This presentation based on theoritical overview on Indigenous Religions

1. ENCOUNTER BETWEEN WORLD
RELIGIONS AND INDIGENOUS
RELIGIONS
Mufdil Tuhri

2. Scholar’s
response
Theories
Practices
How have world religions
responded to their encounters
with indigenous religions?
How have indigenous
religions responded to
world religions?

4. RELIGION
(?)
CULTURE
ACCULTURATION
SYNCRETICISM
CONVERSION
RESISTANCE
WORLD RELIGION
PARADIGM

5. ACCULTURATION
Redfield, Linton and Herskovits (1936) in
“Memorandum for the Study of
Acculturation”:
“Acculturation was first defined as a process
that occurs when individuals from different
cultures come into contact with another
culture, causing change in cultural patterns of
either or both group.”
Koentjaraningrat (1990) in Manusia dan
Kebudayaan di Indonesia:
“Akulturasi adalah proses sosial yang timbul
bila suatu kelompok manusia dengan suatu
kebudayaan asing dengan sedemikian rupa,
sehingga unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing ini
lambat laun diterima dan diolah ke dalam
kebudayaan sendiri tanpa menyebabkan
hilangnya kepribadian kebudayaan itu
sendiri.”
Influenced Scholars :
Other terms: Assimilation (Escobar and Vega,
2000), Biculturalism or Multiculturalism (Sam,
2006).
Keyword: Negotiate, Adopt

6. CONVERSION
Heirich (1977) in
"the process of changing a sense of root reality" or "a conscious
shift in one's sense of grounding”.
Richardson (1985) in : the active vs. passive convert: paradigm
conflict in conversion/recruitment
“In the old paradigm, conversion is generally viewed in passivist
and deterministic terms, whereas in the new paradigm conversion
is generally explained from the standpoint of active agency (i.e.,
self-directed behavior), personal choice, meaning, and
negotiation.”
Influenced Scholars in active agency of conversion:
(Balch, 1980; Balch and Taylor, 1978; Bromley and
Shupe, 1979a, 1979b; Gerlach and Hine, 1970;
Gordon, 1974; Kilbourne, 1986; Kilbourne and
Richardson, 1984; 1986; Klapp, 1969; Lofland, 1978;
Richardson, 1980, 1985a; Straus, 1976, 1979; Taylor,
1976).
Other terms: Assimilation (Escobar and Vega, 2000),
Biculturalism or Multiculturalism (Sam, 2006).
Keyword: who hegemonize?

7. religion culture
SYNCRETISM
Charles Steward (1999) in “Syncretism and Its Synonyms:
Reflections on Cultural Mixture”:
“the combination of elements from two or more different
religious traditions within a specified frame”
Peter Bayerhaus(1999) as quoted by Ulrich Berner (2001) in
“The Notion of Syncretism in Historical and/or Empirical
Research”:
“ “in negative sense, syncretism has been used by Christian
theologians as a normative normative category describing
religious processes or phenomena as somehow deviating
from the essence of Christian.”
Louis J. Luzbetak (1963) in “The Church and Cultures: An
Applied Anthropology for the Religious Worker”:
“theologically untenable amalgam,” which he acknowledged
is often a part of crossing socioreligious borders.
Furthermore, he recognized that, from an anthropological
point of view, both Christianity and Judaism, as they came
to be, are syncretistic when compared with their origins”
Influenced Scholars :
Other terms: hybdrditaion and creolyzation,
mongrelization, transformations,
umfunktionierung, synthese, relationierung
Keyword: mutually exclusive

8. RESISTANCE
Abu-Lughod (1990) in “The Romance of resistance: Tracing
transformations of power through Beduin women.”:
“… a sgin of ineffectiveness of systems of power and of the
resilience and creativity of the human spirit in its refusal to
be dominated.”
James M. Jasper (1997) in The Art of Moral Protest:
"Resistance" is most readily thought to refer to social
movements (or the even broader categories of "protest“
Profitt (1996) in “Batered Women’ as victims’ and
survivors: Creating space for Resistance”
“active efforts to oppose, fight and refuse to cooperate
with or submit to… abusive behavior and … control.”
Lisa Droogendyk and Stephen C. Wright (2017) in “A social
psychological examination of the empowering role of
language in Indigenous resistance”:
“a form of collective action which occurs when individuals
take action on behalf of their ingroup with the aim of
improv- ing conditions for the entire group… in which
disadvantaged group members directly challenge their
subordinated position within the social system.”
Influenced Scholars :
Other terms: accommodation (e.g., Sotirin and
Gottfried, 1999; Weitz 2001), ambiguity
(Trethewey, 1997), complicity (Healey, 1999;
Ortner, 1995), conformity (St. Martin and Gavey,
1996), or assimilation (Faith, 1994)
Keyword: defend each other,
opposite, challange

9. Articulation
Culture
Religio
n
INDIGENOUS RELIGION
PARADIGM

10. ARTICULATION
Problem of Previous Theories
of Encounter
New Theories of Encounter:
▶ Stuart Hall (1996) in "Race, articulation, and
societies structured in dominance.“:
▶ “Both a way of understanding how
ideological elements come, under certain
conditions, to cohere together within a
discourse, and a way of asking how they do
or do not become articulated, at specific
conjunctures, to certain political subjects.”
▶ Hall add:
▶ “The form of the connection that can make a
unity of two different elements, under
certain conditions. It is a linkage which is not
necessary determined, absolute and essential
for all time. You have to ask, under what
circumstances can a connection be forged or
made.”
Islam
Modern
adat

11. Keyword: complementing one another
Influenced Scholars :
Other terms: Assimilation (Escobar and Vega,
2000), Biculturalism or Multiculturalism (Sam,
2006).

12. World Religion (?) Indigenous Religion
▶Video