SegarAnakan_EIS_011014-Reduced

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental factors
and proposed engineering interventions
in Kampung Laut of the Segara Anakan to raise waterlogged
fields (tana adat ‘Appeared Land’) for agriculture as proposed
by the N.G.O.
Yayasan&Sosial&Bina&Sejahtera&(YSBS)
Client: Fr. Charlie Burrows
Chairman YSBS
Jl. Kendeng No. 307 CILACAP
JAWA TENGAH - INDONESIA
!
!
!
! !!!Principal)Author:)Dr!Mark!Pillsworth)
) ) ) ) Director)deveco)Pty)Ltd)
) ) ) ) mpillsworth@westnet.com.au!

!
Environmental!Impact!Assessment!!!!!!YSBS!proposal!for!reclamation!areas!Segara!Anakan!Kampung!Laut!!
9!September!2014.!
2!
Purpose(of(this(Report(
&
!
An!Environmental!Impact!Assessment!(EIA)!has!been!called!for!this!village!based!
project!(Proponents:!N.G.O.!–!Yayasan&Sosial&Bina&Sejahtera&(YSBS))!in!the!area!
broadly!termed!the!Segara!Anakan,!an!area!which!was!once!an!extensive!lagoon!
of!around!6,500ha!(circa&a!century!ago)!but!now!almost!entirely!inVfilled!with!
sediment!from!upVcatchment.!This!EIA!specifically!focuses!on!areas!of!Kampung!
Laut!with!the!dusun!(remote!villages)!and!pasar!(market)!involved!being!
Pelindukan,!Penikel,!Bugel!and!Ciberum!(all!on!a!previously!engineered!
diversion!of!the!Cimeneg!River).!
!
The!EIA!has!been!requested!formally!by!international!donors,!the!Department!of!
Rivers!and!Waterways,!and!Government!Departments!from!Central!and!Western!
Java!under!the!requirements!of!the!AMDAL!process!and!conforming!with!the!
World!Bank!Equator&Principles..!
!
This!EIA!should!not!be!viewed!as!a!document!which!only!includes!direct!project!
impacts!(negative!&!positive),!but!considers!any!relevant!issues!which!can!be!
identified!beyond!the!boundaries!of!the!project!on!a!neighbourhood!to!regional!
basis!i.e.!whole!of!the!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon!area!as!it!exists!today,!and!the!
overarching!consideration!in!describing!the!projects!impacts!must!be!performed!
with!consideration!of!the!ongoing!obliteration!of!the!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon!due!
to!upVcatchment!impacts,!both!natural!and!anthropogenic!in!origin.!!
!
The!fundamental!fact!that!drives!this!project!to!convert!marsh!areas!
(waterlogged)!to!agriculture!is!that!due!to!periodic!volcanic!activity!and!poor!upV
catchment!land!management,!sediment!transported!in!floodwaters!of!the!wet!
season,!and!comprising!mainly!clays!and!silts,!is!infilling!the!Lagoon.!The!Lagoon!
was!once!a!commercially!valuable!fishery!habitat,!providing!both!direct!product!
while!acting!as!a!nursery!for!some!commercially!valuable!offshore!species!e.g.!
prawn,!in!the!Port!of!Cilacap.!Today!the!lagoon’s!extent!is!around!500ha,!and!the!
Lagoon!fishery!has!declined,!both!decreasing!the!food!source!and!displacing!the!
fishermen!of!the!Kampung!Laut.!!
!
The!fishing!grounds!of!the!villagers!nominated!above!no!longer!exist!(adat&laut)!
and!their!fishing!grounds!today!are!today!either!dry!land!under!agriculture,!or!
expanses!of!swampy!low!lying!areas.!
!
With!the!loss!of!fishing!grounds!(adat&laut),!the!traditional!fishermen!have!lost!
their!livelihoods!and!food!security!and!have!had!to!adapt!to!the!new!conditions!
in!the!Lagoon!(tana&adat&‘appeared&land’).!It!is!the!fishermen!from!dusun!
Pelindukan!who!have!pioneered!this!land!reclamation!methodology!using!
diversion!and!subsequent!detention!of!wet!season!floodwaters!to!cause!
deposition!of!silt!to!make!dry!land!suitable!for!agriculture.!As!this!activity!has!
been!proved!to!be!successful!in!small!areas!of!dusun!Pelindukan,!it!is!now!that!
the!NGO!YSBS!has!become!involved!at!the!request!of!the!villagers!and!that!means!
that!considerable!expansion!of!the!reclamation!areas!can!be!expected.!It!is!the!
impact!of!this!expansion!of!reclamation!which!is!the!fundamental!consideration!

!
9!September!2014.!
3!
of!this!EIA,!and!determining!what!ecological!constraints!need!to!be!considered!
before!being!incorporated!into!an!Environmental!Management!Plan!(EMP!as!
outlined!in!a!proposal)!including!engineering!design/methodologies.!
Previous(Site(Studies/Background(
!
This!review!incorporates!the!significant!contribution!from!environmental!
studies,!which!were!performed!by!the!Segara&Anakan&Conservation&&&
Development&Project&(SACDP),!and!thereby!provides!a!background!to!regional!
issues!influencing!this!project!when!considering!the!previous!ADB!SACDP!
project!goals.!
!
The!SACDP!was!an!ADB!funded!engineering!intervention,!which!proposed!to!
dredge!the!lagoon!and!thereby!reestablish!a!viable!lagoon!habitat!(as!evidenced!
by!restoring!the!sustainability!of!the!associated!commercial!fishery).!Concurrent!
with!a!dredging!programme!was!the!construction!of!waterway!diversions!e.g.!
Cimeneng!River,!to!reduce!the!sedimentation!rates!caused!by!upVcatchment!
erosion.!With!the!dredging!and!diversions!together,!the!SACDP!implementation!
was!expected!to!slow!the!infilling!of!the!Lagoon!and!thereby!have!direct!and!
measurable!economic/environmental!benefits,!these!outcomes!being!enhanced!
by!fisheries!conservation!management!plans!and!mangrove!rehabilitation!and!
protection!programmes.!
!
One!consequence!of!the!SACDP!Lagoon!dredging!was!that!extensive!dredged!
material!placement!areas!were!designed!for!the!neighbourhood!associated!with!
dusun!Karang!Anyar,!Cibereum,!and!across!to!Muara!Dua.!This!was!an!area!of!
3,225,000m2!(322.5!ha!directly!under!dredge!spoil)!over!which!the!volumes!of!
dredged!materials!would!be!approximately!1.8m!in!height.!On!completion,!the!
height!of!the!land!would!preclude!its!use!for!rice!production,!these!areas!
sacrificed!as!potential!rice!paddy!in!the!trade!off!to!keep!the!then!expanse!of!the!
Lagoon!with!a!viable!fishing!ground.!
!
This!project!follows!on!from!and!is!complimentary!to!the!then!planned!works!of!!
the!SACDP!in!that!upper!waterlogged!flood!plain!areas,!which!are!non!mangrove,!
are!being!reclaimed.!Villagers!in!dusun!Pelindukan!have!pioneered!these!current!
works,!and!now!support!is!being!requested!from!YSBS.!Villagers,!in!utilizing!upV
catchment!sediments!transported!in!flood!waters!to!what!are!now!best!
described!as!the!Segara!Anakan!lowlands,!have!demonstrated!that!a!positive!
outcome!can!be!achieved!by!conversion!of!previously!waterlogged!areas!to!dry!
land!and!then!used!for!agricultural!pursuit!e.g.!rice!paddy.!This!creation!of!dry!
lowland!suitable!for!agricultural!purposes!will!then!benefit!the!past!fishermen!of!
the!Kampung!Laut!providing!a!new!agricultural!future,!and!there!is!the!
opportunity!to!strategically!augment!this!creation!of!agricultural!land!with!
aquaculture.!This!can!then!be!further!supported!by!fisheries!conservation!
initiatives!lower!into!the!lagoon!remaining!and!mangrove!areas!exist,!even!
though!the!SACDP!has!failed!and!the!Lagoon!is!so!reduced!in!aerial!extent!as!
open!waters.!
!
! !

