Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.12.2 Dimensions Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
xiv Contents

12. 7.12.3 Remarketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.13 Business Marketing Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8 Google Maps and Google Local Search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Nyagoslav Zhekov
8.1 A Brief History of Google Maps for Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.2 Google Local Business Center (LBC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.3 Google Street View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
8.4 Google Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.5 Google Map Maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.6 Google Reviews and Google Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
8.7 Google Products for Local Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.8 Google Business Dashboard with Google+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.9 Google AdWords and AdWords Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.10 Google Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.11 Google Business Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.12 Google Business Listings and Business Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.13 Business Data Aggregators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.14 Business Data Scraping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.15 Business Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.16 Business Rankings in Local Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.17 Business Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.17.1 Citation Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.17.2 Citation Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.18 Complexity of Online Business Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.19 Google Map Maker and Maps Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.20 Out of Business? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.21 Google Phone Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.22 Google Map Maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.23 Anti-spam Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Appendix: Business Data Providers for Google in Selected
Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
9 Subtle New Forms of Internet Influence Are Putting
Democracy at Risk Worldwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Robert Epstein
9.1 Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9.2 Digital Gerrymandering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9.3 Facebook Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
9.4 Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.5 2014 Lok Sabha Election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
9.6 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.7 Power of Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
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13. 10 Social Media as a Tool for Information Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Aylin Manduric
10.1 Social Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.2 Information Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.3 Arab Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Part III A Library to Last Forever
11 Wolfram|Alpha: A Computational Knowledge
“Search” Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
John B. Cassel
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
11.2 Against the Grain: Comparing Wolfram|Alpha’s
Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.3 Direct Differences: Wolfram|Alpha in Comparison
with Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.4 Internal Differences: Wolfram|Alpha in Comparison
with IBM’s Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
11.5 Institutional Differences: Wolfram|Alpha in Comparison
with Wikipedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.6 Wolfram|Alpha’s Relationship with Artificial Intelligence . . . . . 276
11.7 How Wolfram|Alpha Could Happen: A Social History. . . . . . . . 277
11.8 The Business Context of Wolfram|Alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
11.9 An Organization that Made Wolfram|Alpha Possible . . . . . . . . . 278
11.10 Forming the Technology that Forms Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
11.11 Partnerships: “Help from Our Friends”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
11.12 What Wolfram|Alpha Does, by Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
11.13 Example: Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
11.14 Example: Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
11.15 Example: Sports and Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
11.16 Example: Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
11.17 Example: Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
11.18 Example: Humor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
11.19 What Wolfram|Alpha Cannot yet Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
11.20 The Ongoing Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
11.21 New Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
11.22 A Language with Reference to the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
11.23 Finding the Semantic Meaning of Unstructured Data . . . . . . . . . 297
11.24 Summing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
12 Toward Seamless Access: Libraries from Alexandria
Through the Digital Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Barret Havens and Jennifer Rosenfeld
12.1 Historical Roots of Library Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
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14. 12.2 Impact of the Gutenberg Printing Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
12.3 Collocation and Assignment Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
12.4 Floundering in a Sea of Information:
The Web and Information Literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
12.5 Library 2.0 and the Rise of Next-Generation Library
Search Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
12.6 Integrating the Search Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
12.7 Search Process: OpenURL Resolvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
12.8 Search Process: Federated Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
12.9 Search Process: Web-Scale Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
12.10 Integrating Services: Library Consortia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
12.11 Integrating Services: Vendor Partnerships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
12.12 Integrating Services: Cooperative Reference Services. . . . . . . . . 325
12.13 Integrating Services: Instant Information for the End User . . . . . 326
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
13 Privileged Information: The Corporatization of Information. . . . . . 335
Frances Eames Noland
13.1 Information Literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
13.2 Privileged Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
13.3 Librarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
13.4 Digital Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
13.5 Total Information Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
13.6 Digital Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
14 Communication and Language in the Age of Digital
Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Tiana Sinclair
14.1 The Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
14.2 Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
14.3 The Unspeakable Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
14.4 Logic of Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
14.5 Artificial Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
14.6 The Internet of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Part IV Tree of Ennoblement
15 “How”—The Key to Knowledge-Building Pedagogy
Success in Supporting Paradigm Shifts for Student Growth
and the 4Cs of Future Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Sandra Lund-Diaz, Mireia Montane and Penelope Beery
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
15.2 A Model for the 4Cs of Future Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
15.3 Contextualization and Personalized Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
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15. 15.4 Promoting UNESCO’s Competency Framework
for Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
15.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
16 Educational Ergonomics and the Future of the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Z.R. Tolan
16.1 Designing Technology to Fit the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
16.2 Digital Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
16.3 Tailoring Content to Fit the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
16.4 Component 1: The Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
16.4.1 Content Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
16.4.2 Content Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
16.4.3 Content Dissection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
16.5 Component 2: The Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
16.6 Maximizing Human Potential and the Future of the Mind . . . . . 378
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
17 An Answer to the Math Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Lewis Watson
17.1 Measuring Up in Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
17.2 Structure of Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
17.3 Educational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
17.4 Individualized Learning Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
17.5 Automated Learning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
