4. DIAGNOSING COPD
Spirometry should be preformed after the administration
of adequate dose of short acting inhaled bronchodilators
Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7 confirm the presence
of airflow limitation
7. ASSESSMENT OF COPD
Symptoms severity
Degree of airflow limitation
Risk of exacerbation
Combined assessment
8. ASSESSMENT GOALS
• Determine the severity of the disease, its impact on the
patient’s health status and the risk of future events (for
example exacerbations) to guide therapy.
• Comorbidities occur frequently in COPD patients, and
should be actively looked for.
9. ASSESSMENT OF COPD SYMPTOMS
COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
or
Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ)
or
mMRC Breathlessness scale
10. ASSESSMENT OF COPD SYMPTOMS
COPD Assessment Test (CAT): An 8-item measure of health status impairment
in COPD
Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ): Self-administered questionnaire developed
to measure clinical control in patients with COPD
Modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) Questionnaire:
Breathlessness Measurement, relates well to other measures of health status
and predicts future mortality risk.
11.
12. MODIFIED MRC (MMRC)QUESTIONNAIRE:
SEVERITY OF BREATHLESSNESS
mMRC Grade Symptoms
Grade 0. Breathless with strenuous exercise.
Grade 1. Breathless when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill.
Grade 2. Breathless when walking on own pace on the level.
Grade 3. Breathless after walking about 100 meters on the level.
Grade 4. Breathless with minimal exertion
14. COMBINED ASSESSMENT
The GOLD therapeutic strategy suggests using
a combination of an individual's symptoms, history of
exacerbations, hospitalizations due to exacerbations
FEV1 to assess the exacerbation risk and guide therapy.
15. GOLD combined assessment
●Group A: Low risk, less symptoms: Typically GOLD 1 or GOLD 2 (mild or moderate airflow
limitation) and 0 to 1 exacerbation per year and no hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
<10 or mMRC grade 0 to 1.
●Group B: Low risk, more symptoms: Typically GOLD 1 or GOLD 2 (mild or moderate airflow
limitation) and 0 to 1 exacerbation per year and no hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
≥10 or mMRC grade ≥2
●Group C: High risk, less symptoms: Typically GOLD 3 or GOLD 4 (severe or very severe airflow
limitation) and/or ≥2 exacerbations per year or ≥1 hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
<10 or mMRC grade 0 to 1.
●Group D: High risk, more symptoms: Typically GOLD 3 or GOLD 4 (severe or very severe airflow
limitation) and/or ≥2 exacerbations per year or ≥1 hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
≥10 or mMRC grade ≥2.
19. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Smoking cessation influences the natural history of
COPD.
Regular physical activity should be encouraged to
remain active.
20. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Appropriate pharmacologic therapy can reduce COPD
symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of
exacerbations, and improve health status and exercise
tolerance.
None of the existing medications has been shown to
modify the long-term decline in lung function.
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be offered
depending on local guidelines
22. Bronchodilator medications
Beta 2 Agonists
Short Acting Beta 2 agonists (SABA) Salbutamol ,Terbutaline
Long Acitng Beta 2 agonists (LABA) Formoterol
,Salmeterol,Indacaterol, Vilanterol
Anticholinergics
Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA) Ipratropium ,Oxitropium
Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA) Tiotropium, Aclidinium,
glycopyronnium,Umeclidinium)
SABA & SAMA for short term use in acute cases
LABA & LAMA for long term maintenance therapy
23. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids improves
symptoms, lung function and quality of life and reduces
frequency of exacerbations for COPD patients with an
FEV1< 60% predicted.
Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is associated with an
increased risk of pneumonia.
24. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Influenza vaccines is recommended for COPD patients
65 years and older and for younger than age 65 with FEV1<
40% predicted.
The use of antibiotics, other than for treating infectious
exacerbations of COPD and other bacterial infections, is
currently not indicated.