!
9!September!2014.!
4!
The(Context(
!
!
! The!Segara!Anakan!is!the!area!so!defined!by!the!watershed!bounded!by!
the!Citanduy!–!Cibereum!and!Donan!River!systems,!and!the!Citanduy!
plain!is!defined!seaward!by!the!coastal!island!Nusa!Kumbangan.!This!
island!protects!the!coastal!plain!from!wave!and!current!action!from!the!
Indian!Ocean!and!thus!allowing!a!deltaic!system!with!an!associated!
lagoon!to!exist.!
!
! This!coastline!of!Cilacap!in!contiguous!with!the!Java!Trench!so!formed!by!
the!collision!of!the!IndianVAustralian!and!EuroVAsian!tectonic!plates,!an!
orogenic!belt!where!immense!geologic!forces!are!in!play,!and!landward!in!
the!upper!catchment!is!volcanic!activity!aligned!with!the!so!named!Rim&of&
Fire.!
!
! Mt!Galunggung!volcano!has!become!active!since!1922,!and!most!recently!
in!1982!–!1984.!It!has!the!potential!to!dwarf!any!anthropogenic!
perturbation!in!the!Segara!Anakan!catchment!during!eruptions,!and!in!the!
period!leading!up!to!1984!produced!370M.m3!of!sediment!with!an!
estimated!23.5Mm3!falling!on!95,000!ha!of!this!upper!catchment!in!the!
vicinity!of!the!volcano!in!the!immediate!Citanduy!catchment.!Fr!Charlie!
Burrows!of!YSBS!relates!a!village!story!pers&comm&from!this!time!when!
local!fishermen!in!dusun!Pelindukan!describe!a!period!when!large!areas!
of!sea!became!mangrove,!mangrove!to!shrub!lands,!and!the!shrubVlands!
were!then!suitable!for!conversion!to!rice!production.!
!
! It!follows!that!the!soils!of!the!Segara!Anakan!catchment!are!volcanic!in!
origin!and!thus!highly!fertile.!Such!soils!support!farming!activity!high!into!
the!catchment,!and!exploitation!of!these!areas!with!consequent!
disturbance!of!vegetation!including!groundcover!and!forest,!particularly!
in!steeper!areas,!make!for!a!situation!of!high!erosion,!with!silt!loads!in!the!
major!rivers!settling!in!the!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon.!The!noticeable!rates!of!
infilling!are!accelerating!as!dry!land!emergence!(tana&adat)!becomes!
more!prominent!i.e.!as!the!Lagoon!surface!area!diminishes!and!water!
depths!get!shallower.!
!
! The!consequence!of!both!natural!processes!(catchment!erosion!&!infilling!
of!the!flood!plain)!is!accelerated!by!anthropogenic!perturbation!and!the!
combination!of!these!catchment!forces!ensures!that!the!process!of!Lagoon!
infilling!is!continuous!and!relentless.!Although!management!of!upV
catchment!agricultural!exploitation!may!decrease!the!rate!of!change!of!
infilling,!a!new!equilibrium!between!coastal!river!flows!and!dry!land!
(including!associated!mangrove!areas)!will!eventuate!as!the!Citauduy!
delta!continues!to!infill!from!east!to!west.!
!
! Conservation!engineering!intervention!through!dredging!of!the!Lagoon!on!
a!major!scale!has!failed!and!this!opportunity!cannot!be!revisited!as!
proposed!in!past!programs,!as!the!villagers!of!the!Kampung!Laut!change!

!
9!September!2014.!
5!
from!fishing!in!traditional!areas!to!farming!i.e.!previous!potential!dredge!
material!disposal!areas!are!now!dry!land!used!for!agricultural!and!village!
areas,!with!a!network!of!roads!with!some!industrial!areas.!
!
! Rehabilitation!of!the!Cimeneng!diversion!is!pivotal!to!the!success!of!the!
project!as!its!engineered!channel!contour!is!greatly!changed!i.e.!
increasingly!compromised,!by!the!sediments!now!deposited!in!it,!and!a!
disaster!scenario!for!the!Kampung!Laut!caused!by!flooding!and!sediment!
(mud)!flows!is!imminent!over!widespread!areas!as!the!banks!become!
overtopped!during!flood!rains.!Reports!from!the!Kampung!Laut!describe!a!
recent!situation!where!a!few!metres!of!mud!in!flooding!waters!from!the!
Cimeneng!diversion!overwhelmed!the!houses!in!one!area!in!one!night.!
Temporary!augmentation!to!the!village!side!of!the!Cimeneng!diversion!(a!!
low!masonry!wall!up!to!a!height!of!about!1.2m!x!450mm!width)!has!been!
hastily!built,!and!its!continuing!function!as!keeping!floodwaters!in!the!
diversion!channel!will!soon!be!compromised!also,!potentially!with!
devastating!consequences.!
!
! Interim!relief!to!this!emergency!situation!where!the!banks!of!the!
Cimeneng!diversion!can!be!overtopped!with!widespread!flooding!is!now!
being!effected!by!silts!now!clogging!this!channel!being!dredged!by!suction!
pump!on!a!floating!platform!in!the!diversion!channel.!Silts!so!‘won’!can!
then!be!pumped!to!agricultural!areas!some!distance!away!to!address!
waterlogging.!It!then!remains!to!be!determined!what!maintenance!regime!
will!need!to!be!ongoing!to!prevent!the!infilling!of!the!diversion!channel!
into!the!future.!
!
! The!methodology!of!construction!of!diversion!channels!and!detention!of!
floodwaters!so!as!to!promote!sedimentation!in!the!areas!contiguous!with!
the!Cimeneng!diversion!now!leads!to!a!situation!where!areas!closer!to!the!
channel!are!highest,!draining!to!now!waterlogged!areas!some!distance!
further!away.!Ponding!of!water!over!seasons!can!cause!human!health!
issues!in!promotion!of!suitable!habitat!for!the!breeding!of!vectors!
(malaria!borne!by!mosquito!Aedes&sp.),!and!the!activity!of!predatory!
species!such!as!adult!frogs!(carnivores!of!Arthropods!including!
mosquitoes),!and!their!tadpole!(omnivorous!including!larvae!of!insects),!
will!need!to!be!considered/promoted!to!ensure!effective!control!of!this.!
!
! A!situation!now!exists!where!active!reclamation!of!waterlogged!areas!has!
been!initiated!by!villagers!of!the!Kampung!Laut!(dusun!Pelindukan)!and!
the!eventual!configuration!of!the!lagoon!after!infilling!is!being!modified,!
albeit!in!modest!dimensions!when!compared!with!catchment!influences.!
These!coastal!engineering!interventions!at!dusun!level!define!the!extent!
of,!for!example,!rice!paddy,!by!the!building!of!channels!and!bunds!which!
both!detain!sediment!laden!flood!water!causing!silt!deposition,!and!then!
so!configured!to!exclude!future!flood!waters.!The!opportunity!here!is!that!
mangrove!areas!can!be!so!conserved!on!the!banks!of!natural!waterways,!
which!continue!to!evolve!i.e.!conservation!of!a!functional!width!for!
mangrove!to!support!fisheries!lower!in!the!Lagoon.!!

!
9!September!2014.!
6!
! Recent!scientific!investigations!have!reviewed!the!role!of!mangroves!in!
supporting!fisheries,!and!it!has!now!been!established!that!the!aerial!
extent!of!mangrove!is!not!a!direct!determinant!of!fisheries!yield,!rather!
the!length!of!mangrove!areas!with!a!functional!width!(≈!20!–!50m),!and!
connectivity!with!other!foreshore/estuarine!habitats!including:!coastal!
grassland!(Imperata&cylindrica),!seagrass,!saltmarsh!succulents!and!
saltmarsh!grass!(Samphire&complex),!along!with!associated!mudflats.!This!
means!that!a!new!deltaic!configuration!of!streams!and!drainage!lines!
(anastomose!complex)!that!will!eventuate!has!the!potential!to!support!
fisheries!yield!at!levels!as!in!the!past!when!the!Lagoon!was!extensive!and!
deep,!as!long!as!fish!nursery!areas!are!adequately!protected!e.g.!fishing!
activities!are!managed!and!mangrove!areas!are!suitably!buffered!from!
terrestrial!activities!including!agriculture.!
!
! Overall,!there!is!the!opportunity!to!change!the!future!prospects!of!the!
villagers!of!the!Kampung!Laut!without!dependency!on!initiation!of!other!
projects!such!as!upper!catchment!erosion!prevention.!When!
complimented!with!fisheries!management!controls!e.g.!limiting!fishing!
times/areas!and!restrictions!on!fishing!gear!use!(apong!tidal!netting),!
then!within!Lagoon!fisheries!and!those!coastal!fisheries!dependent!on!
Lagoon!nursery!areas,!can!be!made!sustainable!with!yields!which!are!
economically!viable,!even!regionally!significant.!
!
! YSBS!has!been!asked!by!villagers!of!the!Kampung!Laut!to!aid!in!these!
projects!by!formalizing!engineering!structures!and!silt!management!
methodologies,!and!in!this!formalizing!of!these!efforts,!there!is!now!the!
future!opportunity!to!make!a!fisheries!management!plan!a!reality!for!the!
Segara!Anakan!delta!(in!an!eventual!configuration!after!infilling!in!the!
western!portion!of!the!Citanduy!plain)!and!in!doing!so!increase!food!
security!by!protecting!fisheries!nursery!areas!while!creating!reclamation!
areas!for!agriculture.!But!what!is!of!immediate!attention!is!the!
rehabilitation!of!the!Cimeneng!diversion!channel!to!prevent!potentially!
wide!spread!flooding!over!the!now!agricultural!land!and!populated!areas!
by!the!resident!villagers!of!the!previously!called!dusun!Kampung!Laut.!
!
! For!YSBS!to!promote!the!initiatives!of!the!villagers!of!the!previously!
Kampung!Laut,!there!are!three!distinct!and!significant!impacts:!
!
1. Providing!food!security!for!the!villagers;!with!
2. Subsequent!Economic!Benefit:!short!–!long!term;!and!
3. Preventing!an!emerging!emergency!situation!with!regard!to!
flooding!of!now!populated!areas!and!the!benefit!of!controlling!
water!borne!disease!and!nuisance!vector!populations!thus!
managing!human!health!issues.!
!
These!outcomes!conform!to!the!Equator&Principles&(of!which!the!AMDAL!
process!is!a!subset),!but!fundamental!to!this!assessment!is!that!the!YSBS!
is!the!funding!agency!and!require!that!environmental!impacts!from!such!
engineering!interventions!proposed!are!fully!documented.!