18 XQ Super Schools—Bolder Super School Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Andrew Donaldson
18.1 XQ Super School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
18.2 Free and Low Cost Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
18.3 Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
18.4 Skill Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
18.5 Online Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
18.6 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Part V We are the Borg
19 Transfigurism: Glimpse into a Future of Religion
as Exemplified by Religious Transhumanists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Lincoln Cannon
19.1 Future of Religion and Religions of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
19.2 Theology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
19.3 Epistemology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
19.4 Theodicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
19.5 Eschatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
19.6 Soteriology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
19.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
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16. 20 Gene Editing: A New Hope! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Christoph Lahtz
20.1 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
20.2 CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
20.3 Cancer and Disease Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
21 The Future of Driverless Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Cyrus Shahabi
21.1 Navigation and Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
21.2 Solution to Traffic Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
21.3 Privacy and Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
21.4 Traffic Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
22 Continuous Penetration Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Darren Manners
22.1 Penetration Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
22.2 Continuous Penetration Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
23 Autonomous Vulnerability Scanning and Patching of Binaries . . . . 419
Dennis Gamayunov, Mikhail Voronov and Newton Lee
23.1 DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
23.2 Static, Dynamic, and Hybrid Analysis for Vulnerability
Scanning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
23.3 Intermediate Representation (IR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
23.4 Overview of Open-Source Tools Based on LLVM IR . . . . . . . . 422
23.5 An Algorithm for Autonomous Vulnerability Scanning and
Patching of Binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
23.6 Changes and New Features for Clang Static Analyzer . . . . . . . . 424
23.7 Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC) Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
23.8 CGC Results and Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Part VI Artificial General Intelligence
24 Self-Motivating Computational System Cognitive Architecture:
An Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
David J. Kelley
24.1 Introduction to Artificial General Intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
24.2 Understanding the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
24.3 Relationship with the Standard Concepts of Cognitive
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
24.4 Emergent by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
24.5 Independent Core Observer Model (ICOM) Working. . . . . . . . . 437
24.6 Unified AGI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
24.7 Motivation of the Core Model and ICOM Action. . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Contents xix

17. 24.8 Application Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
24.9 Personality, Interests and Desire Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
24.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
25 Modeling Emotions in a Computational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
David J. Kelley
25.1 Introduction to Emotional Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
25.2 Understanding the Problem of Emotional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . 448
25.3 The Plutchik Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
25.4 The Wilcox Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
25.5 The Emotional Comparative Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
25.6 Context Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
25.7 Computer Mental Illness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
25.8 Motivation of the Core Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
25.9 Core Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
25.10 Personality, Interests and Desires of the ICOM System . . . . . . . 456
25.11 Free Will as an Illusion of Complex Contextual Emotional
Value Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
25.12 Plutchik Verses Willcox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
25.13 Visualizing Emotional Modeling Using Plutchik . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
25.14 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
26 Artificial General Intelligence Subjective Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
David J. Kelley
26.1 Introduction to Mind and Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
26.2 Order from Chaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
26.3 Data Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
26.4 Emergence from Chaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
26.5 Thought Architecture and the Phase Threshold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
26.6 ‘Context’ Thought Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
26.7 Not like Our Own. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
26.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Part VII The Transhumanist Age
27 Transhumanism: The Growing Worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Natasha Vita-More
27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
27.2 Transhumanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
27.3 Misinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
27.4 Social Needs and the Political in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
27.5 Emerging Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
27.6 Practical Transhumanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
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18. 28 Why I Am a Transhumanist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Dirk Bruere
28.1 Definition of Transhumanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
28.2 Childhood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
28.3 The Human Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
28.4 AI Winters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
28.5 Transhumanist Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
28.6 CRISPR and the Designer Baby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
28.7 Posthuman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
28.8 Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
28.9 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
29 The Splintering and Controversy of Transhumanism. . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Emily Peed
29.1 The Transhumanist Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
29.2 Digital Divide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
29.3 Humanity+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
29.4 Evolving Nature of Transhumanist Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
29.5 Sex and Gender in Transhumanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
29.6 To the Future, and Beyond! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
30 Our Hopes and Expectations for the Next President . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Robert Niewiadomski and Dennis Anderson
30.1 Presidential Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
30.2 Effective Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
30.3 Styles of Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
30.4 Plutocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
30.5 What is Wrong with Current Leaderships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
30.6 Ideal Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
31 The Transhumanist Platform and Interview with 2016 U.S.
Presidential Candidate Zoltan Istvan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Newton Lee
31.1 Prologue—WWJD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
31.2 Who Are the Transhumanists? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
31.3 Who Are not Transhumanists? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
31.4 Transhumanism in American Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
31.5 The Transhumanist Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
31.6 #1 Education—Eliminate the Digital Divide; Integrate
Liberal Arts and Technical Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
31.7 #2 Healthcare—Eradicate Diseases; Improve Quality
of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
31.8 #3 Employment—Let Robots Do the Work; Start
Living Your Dreams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
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19. 31.9 #4 Public Safety—Improve Guns, Infrastructure,
Law and Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
31.10 #5 World Peace and Prosperity—Apply Quantum
Computer Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
31.11 An Interview with 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidate
Zoltan Istvan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
31.12 Epilogue—The Tower of Babel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
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