The document defines a paragraph and discusses the steps and types of paragraphs. It states that a paragraph is a group of sentences that develop a central idea. There are four main types of paragraphs: descriptive, expository, persuasive, and narrative. Descriptive paragraphs aim to describe something using sensory details to create vivid images for the reader. Expository paragraphs inform, explain or define using facts, examples, and cause and effect. Persuasive paragraphs attempt to convince the reader of an opinion or course of action. Narrative paragraphs tell a story or relate a series of events in chronological order.

2. Contents :
• What is a paragraph?
• Steps in writing a paragraph
• Types of paragraph

3. What is a Paragraph?

4. WORDS SENTENCE PARAGRAPH
“A group of sentences which
develop one central idea.”
• Central idea is usually stated in topic
sentence.
• Paragraph is a basic unit of composition.

5. In short , a paragraph is :
• A group of sentences
• A clear main idea
• Supporting information
• Part of a longer composition
• A miniature essay!

6. Steps in writing a
paragraph

7. • Brainstorming
• Topic Sentence
• Using Control words or phrases
• Adding supporting sentences
• Order
• Concluding sentences
• Unity
• Coherence
• Length

8. Types of Paragraph

9. Descriptive
Expository Persuasive
Narrative

10. 1. Descriptive Paragraph:
These paragraphs have four main aims:
• naturally describe something or somebody
that is conveying information.
• create powerful images in readers mind.
• appeal to primary sense of vision,hearing
touch , taste & smell , to get maximum
emotional reponse from reader.
• increase dynamics of text.

11. Sample Paragraph:
Niagara falls , a popular destination for thousands of visitors
each year , is a beautiful place. When you stand at the edge
and look down at the 188 feet of white waterfalls , you feel
amazed at the power of nature. The tree-line river that leads
into the falls is fast-moving , pouring over the edge of the
falls & crashing to the bottom in a loud roar. If you want to
experience the falls close up,go for a boat ride.You’ll come near
streams of water flowing over the edge & feel the cool mist
that rises as the water hits the rocks below. Seeing Niagara
Falls is an unforgettable experience!

12. 2. Expository Paragraph:
It may inform,explain or define.It:
• may be developed with facts & statistics,
with examples, by means of cause & effect.
• should be direct & unemotional in tone,
avoiding vague wording & emotional appeal.
• should not include the personal opinions of
writers.

13. Sample Paragraph:
Advances in sciences & technology
have made the use of “green” energy
possible. Solar energy is the use of
sunlight for energy & power. Humans
are able to harness the energy of the
Sun by installing solar panels on their
homes or businesses. Humans have
also found ways to harness the power
of the wind by using wind turbines to
capture wind energy. Both of these
forms of “Green” energy are being
used more and more.

14. 3. Persuasive Paragraph:
It attempts to convince the reader to agree
with an opinion of the writer or to follow a
course of action
• Topic should be serious,debatable issue &
free from personal preference.
• concluding sentence may reemphasize the
writer’s opinion,summarize the argument or
specify a course of action.

15. Sample Paragraph:
According to State Bank of Pakistan
(SBP) only 1.21 million citizens (less than
1% of the entire population) pay tax. The
rate is the lowest in the world.Moreover the
SBP’s annual report shows that 57.5 million
people are employed & undoubtedly earning
some income & this is where tax evasions
ensues. According to the Federal Bureau of
Revenue (FBR) data, year 2018 recorded a
tax evasion of Rs 170 billion across the
country. In order to overcome this issue,
there is a need for equality & justice in the
tax system.Taxes need to be collected from
everyone,according to their incomes & the
efficiency of the tax department need to be
enhanced.

16. 4. Narrative Paragraph:
It tells a story or relate a series of events.
• appear as parts of longer works, such as
personal narratives, novels or short stories.
• are arranged in chronological order, which
enables the reader to understand how one
event leads to another.

17. Sample Paragraph:
It was July 21,1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with
a start. It was the day he would become the first human being
to ever walk on The Moon. The journey had begun several
days earlier , when on July 16th ,The Apollo 11 launched from
The Earth headed into our space.
On board with Neil Armstrong
Were Michael Collins and Buzz
Aldrin. The crew landed on The
Moon in the Sea of Tranquility.
Upon Neil’s first step onto the
Moon’s surface , he declared
“That’s one small step for man,
one giant leap for mankind”.

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