!
9!September!2014.!
7!
PURPOSE(OF(THIS(REPORT( 2!
Previous)Site)Studies/Background) 3!
THE(CONTEXT( 4!
INTRODUCTION( 8!
Lagoon)Existing)Environment) 8!
Coastal)Morphology)&)Geology) 9!
Mangrove)Ecology) 13!
FISHERIES( 14!
Significance!of!Mangrove!Areas!to!Fisheries! 21!
PAST(MANAGEMENT(PROPOSALS( 26!
PRESENT(MANAGEMENT(PROJECTS( 28!
CURRENT(PROPOSAL( 37!
Site)Assessment) 37!
Engineering)of)Floodwaters) 41!
Primary!Consideration! 41!
The)Approach) 42!
Sediment!Volumes!V!Estimates! 44!
Details!of!Proposal! 45!
Potential)for)Reclamation)Areas) 47!
PROJECT(EVALUATION( 49!
Environmental)Aspects) 49!
Complimentary!Programmes! 50!
Social!Implications! 50!
Economic)Implications) 51!
RECOMMENDATIONS( 52!
REFERENCES( 54!
APPENDIX(A( 56!
APPENDIX(B( 61!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
8!
Introduction(
!
Lagoon(Existing(Environment(
!
The!Segara!Anakan!environs!are!defined!seaward!by!the!island!of!Nusa!
Kumbangan!(Refer!Figure)1),!and!remain!to!this!day!as!the!only!extensive!
lagoon!mangrove!complex!in!Java,!albeit!greatly!reduced!from!about!6,500ha!a!
century!ago.!
!
Although!the!gradual!shrinking!and!inVfilling!of!the!lagoon!caused!by!
sedimentation!is!a!natural!process,!it!has!been!accelerated!by!anthropogenic!
impacts!in!the!upper!catchment!areas!of!the!rivers!which!terminate!in!the!
lagoon1!e.g.!activities!including!extensive!clearing!of!upVcatchment!forests!and!
removal!of!ground!cover.!!!
!
The!SACDP!was!initiated!by!the!ADB!to!ameliorate!these!impacts!on!the!Lagoon!
proper!by!both!engineering!interventions!in!the!now!lowlands!of!the!Segara!
Anakan,!and!management!plans!to!conserve!biodiversity,!and!by!doing!so!attain!
sustainability!in!fisheries!through,!for!example,!mangrove!management.!
!
!
!
!
Figure) 1:! The! Segara! Anakan! and! environs! showing! the! major! engineering! interventions! to! decrease!
siltation!of!the!lagoon.!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1!ADB!Completion!Report,!May!2006.!

!
9!September!2014.!
9!
The!Lagoon!has!continued!in!decline!since!the!conclusion!of!the!SACDP2,!and!
since!the!ADB!final!report!in!2006,!when!the!Lagoon!was!estimated!at!750!ha,!
there!is!now!only!500!ha!remaining.!
!
The!ADB!report!(2006)!concluded!that!the!Lagoon!can!be!expected!to!further!
shrink!until!reaching!some!equilibrium!of!brackish!water!channels!amid!mud!
flats,!and!due!to!the!weak!financial!and!legal!status!of!the!project!management!
agency!(SAPMA),!it!would!be!likely!that!these!mud!flats!would!continue!to!be!
under!pressure!for!wood!harvest!and!conversion!to!agricultural!uses.!The!ADB!
review!mission!(2006)!concluded!that!the!Lagoons!ecological!functions,!
therefore,!can!be!expected!to!be!significantly!reduced!if!not!almost!eliminated!
over!the!next!decade.!
!
Although!what!remains!today!is!a!remnant!of!the!Lagoons!interconnecting!
habitats!obliterated!by!the!ever!expanding!drying!areas!of!the!lowlands,!which!
are!establishing!on!the!sediments!transported!in!flood!waters!from!the!upV
catchment!areas,!conservation!and!rehabilitation!initiatives!should!still!be!
regarded!as!having!a!significant!role!in!influencing!how!the!final!morphology!of!
the!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon!eventuates.!Such!influences!including!mangrove!and!
fisheries!management!plans!(including!aquaculture),!reclamation!of!lowVlying!
areas!(as!proposed!by!YSBS),!and!successive/proposed!dredging!programs!
(SACDP!dredging!program!partly!completed,!and!now!including!low!impact!
small!cutter!suction!plant,!and!changed!tidal!regimes!due!to!proposed!channel!
dredging!in!the!Western!Outlet!–!Plawangan&Barat).!
!
Coastal(Morphology(&(Geology(
!
The!Segara!Anakan!(“Child!of!the!Sea’)!is!a!coastal!lagoon!feature!where,!as!
stated,!the!seaward!land!feature!is!Nusa!Kumbangan!Island.!The!large!swampy!
lagoon!west!of!Cilacap!is!a!southVeast!continuation!of!the!broad!alluvial!plain!of!
Citanduy3.!It!is!surrounded!by!the!estuaries!of!CitanduyVCibereum!and!Donan!
Rivers,!and!sheltered!by!Nusa!Kambangan!from!the!waves!and!currents!of!the!
Indian!Ocean.!The!river!silt!loads!continue!to!dominate!lagoon!changes!and!their!
deposition!is!causing!a!narrowing!and!shallowing!of!the!lagoon.!The!tide!affected!
lowland!is!swampy,!crisscrossed!by!tidal!channels!underlined!by!alluvium!and!
swamp!sediments!consisting!of!clay!and!silt!mixed!with!organic!materials4!!
(≈!97%!<63µm5).!
!
The!Segara!Anakan!catchment!area!forms!the!lower!end!of!the!Citanduy!valley!
which!extends!from!the!Sidareja!Lowlands!and!the!origin!of!Cijulang!River!in!the!
west!to!the!headwaters!of!Jeruk!Legi!River!in!the!east,!and!from!the!headwaters!
of!the!Cihaur!River!in!the!north!to!Nusa!Kumbangan!in!the!south.!The!
topographic!and!physiographic!characteristics!of!the!catchment!area!are!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2!Above!n!1.!
3!White,!Martosubroto!&!Sadora!(1989),!p5.!
4!Rahardjo!1980.!
5!Above!n1.!

!
9!September!2014.!
10!
encompassed!by!the!lagoon!and!environs,!which!cover!about!32,500!ha!of!
Sidareja!east!and!63,500!ha!of!the!north!area.!The!lagoon!principally!collects!the!
runoff!and!inflowing!water!from!the!Citanduy/Ciseel!River!Basin6!(Refer!Figure)
27).!
!
!
!
Figure)2:!The!Citanduy!and!Segara!Anakan!catchment!area,!showing!mean!annual!rainfall!(mm)!for!period!
1915!–!1984!(ECI!1987).!
!
The!coastline!and!catchment!of!the!Segara!Anakan!lie!within!the!zone!of!collision!
between!the!IndianVAustralian!and!EuroVAsian!tectonic!plates8,!and!in!being!so!
located!is!contiguous!with!the!Java!Trench!where!there!are!areas!of!subduction!
south!of!the!Java!Trench,!while!immediately!north!of!the!Java!Trench!uplifting!
and!buckling!of!the!coastline!occurs,!along!with!an!associated!rim!of!active!
volcanoes!(as!part!of!the!so!named!Rim&of&Fire).!
!
It!is!in!mapping!of!the!Bouger&Gravity&Anomaly&that!the!subsurface!regional!
structure!beneath!Central!Java!is!evident!(Refer!Figure)39).!The!orogenic!belts!as!
shown!in!this!image!(Refer!Figure)3)!indicate!the!dynamics!of!the!coastline!in!
this!location!where!the!tectonic!plates!collide!and!produce!different!rock!
densities.!
!
Most!of!the!geologic!units!in!the!Citanduy!River!basin!are!composed!of!volcanic!
material,!whether!the!direct!action!of!volcanic!activity,!eroded!and!reVdeposited!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6!Above!n3,!p8.!
7!Above!n!3,!reproduced!Figure&2.3&p8!(ECI!1987).!
8!Indriana,!Brotopuspito!&!Nukman!(2006).!
9!Indriana,!Brotopuspito!&!Nukman!(2006),!reproduced!!Figure&1&p4.!

!
9!September!2014.!
11!
!
!
!
Figure)3:!Bouger&Gravity&Anomaly&mapped!by!Indriana!et&al&(2006)!showing!Nusa!Kumbangan!on!the!near!
lower! central! left! of! image! and! showing! the! ‘barrier’! between! the! collision! of! the! IndianVAustralian! and!
EuroVAsian! tectonic! plates:! this! area! of! dynamic! coastal! processes! is! captured! in! the! gravity! anomaly!
produced!by!variations!in!rock!density!in!these!orogenic!belts!where!the!terrain!effect!has!been!eliminated!
(the!gradient!of!gravity!measured!in!mGals/m,!where!g!z!is!the!vertical!component!of!the!gravity!field;!note!
the!+/V!and!magnitude!of!gravity!either!side!of!the!Java!Trench).!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
12!
volcanic!sediments,!or!weathered!volcanic!products10.!In!the!CiseelVLower!
Citanduy!SubVbasin,!young!volcanic!products,!which!comprise!about!7,500!ha!are!
scattered!along!the!west!side!of!the!basin.!This!reflects!the!underlying!geology!
described!above.!
!
Specifically,!Mt.!Galanggung!is!a!major!active!volcano!in!the!Citanduy/Segara!
Anakan!lagoon!catchment!north!west!of!Tasikmalaya.!When!it!last!erupted!in!the!
period!leading!up!to198411!(Refer!Figure)4),!it!was!estimated!that!up!to!250mm!
of!ash!fell!over!a!95,000ha!area!of!the!catchment!(≠23.5M.m3!of!volcanic!
sediment).!In!total,!it!was!estimated!that!sediment!volcanic!material!ejected!from!
this!eruption!was!370!M.m3,!and!such!amounts!of!mostly!unconsolidated!
materials!would!be!expected!to!be!soon!accumulated!as!bed!loads!in!drainage!
lines!and!streams.!Mobilisation!of!these!sediments!on!the!mountain!sides!has!
continued!since!then!in!the!flood!waters!of!the!wet!seasons,!eventually!reaching!
the!lagoon.!
!
!
!
!
Figure)4:!The!first!historic!eruption!of!Mt.!Galanggung!was!in!1922.!Since!then!the!volcano!has!erupted!4!
times,!most!recently!in!the!period!1982!V!1984.!In!1984!the!eruption!columns!photographed!here!reached!
heights!of!24!km.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10!PRC/ECI!report!(1980).!
11!Lubis!(2003).!

