Transgenic animals and the methods involved in the transgenic animals

1. GOAT-MICE-RABBIT
TRANSGENIC
ANIMALS
Nithyashree S R
KCET

2. • Trangenic animals are the animals with the
modified genome.
• A foreign gene is inserted into the genome of the
animal to alter its DNA. This method is done to
improve the genetic traits of the target animal.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

3. Transgenic animals:
• Goat
• Mice
• Rabbit
• Sheep
• Dog
• Monkey

4. Transgenic Goat
• Noori (Arabic word for "light") was a female
pashmina goat, the first pashmina goat to be
cloned using the process of nuclear transfer.
• It’s market demand for protein, volume of milk
produced per lactation and reproductive rate
• Various recombinant proteins have been
obtained from the transgenic and non-
transgenic goats
• Antithrombin, first recombinant protein of
animal origin to be released as a drug for the
clinical use in humans

5. Methods:
• Pronuclear microinjection
• Methods for producing transgenic goats:
(A) somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
(B)pronuclear microinjection

6. Pronuclear microinjection
It consists of the microinjection of DNA into one of the
pronuclei of the embryo
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
It consists of the transfer of the nuclei of donor cells to
enucleated oocytes with later reconstruction of the embryo
through the cell fusion. SCNT can produce transgenic animals
through the transfection of nuclei with vectors of DNA
expression or cloning of transgenic founder animals

7. Methods for producing transgenic goats: (A) somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and
pronuclear microinjection (B).

8. Alpha-fetoprotein
Human α-fetoprotein (hαFP) is a serum glycoprotein expressed at high levels in the
fetal liver, but its concentration falls drastically after birth
Potential indications for its use include autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,
multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and psoriasis
Transgenic goats expressing hαFP in milk
Antithrombin III
Antithrombin III (hAT-III) is a serum protein with antiinflammatory and anticoagulant
properties.It inhibits the majority of the proteinases in blood coagulation, such as thrombin
The milk of transgenic goats is a significant source of human antithrombin, which yields 2
to 10 grams per liter of milk
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC GOAT

9. Protein of spider silk
• The protein fibers of spider silk are known for being natural
materials with high tensile strength and toughness
• Some research has utilized transgenesis for the expression
of recombinant proteins of spider silk from mammalian
epithelial cells and from the milk of transgenic goats for
potential uses in ballistic protection, aircrafts, medical
devices, and automotive material.

10. Human growth hormone
Human growth hormone (hGH)
or somatotrophin is a polypeptide
synthesized and secreted by the cells of
the anterior hypophysis

11. • Pharmaceutical production: Transgenic goats can be engineered to produce
human proteins in their milk, such as clotting factors for the treatment of
hemophilia, or growth hormones for the treatment of growth disorders.
• Disease resistance: Transgenic goats can be modified to produce antibodies or
other proteins that make them resistant to certain diseases, such as scrapie in
sheep.
• Agricultural production: Transgenic goats can be modified to produce milk with
specific properties, such as higher levels of certain nutrients or lower levels of
allergens.
• Bioremediation: Transgenic goats can be engineered to produce enzymes or other
proteins that help break down environmental pollutants, such as oil spills or toxic
chemicals.
Commercial importance

12. TRANSGENIC MICE

13. Technology in transgenic Mice:
Transgenic rabbits are generated using
• DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis
• CRISPR
• TALENs
• ZFN technologies

14. DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis is a powerful tool for
introducing specific genetic material into mices, allowing researchers
to study the effects of specific genes and develop new therapies for
human diseases.
And it involves several steps, including:
1. Selection and preparation of donor DNA
2. Collection of mice embryos.
3. Microinjection.
4. Implantation of the embryo.
5. Screening for transgenic mice.
6. Breeding and maintenance of transgenic mice.
DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis in mice:

15. DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis in mice:

16. DNA microinjection - mediated transgenesis in mice:
DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis in mice is used
for a variety of research purposes. Here are some reasons
why:
• Studying gene function
• Developing new therapies
• Modeling human diseases.
• Biotechnology applications.
• Medical treatments.
• Agricultural applications.
Overall, DNA microinjection-mediated transgenesis in
mice is a valuable tool for studying gene function,
developing new therapies, modeling human diseases, and
advancing agricultural and biotechnology applications.

17. Commercial purposes of transgenic mice in markets:
Transgenic mice have a variety of commercial applications in markets,
including:
• Drug development: Transgenic mices can be used to develop and test
new drugs.
• Medical research: Used to study various diseases, such as cancer,
diabetes, etc. And test medical devices and treatments.
• Agricultural applications: To produce valuable products for the
agricultural industry, such as milk with high levels of specific proteins or
enzymes.
• Biotechnology: To produce proteins or other products of interest for the
biotechnology industry.
• Environmental monitoring: Transgenic mice can be used to monitor
environmental pollutants and toxins.
In general, transgenic mice offer many potential commercial applications,
particularly in the fields of drug development, medical research, and
biotechnology.

18. TRANSGENIC RABBIT

19. • Transgenic rabbit is a genetically modified organism that
has been engineered to contain foreign DNA. This process
involves inserting the desired gene into the rabbit’s
genome using various techniques such as microinjection
or viral vectors.
• The use of transgenic rabbits has become increasingly
popular in biomedical research due to their ability to
produce human proteins and antibodies, which can be
used for therapeutic purposes.

21. Microinjection
• The microinjection method is one of the most
commonly used methods for creating
transgenic rabbits. This method involves
injecting foreign DNA directly into the
nucleus of a fertilized egg.
• After injection, the egg is implanted into a
surrogate mother rabbit, where it develops
into a transgenic rabbit with the foreign DNA
integrated into its genome.

22. Viral Vectors
• Another method for creating transgenic
rabbits is through the use of viral
vectors. Viral vectors are viruses that
have been modified to carry foreign
DNA into cells.
• In this method, the viral vector is
injected into the rabbit's embryo, where
it infects the cells and introduces the
foreign DNA into the rabbit's genome.

23. Gene Editing
• Gene editing is a newer method for creating
transgenic rabbits that involves directly editing
the rabbit's DNA using CRISPR/Cas9
technology.
• This method allows for precise and targeted
changes to be made to the rabbit's genome,
making it a powerful tool for both basic
research and potential clinical applications.

24. Transgenic rabbits have a wide range of applications in various fields such as medicine,
agriculture, and biotechnology. In medicine, they are used to produce human proteins and
antibodies for therapeutic purposes such as treating cancer and autoimmune diseases.
In agriculture, transgenic rabbits are being studied for their potential to produce more
nutritious meat and milk. They are also being used to develop vaccines against various
diseases that affect livestock.
Commercial
Importance

25. https://youtu.be/6wbS5M9AcBA

26. Advantages
• One of the main advantages of using transgenic rabbits
is their ability to produce large quantities of human
proteins and antibodies at a lower cost compared to
traditional methods. This makes them an attractive
option for producing therapeutic proteins on a
commercial scale.
• Another advantage of using transgenic rabbits is their
similarity to humans in terms of physiology and
anatomy. This makes them a valuable model for
studying human diseases and developing new
treatments.

27. THANK YOU