2. INFLAMMATION
SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
TYPES OF INFLAMMATION
CHANGES IN INFLAMMATION
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3. DEFINITION
inflammation, a response triggered by damage to
living tissues.
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that
evolved in higher organisms to protect them
from infection and injury.
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4. 1. redness (Latin rubor),
2. heat (calor),
3. swelling (tumor),
4. pain (dolor) and
5. loss of function of the inflamed area
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5. Physical trauma
Corrosive chemicals
malfunctioning immunological responses
lack of oxygen or nutrients
Virus and Bacteria
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6. burns,
radiation injury,
frostbite can damage tissues and also bring about
inflammation
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7. such as acids, alkalis, and oxidizing agents.
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8. As mentioned above, malfunctioning immunological
responses can incite an inappropriate and damaging
inflammatory response.
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9. Inflammation can also result when tissues die from a lack of
oxygen or nutrients, a situation that often is caused by loss of
blood flow to the area.
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10. 5. Infectious agents such as
viruses and bacteria are some of the most common stimuli of
inflammation.
Viruses give rise to inflammation by entering and destroying
cells of the body;
bacteria release substances called endotoxins that can initiate
inflammation.
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11. 1. ACUTE
lasts only a few days
2. CHRONIC
response of longer duration
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14. When tissue is first injured,
1. Small blood vessels constrict momentarily, a process called
vasoconstriction.
2. Following the blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), increasing
blood flow into the area.
Vasodilation may last from 15 minutes to several hours.
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15. Next,
Blood vessels become more permeable.
Protein-rich fluid, called exudate, is now able to exit into the
tissues.
Substances in the exudate include clotting factors, which help
prevent the spread of infectious agents throughout the body.
Other proteins include antibodies that help destroy invading
microorganisms.
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16. IN END
Blood flow becomes more sluggish and white blood
cells begin to fall out in the center of the vessel to flow nearer
the vessel wall.
The white blood cells then adhere to the blood vessel wall, the
first step in their emigration into the extravascular space of
the tissue.
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18. The most important feature of inflammation is the
accumulation of white blood cells at the site of injury.
Most of these cells are phagocytes,
certain “cell-eating” leukocytes (WBCs) that
ingest bacteria and other foreign particles and also clean up
cellular debris caused by the injury.
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19. The main phagocytes involved in acute inflammation are
the neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that contains granules of
cell-destroying enzymes and proteins.
When tissue damage is slight, an adequate supply of these cells
can be obtained from those already circulating in the blood.
But, when damage is extensive, stores of neutrophils—some in
immature form—are released from the bone marrow, where they
are generated.
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20. Large numbers of neutrophils reach the site of injury first, sometimes
within an hour after injury or infection.
After the neutrophils, often 24 to 28 hours after inflammation begins,
there comes another group of white blood cells, the monocytes,
which eventually mature into cell-eating macrophages.
Macrophages usually become more prevalent at the site of injury only
after days or weeks and are a cellular hallmark of chronic
inflammation.
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21. Mast cells
A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all
through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels,
in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines.
RELEASE
histamine
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23. Leukotrienes are a family of inflammatory mediators
produced in leukocytes (WBCs)
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators that play pivotal
roles in acute and chronic inflammation and allergic
diseases.
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24. histamine is responsible for major allergic rhinitis symptoms,
nasal itching and sneezing.
Its effect on nasal congestion is less evident.
In contrast,
leukotrienes result in increase in nasal airway resistance and
vascular permeability.
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25. Neutrophils releases lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that pro
inflammatory cytokines
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26. Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the
growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood
cells.
When released, they signal the immune system to do its job.
Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells
that help the body's immune and inflammation responses
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27. The prostaglandins
FUNCTIONS
1. promote vascular permeability.
2. aggregation of platelets, which is part of the clotting process.
3. Prostaglandins are associated with the pain and fever of
inflammation,
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28. The plasma contains four interrelated systems of proteins—
Functions
1. kinins (INCREASE BLOOD FLOW),
2. coagulation factors (FIBRINOGENS, PROTHROMBIN ETC), and
the
3. fibrinolytic system (PROENZYME, PLASMIN ETC)—that
generate various mediators of inflammation.
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29. 1. Healing and repair,
2. suppuration, and
3. Chronic inflammation.
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30. During the healing process, damaged cells capable of
proliferation regenerate.
Some cells, such as epithelial cells, regenerate easily,
whereas others, such as liver cells, do not normally proliferate
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31. For regeneration to be successful, it is also necessary that the
structure of the tissue be simple enough to reconstruct.
For example, flat surface of the skin are easy to rebuild,
but the complex architecture of a gland is not.
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32. In some cases, the failure to replicate the original
framework of an organ can lead to disease.
e.g.,cirrhosis of the liver, in which regeneration of damaged
tissue results in the construction of abnormal structures that
can lead to hemorrhaging and death.
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33. fibrous scar, when tissue damage is substantial or the normal
tissue architecture cannot be regenerated successfully
endothelial cells give rise to new blood vessels, and cells
called fibroblasts grow to form a loose framework
of connective tissue.
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34. group of tissues in the body that maintain the form of
the body.
The connective tissues include several types of fibrous
tissue variants—bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage,
and adipose (fat) tissue.
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35. As repair progresses, new blood vessels establish
blood circulation in the healing area, and
fibroblasts produce collagen that imparts mechanical
strength to the growing tissue.
Eventually a scar consisting almost completely of densely
packed collagen is formed.
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36. Mark left on the skin after the healing of a cut, burn,
or other area of wounded tissue.
The most dramatic cases of scarring occur in
response to severe burns or trauma.
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37. Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of
destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.
In undamaged skin, the epidermis and dermis form a
protective barrier against the external environment.
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39. Secondary Healing
If the wound healing course in this wound is disrupted
by infection, hypoxia or immune dysfunction, the secondary
healing stage begin.
These types of wounds are more susceptible to infections and
poor healing.
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40. The complicated mechanism of wound healing occurs in four
phases:
hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling.
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43. The process of pus formation, called suppuration,
occurs when the inflammatory agents difficult to eliminate.
Pus is a viscous liquid that consists mostly of dead and dying
neutrophils and bacteria, cellular debris, and fluid leaked from
blood vessels.
The most common cause of suppuration is infection with the
pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria, such
As Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
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44. Once pus begins to collect in a tissue, it becomes
surrounded by a membrane,
giving rise to a structure called an abscess.
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45. Chronic inflammation is also referred to as
slow,
long-term inflammation
lasting for prolonged periods of
several months to years.
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46. Several things can cause chronic inflammation, including:
untreated causes of acute inflammation, like an infection or
injury.
long-term exposure to irritants, like industrial chemicals or
polluted air.
an autoimmune disorder, which involves your immune system
mistakenly attacking healthy tissue.
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