!
9!September!2014.!
13!
Mangrove(Ecology(
!
The!Segara!Anakan!ecosystem!is!made!up!of!a!variety!of!habitats,!which!can!be!
broadly!categorized!as:!mangrove,!saltwater!marshes,!interVtidal!mudflats,!and!
open! water! (Refer! Figure) 5).! It! is! their! interconnectivity! that! underpins! the!
biodiversity!of!the!Segara!Anakan,!an!important!measurement!of!environmental!!
‘health’,!and!supports!species!ranging!from!terrestrial!to!marine!coastal!(near!&!
off!shore),!this!in!turn!providing!opportunities!for!commercial!exploitation!while!
concurrently!providing!food!security!on!a!neighbourhood!to!regional!scale.!
!
!
!
Figure)5:!The!remaining!system!of!narrow!and!increasingly!shallow!channels,!which!was!once!open!waters!
of!the!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon.!The!bent!channel!remaining!includes!the!area!which!was!dredged!circa.&1999.!
As!at!2003!these!now!vegetated!areas!were!predominantly!the!mangrove!Sonneratia&alba.!
!
In!the!ADB!appraisal12!it!was!estimated!from!time!series!remote!imagery!that!the!
Lagoon!would!be!completely!filled!by!2015!(Refer!Figures)6)&!7)!although!
recent!imagery!does!not!support!this!conclusion!(Refer!Figure)5)–!Image!Google&
Earth&2014).!It!also!important!to!note!the!changes!in!land!use!with!the!infilling!of!
the!Lagoon,!(Refer!Figure)813)!as!anthropogenic!exploitation!become!increasingly!
important!in!areas!which!were!mapped!as!mangrove!conservation!areas!in!
199914,!and!then!the!relationship!between!mangrove!conservation!areas!with!
actual!areas!in!subsequent!land!use!mapping!2006!(Refer!Figure)9).!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
12!Above!n!1.!
13!Ardli,!E.R.!&!Wolff,M.!2005.!
14!Above!n!1.!

!
9!September!2014.!
14!
!
Mapping!in!the!neighbourhood!of!Kecamatan!Panikel!(Refer!Figures)10)&!11)!is!an!
area!where!the!boundary!of!rice!fields!to!mangrove!has!not!altered!from!2006!–!
2014.!This!situation!of!stable!boundaries!with!mangrove!areas!is!recent!with!the!
history!of!the!lagoon!being!an!inverse!relationship!between!increasing!
agricultural!areas!to!mangrove!areas!i.e.!In!1978!there!was!approximately!17090!
ha!of!mangrove!with!no!significant!development!of!rice!fields!followed!by!a!
period!of!expansion!where!in!2003!both!mangroves!and!rice!fields!covered!about!
the!same!area!approximately!9000!ha.!Further!non!rice!field!development!
including!aquaculture,!industry,!rural!settlement,!dry!land!agriculture,!did!not!
significantly!change!the!extent!of!the!converted!mangroves!area!as!mangrove!
colonized!new!land!(tana&adat)!formed!by!the!now!rapid!infilling!of!the!Lagoon!
e.g.!from!1995!to!2003!the!mangrove!area!converted!into!land!use!excluding!rice!
fields!was!450.5!ha,!while!at!the!same!time!new!mangrove!areas!of!about!776.5!
ha!became!established15.!!
!
Concurrent!with!expansion!of!agricultural!and!other!activities!in!the!tana&adat&
was!accelerated!immigration!of!farmers!wanting!to!exploit!these!new!areas,!and!
this!influx!significantly!increased!the!population!of!the!area.!The!rate!of!the!
population!growth!at!the!Segara!Anakan!in!2006!was!about!2.4%!per!year.!!
!
In!general,!the!rate!of!mangrove!conversion!declined!from!the!period!1987V1995!
to!1995V2003!(Refer!Figure)1216),!from!a!rate!of!V3.4%!per!year!to!only!V1.4%!per!
year.!It!can!be!assumed!that!this!decline!resulted!(at!least!in!some!part)!from!the!
projects!CRMP!and!SACDP!conducted!in!the!Segara!Anakan!where!the!
significance!of!the!lagoon!mangrove!to!fisheries!was!promoted!in!educational!
materials!e.g.!posters!in!government!offices,!schools!and!villages.!The!
significance!of!the!mangrove!areas!being!in!their!ecological!functions!including!
providing!important!fisheries!habitat!where!they!provide,!for!example,!nursery!
areas!for!species!of!prawn17.!
Fisheries(
!
A!comprehensive!review!was!performed!by!Dr!Richard!Dudley18!as!part!of!the!
ADB’s!SACDP!review!of!the!significance!of!the!Segara!Anakan!mangrove!areas!
providing!habitat!for!commercially!important!fisheries!species.!Dudley!(2000)!
summarises!the!SACDP!project!goals!thus:!
!
It&is&the&overall&goal&of&fishery&management&in&Segara&Anakan&to&&
a)&provide&sustainable&fish&and&shrimp&catches&in&Segara&Anakan,&and&&
b)&provide&sustainable&catches&of&coastal&shrimp&and&fish&dependent&on&Segara&
Anakan.&
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15!PhD!Thesis!Erwin!Riyanto!Ardli!(2008)!
16!Above!n!5.!
17!Dudley!R.!(2000)!Fisheries!report!to!the!SACDP.!
18!Above!n!7.!

!
9!September!2014.!
15!
!
)
Figure)6:!Landsat!MSS!image!of!Segara!Anakan,!Cilacap!Indonesia,!acquisition!date!25V04V!
1978,!path/row!(129/065).!
!
)
Figure)7:!Landsat!TM!image!of!Segara!Anakan,!Cilacap!Indonesia,!acquisition!date!22V06V!
2001,!path/row!(121/065).!

!
9!September!2014.!
16!
!
!
Figure) 8:! Reduction! in! open! water! extent! and! temporary! and! spatial! conversion! of! mangrove! forest! of!
Segara!Anakan!since!1978!(a);!1987!(b);!1995!(c);!and!2003!(d).!!
!
!
Figure)9:!Land!use!!map!as!at!2006!for!Segara!Anakan!Lagoon.!Note:!Areas!so!mapped!as!mangrove!and!rice!
field!contiguous!with!the!northern!central!area!of!the!lagoon!are!largely!unaltered!as!at!2014.!

!
9!September!2014.!
17!
!
!
Figure)10:!Google!Earth!image!of!neighbourhood!of!Panikel!showing!mangrove!boundaries!as!at!this!2014!
image.!
!
!
!
!
Figure) 11:!Enlargement!of!land!use!map!(Refer!Figure) 6)!showing!mapped!boundary!of!mangrove!as!at!
2006.!
!
!
!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
18!
!
!
!
!
!
Figure)12:!Ratios!between!total!mangrove!to!rice!fields,!and!between!other!non!rice!activities!in!the!Segara!
Anakan.!
!
&
Three&serious'issues&face&the&Segara&Anakan&fishery:&&
a)&mangrove&habitat&destruction,&
b)&disappearance&of&the&Segara&Anakan&lagoon,&and&&
c)&the&continued&growth&of&the&villages&in&the&area&so&that&there&are&more&houses,&
roads,&tambaks,&and&people&who&compete&for&decreasing&resources.))
)
Dudley!(2000)!concludes,!however,!that!with!the!decreasing!area!of!Lagoon!
mangrove,!coupled!with!the!increasing!population,!that!the!amount!of!resource!
(fish!and!shrimp)!available!on!a!per&capita&basis!was!reducing!rapidly.!The!focus!
of!this!work!was!to!establish!the!significance!of!different!commercial!species!in!
the!Lagoon!and!coastal!areas,!and!indeed!what!role!the!mangrove!played!on!a!
situational!basis.!Dudley!(2000)!then!establishes!that!one!of!the!fundamental!
programs!to!support!the!fishery!was!the!initiation!of!a!mangrove!protection!and!
rehabilitation!program.!Hence!Dudley’s!review!(2000)!concluded!that!there!is!a!
direct!significance!between!the!extent!of!mangrove!areas!to!fisheries!production!
in!the!Segara!Anakan,!and!any!projects/activities!which!impact!the!mangroves!
must!acknowledge!the!significance!of!this!fisheries!component,!albeit!that!he!
also!links!the!extent!of!mangrove!with!the!size!of!the!Lagoon!remaining!i.e.!open!
water!areas.!
!
Dudley!(2000)!compares!several!local!prawn!fisheries!by!species!%!caught,!
including!prawn!fishing!grounds!east!and!west!of!the!Lagoon!(Refer!Figure)13)!e.g.!
PPNC!(shrimp!catches!from!larger!trammel!net!boats!in!Port!of!Cilacap!nearest!to!
the!eastern!extent!of!the!Segara!Anakan)!&!Pangandaran.!What!is!of!interest!here!
is!that!the!prawn!fishing!grounds!associated!with!the!eastern!areas!of!the!Lagoon!
are!considerably!more!productive!than!at!the!nearest!fishery!to!!

