2. Protein
• Proteins are organic molecules that are present in
living organisms. They serve a wide range of
functions including organization, transportation,
and defense. Proteins are composed of amino acid
chains, and structure levels are up to four. Certain
specific protein examples include collagen, insulin,
and anticorps.
3. Difference
Essential protein
• Essential amino acids
are those that the body
cannot produce on its
own and must be
acquired through diet
or supplements.
• Essential amino acids
include: beef, poultry,
fish, eggs, dairy, soy,
quinoa and buck-
wheat.
Non Essential protein
• Non-essential amino
acids are not required
by the body to function
properly, but still play
an important role in
overall health.
• Nonessential amino
acids include: alanine,
arginine, asparagine,
aspartic acid, cysteine,
glutamic acid,
4. Peptide Bond:
• In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide
type of covalent chemical bond linking two
consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon
number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2
(nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide
or protein chain.
• A peptide bond also sometimes called eupeptide
bond is a chemical bond that is formed by joining
the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino
group of another.
5. Different Forms of Peptide Bond
Types:
• Dipeptide = contains 2 amino acid units.
• Tripeptide = contains 3 amino acid units.
• Tetrapeptide = contains 4 amino acid units.
• Oligopeptide = contains not more than 10 amino
acid units.
• Polypeptide = contains more than 10 amino acid
units, up to 100 residues.
• Macropeptides = made up of more than 100 amino
acids.
6. Amino Acid:
Amino acids are molecules that combine to form
proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building
blocks of life.
Amino acids are classified into three groups:
• Essential amino acids.
• Nonessential amino acids.
• Conditional amino acids
7. Types of Amino Acid:
1:ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
• Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body.
As a result, they must come from food.
• The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
• 2:NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
• Nonessential means that our bodies can produce
the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the
food we eat.
• Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine,
8. Cont...
3:CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS
• Conditional amino acids are usually not essential,
except in times of illness and stress.
• Conditional amino acids include: arginine, cysteine,
glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and
serine.
9. What are the 20 amino acid
building blocks of proteins?
• In the human body, there are 20 amino acids that
function as building blocks of proteins.
• Nine of these amino acids are considered
essential—they must be consumed in the diet—
while five are considered nonessential in that they
can be made by the human body.
• The remaining six protein-building amino acids are
conditional, being essential only at certain life
stages or in certain disease states.
10.
11. What are the 20 amino acid
building blocks of proteins?
• The essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
• The nonessential amino acids are alanine,
asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine.
• Conditional amino acids include arginine, cysteine,
glutamine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine.
12.
13. II. Classification of protein on the
basis of biological functions:
1. Catalytic protein:
They catalyze biochemical reaction in cells. Eg. Enzymes and co-enzyme.
2. Structural protein;
They make various structural component of living beings.
Eg. Collagen make bone, Elastin make ligamnets and keratin make hair and nails
3. Nutrient protein:
They have nutritional value and provide nutrition when consumed.
Eg. Casein in milk
4. Regulatory protein:
They regulate metabolic and cellular activities in cell and tissue.
Eg. Hormones
5. Defense protein:
They provide defensive mechanism against pathogens.
Eg. Antibodies, complement proteins
14. II. Classification of protein on the
basis of biological functions:
6. Transport protein:
They transport nutrients and other molecules from one organ to
other.
Eg. Haemoglobin
7. Storage protein:
They stores various molecules and ions in cells.
Eg. Ferritin store Iron
8. Contractile or mobile protein:
They help in movement and locomotion of various body parts.
Eg. Actin, myosin, tubulin etc
9. Toxic protein:
They are toxic and can damage tissues.
Eg. Snake venom, bacterial exotoxins etc
