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1. organizational
behavior

2.  Organizational behavior is the study of both group and
individual performance and activity within an organization
What is Organizational Behavior?
 Organizational behavior (OB) or organisational behaviour is
the: "study of human behavior in organizational settings, the
interface between human behavior and the organization, and
the organization itself".
 Organisational behaviour is a subset of management activities
concerned with understanding, predicting and influencing
individual behaviour in organisational setting.”—Callahan,
Fleenor and Kudson.

3.  Organisational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge
about how people act within an organisation. It is a human tool for
human benefit. It applies broadly to the behaviour of people in all
types of organisation.”— Newstrom and Davis.
 Organisational behaviour is directly concerned with
the understanding, production and control of human
behaviour in organisations.”—Fred Luthans.
 Organisational behaviour is a field of study that investigates the
impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour
within the organisations for the purpose of applying such knowledge
toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.”—Stephens P.
Robbins.

5.  Capital investment decisions select a project for future business
development. These projects typically require a large outlay of cash,
provide an uncertain return, and tie up resources for an extended period
of time.
 Having a large number of alternatives requires a careful budgeting and
analysis process. This process includes determining capital needs,
exploring resource limitations, establishing baseline criteria for
alternatives, evaluating alternatives using screening and preference
decisions, and making the decision.
 Screening decisions help eliminate undesirable alternatives that may
waste time and money. Preference decisions rank alternatives emerging
from the screening process to help make the final decision. Both decision
avenues use capital budgeting methods to select between alternatives.

6. The process for capital decision-making involves several steps:
1.Determine capital needs for both new and existing projects.
2.Identify and establish resource limitations.
3.Establish baseline criteria for alternatives.
4.Evaluate alternatives using screening and preference decisions.
5.Make the decision.

7. Financial
market and
institutions

8. Financial markets refer broadly to
any marketplace where the trading
of securities occurs, including the
stock market, bond market, forex
market, and derivatives market,
among others. Financial markets
are vital to the smooth operation of
capitalist economies.

9. A financial institution (FI) is a company engaged in
the business of dealing with financial and monetary
transactions such as deposits, loans, investments,
and currency exchange.

11. What Is Managerial Accounting?
 Managerial accounting is the practice of identifying, measuring, analyzing, interpreting,
and communicating financial information to managers for the pursuit of an organization's
goals. It varies from financial accounting because the intended purpose of managerial
accounting is to assist users internal to the company in making well-informed business
decisions.
 Managerial accounting involves the presentation of financial information for internal
purposes to be used by management in making key business decisions.
 Techniques used by managerial accountants are not dictated by accounting standards,
unlike financial accounting.
 The presentation of managerial accounting data can be modified to meet the specific
needs of its end-user.
 Managerial accounting encompasses many facets of accounting, including product
costing, budgeting, forecasting, and various financial analysis.

12. AN INTRODUCT
ION TO INTERN
ATIONAL TRADE
AND FINANCE

13.  By international trade, we mean the exchange of goods and services between different
countries. For any individual country, trade is important for several reasons: the trade balan
ce
drives the BOPs and deeply influences foreign exchange reserves and the exchange rate;
trade helps determine the overall production and consumption possibilities in the economy
(both in the static and dynamic contexts, as
we shall see below); net exports are an important
component of aggregate demand, and hence income and employment;
 International finance is concerned with, among other thing, the mobility of financial capital
across countries, and the problems and opportunities this mobility presents individual
countries with. It would not be too inaccurate (in present day context) to say that while
international trade deals with the current account, international finance deals with the capital
account of the BOPs. That said, issues like the choice of exchange rate regime and of
modern-day balance of payments crises also fall firmly within the purview of international
finance