!
9!September!2014.!
19!
!!
Figure) 1319:! Shrimp! species! composition! data! for! specific! landing! sites! based! on! observations! at,! and!
reported!catch!data!from,!each!location.!In!recent!years!catch!of!!M.&dobsoni&has!diminished.!Few!shrimp!
were!located!at!Sentolokawat!in!1999!–!2000.!! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
19!Above!n!17!reproduced!Figure&5&&p14!

!
9!September!2014.!
20!
!
!
!
Table)120:!List!of!common!shrimp!species!encountered!in!the!Cilacap!area.!Also!indicated!is!whether!the!
species!was!found!in!catches!from!Segara!Anakan,!the!probability!of!use!of!Segara!Anakan,!and!the!coastal!
fishery!landing!sites!where!the!species!is!common.!Probability!of!use!is!based!on!our!observations!and!on!
several!literature!sources.!The!landing!site!Tegal!Kati!Layu!has!a!catch!composition!similar!to!that!at!
Lengkong.!
!
the!immediate!west!i.e.!near!the!Western!Outlet!(Refer!Figure)13).!And!of!
particular!note!is!the!Segara!Anakan!species!composition!where!few!prawns!of!
the!common!species!!!P.&elegans,&P.&merguiensis&and!P.&indicus&are!found!in!
fisheries!associated!with!the!Western!Outlet!(Refer!Figure)14).!This!is!contrary!to!
the!prawn!species!catch!at!the!eastern!entrance!to!the!Segara!Anakan!in!the!
Cilacap!Harbour!(PPNC)!where!,&P.&merguiensis&and!P.&indicus&are!noted!for!their!
abundance!and!role!in!this!fishery!(Refer!Table)1)!as!‘Category!3’!i.e.!Regularly!
encountered!in!large!numbers!at!landing!sites.!Dudley!(2000)!surmises!that!
because!of!this!catch!relationship,!that!the!harvest!of!shrimp!juveniles!in!the!
Lagoon!would!very!likely!have!an!adverse!effect!on!coastal!catches!on!these!
species!at!PPNC!and!Sidakaya;!but!the!contrary!holds!also!that!harvest!of!shrimp!
juveniles!in!the!Lagoon!proper!to!the!west!would!not!significantly!affect!catches!
at!Pangandaran!i.e.!there!is!a!weak!association!between!nursery!areas!in!the!
areas!associated!with!the!open!water!of!the!Lagoon!and!the!fisheries!adjacent!to!
the!Western!Outlet.!!
!
Dudley!(2000)!acknowledges!this!situation!where!he!states21:!
!
Interrelationships between the Segara Anakan fishery and the coastal fishery (e.g.,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20!Above!n!17!reproduced!Table&1&&p7!
21!Above!n!17!S2.2!p6.!

!
9!September!2014.!
21!
the fisheries outside Segara Anakan) are limited to shrimp and selected species of
fish. It should be mentioned here that the dependence of coastal fisheries on Segara
Anakan has been overstated in past reports, though it is very likely that this
dependency was greater in the past when the lagoon was several times larger. Direct
dependency of the coastal fishery on the lagoon concerns species of shrimp that use
the lagoon as a nursery area. The extent of this dependency is related to the extent to
which these lagoon dependent species use Segara Anakan as a nursery to the
exclusion of other nursery areas. That is, if Segara Anakan is the only nursery then
lagoon dependent species of shrimp would be 100 percent dependent on Segara
Anakan. On the other hand, if these same species can use other estuarine and
coastal inshore nursery areas, then dependency on the lagoon is less important.
!
Now!acknowledging!that!this!situation!could!have!been!different!in!the!past,!the!
situation!as!at!2000!was!that!the!Lagoon,!and!associated!mangrove,!was!not!the!
only!nursery!area!for!coastal!prawn!fisheries,!although!it!can!be!inferred!that!
there!is!a!strong!relationship!between!mangrove!nursery!areas!in!the!mangrove!
deltas!of!the!eastern!part!of!the!Lagoon!i.e.!already!inVfilled!section!of!the!broad!
alluvial!plain!of!Citanduy,!and!coastal!fisheries!as!at!PPNC.!
!
Significance(of(Mangrove(Areas(to(Fisheries(
!
The!inference!that!the!Lagoon!extent!is!directly!associated!with!fisheries!has!two!
major!components!i.e.!!(i)!the!assertion!that!mangrove!associated!with!lagoon!
open!water!is!a!fundamental!factor!in!prawn!fisheries!production!through!
providing!such!nursery!areas;!and!(ii)!the!large!expanse!of!water!decreases!the!
‘effectiveness’!of!various!fishing!apparatus!(apong!–!tidal!bag!nets).!Now!the!
decrease!in!fishing!apparatus!effectiveness!is!self!evident,!but!the!mangrove!
functionality!being!enhanced!when!associated!with!an!extent!of!open!water!in!
the!lagoon!is!not!as!‘straight!forward’!as!it!was!considered!in!2000.!
!
Saenger!et&al&(2012)22!summarises!the!now!current!considerations!of!the!!
functionality!of!mangroves!in!fisheries!conservation!and!management!thus:!
!
The''single'habitat''approach''
&
One&further&difficulty&is&that,&until&recently,&most&attempts&to&identify&'nursery'&
habitats&have&relied&on&a&'single&habitat'&approach&,&in&which&a&single&structural&
habitat&type&is&sampled,&or&compared&with&another&single&habitat&type.&Thus,&
for&example,&mangroves,&seagrasses,&mudflats&and&creek&banks&have&been&
studied&and/or&compared&as&though&they&are&uniform&habitats&or&biotopes.&&
&
This&difficulty&with&comparisons&arises&because&investigators&have&included&
different&elements&in&their&studies.&Not&all&seagrass&beds&are&equivalent,&
mudflats&significantly&differ&in&their&sedimentological&characteristics,&and&not&
all&mangroves&provide&the&same&goods&and&services.!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
22!P.Saenger,!D.Gartside!&!S.FungeVSmith!(Southern!Cross!University)!Review&of&mangrove&and&seagrass&
ecosystems&and&their&linkages&to&fisheries&and&fisheries&management.!FAO!Report&2012!p10.!

!
9!September!2014.!
22!
What!is!being!highlighted!here!is!that!mangroves!were!being!considered!by!
Dudley!(2000)!as!a!‘universal’!habitat!unit!associated!directly!with!fisheries!
productivity,!and!in!the!Segara!Anakan!this!was!thought!to!be!directly!linked!
with!preservation!of!the!open!water!areas!as!part!of!this!nursery!function.!!
!
Recent!considerations!do!not!support!this!conclusion,!one!which!is!commented!
on!as!becoming!embedded!in!the!literature!as!a!paradigm23!as!evidenced!by!the!
numbers!of!authors!approaching!mangrove!studies!as!nursery!habitat,!around!
the!time!of!Dudley’s!fisheries!investigations.!
!
But!direct!observation!questioned!this!paradigm!where!it!was!in!evidence!that!
mangrove!areas!have!been!destroyed24!and!yet!fisheries!productivity,!as!
measured!by!catch!size/effort!at!village!level,!had!not!changed.!However!the!
offshore!habitats!of!seagrass!meadows!and!coral!reefs!remained!unVimpacted!i.e.!
their!extent!and!complexity!remained!unchanged.!It!follows!that!the!true!
situation!was!far!more!complex!than!the!literature!around!2000!was!suggesting.!
!
Saenger!et&al&(2012)!also!make!these!observations!and!consequently!ask!the!
direct!questions25!in!their!review!of:!
!
Are&there&quantitative&or&qualitative&links&between&changes&in&the&extent&or&
quality&of&mangrove&and&seagrass&areas&and&fish&production&(yield)?&&
&
If&so,&what&is&the&relative&importance&for&fisheries&production&of&qualitative&
aspects&of&mangrove&and&seagrass&habitats&compared&with&the&extent&or&area&of&
these&habitats?&&
!
Studies!in!Moreton!Bay!(SE!Queensland,!Australia)!to!establish!the!functionality!
of!mangrove!fringed!areas!when!considered!in!relationship!with!seagrass!areas26!
showed!that:!!
!
(i) prawn!species!were!significantly!and!consistently!in!greater!numbers!
in!dense!seagrass!proximal!to!mangroves!than!in!other!types!of!
habitat!in!Moreton!Bay;!and!!
!
(ii) 13C!isotope!ratios!studies27!in!fish!feeding!over!mudbanks!in!Moreton!
Bay!to!determine!the!importance!of!carbon!in!transported!materials!
from!a!suite!of!autotrophs!including!seagrass,!seagrass!epiphytic!
algae,!mangroves,!saltmarsh!succulents!and!saltmarsh!grass,!against!
the!contribution!of!carbon!by!in&situ&microphytobenthos!(MPB)!
associated!with!mudflats,!support!the!conclusion!that!foreshore!
habitats!appear!to!have!functional!connectivity!from!the!clayV
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23!Above!n!22!p8.!
24!Pillsworth,!M!(1997)!“Mangrove!Rehabilitation!and!Management!of!the!Luwu!Plains,!Sulawesi”!in!
Investment!Plan!for!the!!!Asian!Development!Bank,!Luwu!Plains,!Sulawesi.!
25!Above!n!22!p4.!
26!Skilleter!et&al&2005.!
27!Melville,!A.J.!&!Connolly,!R.M.!(2005).!

!
9!September!2014.!
23!
pan/saltVmarsh,!through!the!salineVherbland,!Mangal!community,!and!
into!intertidal!mud!banks!and!subtidal!seagrass!areas28!.!
!
It!follows!that!from!the!above!that!mangroves!alone!do!not!provide!‘goods!and!
services’!on!a!unit!of!area!basis,!rather!their!functionality/productivity!
significance!as!nursery!areas!for,!for!example,!prawn!fisheries,!is!dependent!on!
the!interconnectivity!of!an!array!of!habitats,!the!complexity!of!which!underpins!
fish!production!i.e.!yield.!For!such!an!outcome!to!hold!true,!it!then!means!that!the!
mangrove!lined!complex!of!channels!in!the!east!of!the!Segara!Anakan!have!the!
potential!to!support!increased!yield!when!compared!with!the!mangrove!lined!
open!water!Lagoon!areas!of!the!west.!
!
The!questions!which!are!now!posed!include:!!
!
(i) Can!a!new!model!of!fisheries!management!now!conserve/enhance!the!
nursery!areas!in!the!west!of!the!Lagoon!as!the!natural!and!
anthropogenically!accelerated!infilling!of!the!open!water!areas!
continues;!and!!
!
(ii) Does!it!then!follow!that!the!assertion!by!Dudley!(2000)!above!that…!
‘the&continued&growth&of&the&villages&in&the&area&so&that&there&are&more&houses,&
roads,&tambaks,&and&people&who&compete&for&decreasing&resources’!pose!a!
situation!where!this!remains!a!serious!threat!to!the!Segara!Anakan!
fishery!which!can!not!be!managed!at!village!level.!
!
Based!on!the!studies!and!review!of!Saenger!et&al&(2012)&who!conclude!that!the!
functionality!of!mangrove!areas!in!providing!nursery!areas!has!to!include!other!
considerations!which!reflect!the!diversity!of!the!‘nursery!complex’,!and!in!doing!
so!elucidate!fisheries!management!strategies.!Such!strategies!in!turn!can!then!
ensure!sustained!levels!of!fisheries!productivity.!However!in!the!Segara!Anakan!
today,!there!may!be!a!new!paradigm!that!can!be!supported!i.e.!fisheries!
productivity!is!interlinked!with!coastal!catchments!and!would!therefore!have!to!
include!anthropogenic!influences!as!an!integral!part!of!a!set!of!management!
options,!rather!than!consideration!as!just!a!stand!alone!serious!threat.!
!
Saenger!et&al&(2012)!conclude:!
!
The&study&also&provided&an&opportunity&to&determine&the&relative&importance&
of&estuarine&processes&(particularly&freshwater&mixing)&and&mangroves&on&the&
nursery&function.&
&
In& summary,& it& is& clear& from& these& studies& that& mangrove& habitats& provide&
structure&that&shelters&from&predation,&food&sources&and&physical&properties&of&
light&and&shade,&that&support&juveniles&of&fish&species,&and&to&that&extent,&act&
as&important&juvenile&habitat.&In&making&this&general&conclusion,&however,&it&
must& be& remembered& that& many& of& the& responses& were& different& between&
different& fish& and& shrimp& species,& and& for& specific& species& environmental&
attributes& other& than& mangrove& structures,& such& as& fluctuations& in& and&
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
28!Pillsworth,!M.!2014.!

!
9!September!2014.!
24!
absolute&values&of&salinity,&water&temperature&and&oxygen&content,&could&be&
more&important&in&determining&fish&assemblages&or&abundances.&
&
From!the!studies!reviewed!(Saenger!et&al&2012)!it!indicated!that!penaeid!shrimp!
standing!stocks!(yields)!are!in!particular!correlated!with!intertidal!vegetation!e.g.!
seagrass,!and!mangrove!areas!or!length)of)mangrove)shoreline.!
!
Key!outcomes!of!this!review!include:!
!
(i) Although!statistically!significant!relationships!between!some!species!and!
mangroves!have!been!demonstrated,!the!assumption!of!direct!subsidy!via!
mangrove!detritus,!(which!is!the!central!tenet!of!the!'Florida!model'),!
remains!unconvincing,!
!
(ii) !Whilst!the!role!of!the!structured!habitat!provided!by!mangroves!appears!
to!be!increasingly!significant.!There!are,!however,!increasing!questions!
about!the!validity!of!correlative!studies!in!elucidating!causal!linkages!
between!fish!production!and!mangrove!area.!!
!
(iii) Shrimp!yield!is!most!strongly!related!to!the!tidal!amplitude.!In!turn,!this!
finding!suggested!that!shrimp!catch!is!influenced!by!the!amount)of)
intertidal)area)available)and)not)merely)by)the)area)of)mangroves.)!
!
However,!this!situation!should!not!be!oversimplified!as!recent!research!shows!a!
direct!relationship!between!primary!productivity!of!mangrove!and!availability!of!
freshwater29.!Then!the!role!of!infauna!within!the!mangrove!must!be!considered!as!it!
is!becoming!apparent!that!mangrove!productivity!and!effects!on!near!shore!
marine!assemblages!was!due!to!additions!to!the!carbon!budget!of!estuaries!and!
embayments!!e.g.!Sesarmid!crab!mangrove!leaf!predation!and!export!of!
Particulate!Organic!Carbon!(POC!–!materials!of!plant!and!animal!origin!
suspended!in!the!water!e.g.!faecal!matter!from!crab!spp.),!sustaining!the!
microbial!food!chain!and!nutrient!regeneration!rather!than!particulate!food!
chain!directly.!
!
Saenger!et&al&(2102)30!concludes!that!no!significant!relationship!was!noted!between!
shrimp!catch!and!relative!mangrove!area.!Stable!isotope!studies!support!this!view!
and!have!shown!that!the!proportion!of!mangrove!matter!used!as!food!for!shrimps!
declines!farther!offshore,!where!phytoplankton!and!microalgae!form!the!bulk!of!a!
shrimp!diet.!
!
Now!in!relating)this)to)the)current)situation)in)the)Segara)Anakan)lagoon,!it!
would!appear!that:!
!
(i) The!prawn!fishery!nursery!areas!are!potentially!extensive!and!complex!in!
the!eastern!portion!of!the!Segara!Anakan!in!the!already!infilled!portion!of!
the!Citanduy!valley;!
!
(ii) This!complex!to!the!east!would!provide!considerable!length!of!mangrove!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
29!Above!n!28.!
30!Above!n!22!p!28.!

!
9!September!2014.!
25!
shoreline!and!significantly!more!than!the!mangrove!fringe!of!the!Lagoon!
proper;!
!
(iii) Due!to!the!length!of!mangrove!and!cyclic!changes!in!tidal!amplitude,!the!
tidal!areas!so!existing!would!then!afford!a!complex!array!of!abiotic!
conditions!e.g.!fluctuating!water!temperature,!oxygen!concentrations!and!
osmotic!regimes,!that!would!favour!different!species!including!prawn!
and!in!doing!so!alter!predation!pressures!and!enhance!feeding!
opportunities;!and!
!
(iv) The!complexity!of!the!Mangal!community!can!physically!exclude!the!use!
of!fishing!apparatus!in!the!intertidal!areas!e.g.!apong,!and!although!the!
fishing!effort!may!not!change!across!the!Segara!Anakan,!the!efficiency!of!
the!fishing!gear!would!lessen!proportionately!with!increasing!complexity!
of!the!fishery!(prawn)!habitat.!
!
It!follows!that!the!most!significant!strategy!to!enhance!prawn!production!in!
commercial!fisheries,!which!are!dependent!on!the!Segara!Anakan!as!nursery!areas,!
would!be!to!restrict!the!use!of!fishing!gear!such!as!the&apong,!or!even!a!total!ban.!
!
Dudley!(2000)!acknowledges!the!commercial!significance!of!fishing!effort!in!the!
Lagoon!and!suggests;!
!
Harvest of shrimp juveniles in the lagoon very likely has an adverse effect on coastal
catches of Penaeus merguiensis and Penaeus indicus at PPNC and at Sidakaya. An
approximate analysis of this question indicates that complete closure of the lagoon
shrimp fishery would yield a net increase in the overall value shrimp fishery of
between 300 and 1,000 million rupiah per month. To maintain or increase the catch
and value of these species also requires the protection and rehabilitation of mangrove
and lagoon nursery habitat.
!
Species!which!are!found!only!in!the!Lagoon!e.g.!Metapenaeus elegans, would!need!
to!be!reviewed!to!determine!sustainability!of!this!food!source!and!appropriate!
fisheries!management!strategies!so!devised!e.g.!specifications!to!fishing!gear!(net!
sizes),!no!fishing!zones,!no!fishing!times,!while!others!which!have!considerable!
commercial!interest!e.g.!Penaeus&monodon,!should!have!a!fishing!ban!with!a!view!
to!harvesting!as!brood!stock!for!prawn!aquaculture!(site!determined!system!
known!generically!as!‘empang&parit’)!and!hatcheries.!
)
But! any! review! of! the! Segara! Anakan! as! providing! nursery! habitat! for! prawn!
species!must!consider!that!the!mangrove!is!fundamental!to!fisheries!productivity!
through!affording!those!attributes!as!outlined!above,!and!a!functional!width!for!
mangrove! was! determined! as! 50! m! in! previous! studies31.! One! caveat! will! be!
however!that!it!will!be!crucial!to!manage!any!chemical!(pesticide!&!herbicide),!
hydrocarbon! or! heavy! metal! runoff! from! agricultural/industrial! areas!
contiguous32.!
!
The!situation!in!the!Segara!Anakan!today!is!one!where!ongoing!infilling!of!the!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
31!Pillsworth,!M.!(1997).!Mangrove!Rehabilitation!and!Management!Plan!(MRMP)!ROI!!
32!Clark,!M.!et&al&(1997)!

!
9!September!2014.!
26!
Lagoon!continues!and!open!water!areas!are!diminishing!rapidly!i.e.!rapidly!
increasing!tana&adat.!If!the!complexity!of!the!eastern!areas!of!the!Lagoon!are!the!
ecological!future!of!the!western!areas,!then!with!conservation!strategies!that!
include!anthropogenic!activities!in!the!so!formed!lowland!then!a!new!horizon!of!
fisheries/agricultural!balance!can!be!strategized.!As!eastern!areas!of!the!Lagoon!
appear!to!be!more!productive!owing!to!the!creation!of!a!mangrove!complex!
through!infilling,!and!which!affords!the!above!conditions!to!support!nursery!
areas,!then!a!positive!enhancement!to!food!security!and!commercial!
opportunities!in!the!Segara!Anakan!and!associated!offshore!fisheries!areas!
should!eventuate.!
Past(Management(Proposals(
!
A! situation! such! as! that! outlined! above! was! described! by! White! et& al& (1989)!
when!assessing!Coastal!Resource!Management!(CRM)!strategies!for!the!Segara!
Anakan,! where! it! states! that! to! extend! the! life! of! the! Lagoon,! based! on!
engineering! studies,! that! agitation! dredging,! conventional! dredging! and!
enhanced! flushing! as! the! most! economically! viable! options33.! But! White! et& al&
(1989)!note!that!such!engineering!initiatives!would!be!a!subset!of!the!ongoing!
infilling!of!the!Lagoon!and!state!that!the!Lagoon!will!continue!to!shrink!in!size!
until!some!equilibrium!state!is!reached.!This!infers!that!the!Segara!Anakan!CRM!
study34!accepts! that! the! impacts! from! the! catchment,! both! natural! and! of!
anthropogenic!origin,!will!eventually!overwhelm!any!engineering!interventions!
and!offer!that!the!‘new’!scenario!which!eventuates!would!be!quite!different!from!
that! existing! in! the! present! Lagoon! (1989)! i.e.! in! most! probability! being! the!
eventual!outcome.!
!
The! SACDP!did!not!recognize!this! as!a!legitimate!summary!of!the!situation! as!
Dudley!(2000)!outlines!in!the!serious!threats!to!the!project,!rather!the!decrease!
in! the! lagoon! extent! was! seen! to! be! a! fundamental! factor! in! conservation! of!
fisheries.! But! as! stated,! the! prevailing! paradigm! at! that! time! regarding! the!
functional!role!of!mangrove!in!fishery!conservation!supported!such!a!conclusion.!
!
It! should! be! mentioned! also! that! with! delays! in! the! implementation! of! the!
dredging! program35,! that! by! 2001! the! dredging! program! methodologies! were!
fundamentally! compromised! by! these! delays! i.e.! areas! for! disposal! of! dredge!
spoil!were!insufficient!to!contain!such!volumes!now!existing!in!areas!so!designed!
to!be!dredged,!without!any!consideration!of!budget!constraints.!!
!
Other!areas!were!proposed36!37!for!dredge!spoil!placement!but!assessed!by!the!
ADB!review!mission!as!being!unacceptable!as!they!compromised!the!objectives!
of!the!SACDP!!(See!p14!above)!i.e.!mangrove!conservation!was!the!paramount!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
33!Above!n!3!p75.!
34!Above!n!3.!
35!Above!n!1.!
36!Pillsworth,!M.!(2001)!Special!Dredging!report!Component!A!–!modified!disposal!areas.!
37!Pillsworth,!M.!(2002)!Environmental!Management!Plan!V!dredging!and!disposal.!

!
9!September!2014.!
27!
objective!in!these!areas.!!
!
After!review!by!the!SACDP,!other!dredge!spoil!disposal!areas!were!nominated!for!
dredge! material! placement! at! Klaces! i.e.! Disposal& Areas& Va,! Vb! &! VI,! to!
compliment! areas! north! of! the! lagoon38!(Refer! Appendices) A) &) B).! These! areas!
north!of!the!lagoon!are!now!contiguous!with!this!project’s!areas!for!reclamation!
in! the! Kampung! Laut! and! currently! affected! by! floodwaters,! but! not! in! areas!
mapped!by!the!SACDP!for!mangrove!conservation!(2002)!(Refer!Figure)1).!!!!!
!!
These!areas!in!the!Kampung!Laut!(Refer!Figure)1439)!now!exist!as!low!lying!and!
waterlogged! areas! without! mangrove! colonization! due! to! being! isolated! by!
siltation!from!tidal!influences!i.e.!mangrove!propagules!are!not!transported!back!
this!distance!into!the!low!lands.!
!
!
!
Figure) 14:! Photo! of! representative! waterlogged! area! in! Proyek& Sodetan& di& Pelindukan! proposed! for!
reclamation!by!the!settlement!of!silts!in!floodwaters.!
!
These!areas!(as!proposed!in!2002)!should!now!be!reVassessed!as!reclamation!
areas!by!silt!settlement!from!flood!waters!as!proposed!in!this!project,!as!current!
conditions!of!waterlogging!prevent!agricultural!use!of!these!areas.!Areas!
unsuitable!for!agricultural!reclamation!on!the!fringes!i.e!brackish!water!areas,!
should!then!be!maintained!as!mangrove!areas!which!contribute!to!fisheries!
conservation;!albeit!Mangal!areas!perform!other!functions!as!a!fauna!refuge40,!
and!are!crucial!in!protection!of!foreshores/river!banks!etc.!in!preventing!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
38!Pillsworth,!M.!(2002)!Dredging!SACDP!VEngineers!Estimate.!!
39!As!supplied!by!YSBS!in!2014.!
40!Above!n!15&p35&‘…&loss of the SAL would mean a great loss of a unique ecosystem, and of the diversity of
habitats and species, which will be unrecoverable’.

!
9!September!2014.!
28!
erosion41!.!
!
If!the!previous!dredge!spoil!disposal!areas!are!included!in!the!assessment!of!the!
impacts!of!this!proposed!reclamation!by!settlement!of!silts!from!floodwaters!and!
dredging!of!channels,!then!the!southern!boundaries!as!surveyed!by!the!SACDP!
then!form!the!southern!(lagoon)!boundary!for!this!project!i.e.!in!the!area!
bounded!northVsouth!from!Penikel!to!the!southern!boundaries!of!these!proposed!
dredge!spoil!reclamation!areas!as!in!2002!(Refer!Appendices)A)&)B).!
Present(Management(Projects(
!
The! villagers! in! Pelindukan! have! initiated! diversion! canal/settlement! works!
where!areas!of!low!lying!water!logged!land!have!already!been!reclaimed!by!the!
construction!of!channels,!flood!gates!and!dykes!(bunds)!(Refer!Figures)15)–)20).!
As!is!illustrated!in!the!slides!following!from!the!YSBS!website42!which!describes!!
these!reclamation!works!by!the!villagers,!the!sequence!is!to!build!structures!to!
capture!and!detain!flood!water!with!high!silt!loads,!thus!with!flow!rates!reduced,!
the!suspended!silts!will!then!settle!in!channels!and!over!low!open!areas!(Refer!
Figures) 21) &!22).!It!eventuates!that!with!subsequent!procedures!of!capture!and!
detention!(including!excavation!of!settled!muds!by!villagers)!that!the!silts!build!
to!eventually!result!in!upraised!areas!to!form!dry!land!which!can!be!used!for!
agriculture,!these!areas!are!subsequently!prevented!from!future!flooding!by!the!
construction!of!further!bunds!as!flood!barriers!(Refer!Figure)23).!Flood!Gates!(tidal!
water! barriers)! have! been! installed! to! the! south! of! the! reclamation! area! by! a!
previous! irrigation! project! and! now! complement! reclamation! activities! and!
prevent!brackish!water!incursion/backflow!(Refer!Figure)24).!
!
Areas! being! reclaimed! are! contiguous! with! the! lagoon! end! of! the! SACDP!
constructed!Cimeneng!Diversion,!recalling!that!this!diversion!was!constructed!to!
divert!sediments!entering!the!Lagoon!to!be!in!closer!proximity!to!the!Western!
Outlet!i.e.!to!decrease!sedimentation!in!the!northern!areas!of!the!Lagoon!proper!
circa! 2000! and! decrease! sediment! volumes! becoming! resident! in! the! Lagoon.!
This! engineering! intervention! has! worked! in! some! part,! but! with! little!
maintenance!of!this!channel,!siltation!in!the!channel!now!compromises!flows!and!
flood!waters!overtop!the!levees!and!again!flood!low!lying!areas!either!side!(Refer!
Figures)25)&!26).!The!current!situation!is!that!the!original!profile!of!this!diversion!
channel! at! 60m! width! with! 100m! overflow! has! now! been! greatly! reduced! to!
30m,!and!the!overflow!areas!to!the!embankments!are!now!completely!covered!in!
sediment!up!to!the!original!embankments,!and!these!have!now!been!built!higher!
to! contain! river! flows.! Overall,! the! overflow! areas! are! now! covered! by! 3m! of!
sediment,! and! the! remaining! centre! channel! (thalweg)! is! now! considerably!
shallower! with! sedimentation! of! mainly! sand,! these! deposition! patterns! as!
determined!by!flow!velocities.!The!net!result!is!that!areas!of!rice!production!in!
2005! at! Penikel,! Pelindukan! and! Cibereum! are! now! waterlogged! as!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
41!Above!n!22!p!20!‘…!if mangroves were to be removed, then not only will the channels silt up but up to 50%
less prawn larvae (from the spawning grounds) may be advected into Klang Strait and the loss rate of these larvae
thereafter may double. This should measurably decrease the value of the prawn fishery’.!
42!!http://www.slideshare.net/stephanusmulyadi/ysbsVproyekVpenyudetanVlumpurVpelindukankampungVlautVcilacap!

!
9!September!2014.!
29!
sedimentation!in!the!diversion,!and!lower!in!the!Lagoon,!now!impedes!the!flow!
of!floodwaters.!
!
To!address!this!situation,!and!as!an!integral!part!of!this!agricultural!reclamation!
project! supported! by! YSBS,! a! suction! pump! has! been! deployed! to! ‘win’! these!
sediments! (Refer! Figures) 25) &! 26)! from! the! diversion! channel! during! low! flow!
periods!and!pump!these!muds!to!fields!contiguous!(Refer!Figure) 27).!The!direct!
benefit! of! the! removal! of! sediments! in! the! thalweg,! and! subsequently! the!
overflow,!will!be!the!reinstatement!of!flows!in!the!diversion!thus!reducing!the!
risk!of!flooding!in!low!lying!land!contiguous.!
!
The! silts! ‘won’! from! the! diversion! channel! are! then! pumped! to! bunded! areas!
which!are!vegetated,!hence!erosion!flows!in!the!reclamation!from!the!outflows!
are! minimized.! High! profile! bunded! reclamation! areas! (disposal! areas)! are!
eliminated! along! with! the! hazards! associated! with! deep! storages! of! contained!
dredge! spoil! areas,! procedures! which! are! necessary! with! large! cutter! suction!
dredgers,! for! example.! The! relatively! small! size! of! this! plant! and! pipes! allows!
ready! deployment! over! the! course! of! the! operation,! another! benefit! of! this!
approach! over! commercial! dredgers! as! previously! deployed! in! the! Segara!
Anakan!i.e.!many!smaller!reclamation!paddocks!can!be!accessed!thus!placing!the!
dredged! sediments! more! thinly! over! a! greater! area.! The! mission! review! of!
SACDP! and! the! subsequent! completion! report43!noted! that! dangers! identified!
with!regard!to!the!deep!reclamation!paddocks!at!other!areas!e.g.!Klaces,!needed!
the!villagers!to!accept!responsibility!for!any!human!health!risk.!Such!concern!is!
eliminated!with!a!procedure!such!as!this.!
!
This!forms!a!summary/reference!background!of!the!existing!environment!with!
description! of! works! already! underway,! with! reclamation! initiated! by! the!
villagers! in! Pelindukan! who! have! now! asked! YSBS! to! support! their! diversion!
channel/canals!required!for!conversion!of!low!lying!areas!to!agriculture.!
!
!
!
Figure) 15:! Slide! 1! ‘region’! of! presentation! on! YSBS! reclamation! of! low! lying! water! logged! areas! Dusun!
Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
43!Above!n!1.!

!
9!September!2014.!
30!
(
!
Figure) 16:!Slide!2!‘location’!of!presentation!on!YSBS!reclamation!of!low!lying!water!logged!areas!Dusun!
Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan.!
!
!
)
Figure)17:!Slide!3!‘construction!of!channels’!of!presentation!on!YSBS!reclamation!of!low!lying!water!logged!
areas!Dusun!Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan.!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
31!
!
)
Figure) 18:! Slide! 4! ‘flooding! of! channels’! of! presentation! on! YSBS! reclamation! of! low! lying! water! logged!
areas!Dusun!Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan!
!
!
)
Figure)19:!Slide!5!‘establishment!of!rice!paddies’!of!presentation!on!YSBS!reclamation!of!low!lying!water!
logged!areas!Dusun!Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan.!

!
9!September!2014.!
32!
(
)
Figure)20:!Slide!6!‘volcanic!soils!high!productivity’!of!presentation!on!YSBS!reclamation!of!low!lying!water!
logged!areas!Dusun!Pelindukan,!Desa!Ujung!Galak,!Kampung!Laut,!Segara!Anakan.!
!
Figure)21:!Construction!of!channels!to!allow!floodwaters!with!silt!loads!to!flow!to!reclamation!areas.!

!
9!September!2014.!
33!
!
!
Figure)22:!Silt!profiles!along!channels!illustrating!successive!settlement!events.!
!
!
!
Figure)23:!Final!stage!of!building!bunds!to!flood!proof!now!reclaimed!areas.!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
34!
!
!
Figure) 24:! Existing!gates!to!prevent!brackish!water!incursion!from!the!south!of!Penikel!(49M!0264158!
9157830)!(gates!toward!the!lagoon!49M!0262758!9157233).!
!
!
!
Figure)25:)The!Cimeneng!diversion!immediately!post!construction!showing!the!constructed!profile!in!this!
channel! before! sedimentation! over! successive! wet! seasons! without! maintenance.! The! text! refers! to! a!
flooding!event!on!30!October!2005,!where!in!Sidareja!its!duration!was!7!days,!while!in!Kawunganten!which!
was! associated! with! the! diversion! channel,! the! time! to! recede! was! only! 3! days.! The! photo! shows! the!
constructed! profile,! including! an! area! of! future! sedimentation! across! the! overflow! areas! (100m! width)!
(Refer!Figure)26).!

!
9!September!2014.!
35!
!
!
Figure)26):!The!Cimeng!diversion!today!at!Pelindukan!immediately!upcatchment!of!Pasar!Bugel!where!the!
bridge!is!located!as!shown!in!Figure)25.!
!
!
!
Figure)27:)Floating!pump!used!as!a!‘suction!dredger’!to!‘win’!sediments!from!the!Cimeneng!Diversion!and!
channels.!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
36!
!
!
Figure)28:)Low!impact!polypipe!used!for!pumping!sediments!to!agricultural!areas!distant!to!the!diversion.!
!
!
!
Figure)29:)Low!impact!outflows!of!freshwater!and!silts)from!outlet!to!suction!dredging!operations.!!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
37!
Current(Proposal(
Site(Assessment(
!
A!site!visit!was!performed!on!6!–!8!August!2014!in!the!company!of!Fr.!Charlie!
Burrows!(Chairman!YSBS)!and!representatives!of!Public!Works!&!Waterways.!!
!
The!sites!visited!were!in!Desa!Ujnunggagak,!including!Dusun!Penikel,!Pasar!
Bugel,!Dusun!Pelindukan,!and!Cibereum!in!an!area!past!the!extent!of!the!
Cimeneng!Diversion!southward!towards!the!lagoon!(Refer!Figures)30)&!31),!an!area!
with!tidal!gates!installed!as!part!of!a!previous!irrigation!project!(Refer!Figure)24).!
Areas!between!Penikel!and!the!tidal!gates!gradate!from!functional!rice!
cultivation!to!waterlogged!fields.!At!Pelindukan,!the!villagers!have!already!
initiated!crossVflow!canals!from!the!Cimeneng!diversion!under!the!roadway!of!
the!diversion!channel!bund,!across!the!existing!Citanduy!irrigation!channel,!and!
these!flows!then!directed!through!bunded!canals!into!the!fields!beyond!(Refer!
Figures)32).!
!
!
!
!
Figure)30:!Locations!of!site!inspections!as!determined!by!hand!held!GPS!and!located!on!satellite!
images!(first!site!at!Panikel!not!shown!on!this!image!–!Refer!Figure)31);!Sites!numbered!from!
right!to!left!of!picture!include!areas!(Marker!i)!On!bund/roadway!at!site!of!proposed!cross!
channel!Penikel;!(Marker!ii)!Location!of!a!second!cross!channel!on!dyke!at!Penikel;!(Marker!iii)!
Pelindukan!after!Pasar!Bugel!back!at!bend!in!roadway!near!Cimeneng!diversion!channel;!(Marker!
iv)!Flow!Gates!controlling!brackish!water!incursion;!and!(Marker!v)!Isolated!agricultural!area!
with!mostly!waterlogged!areas!around!and!unsuitable!for!rice!cultivation.!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
38!
!
!
!
!
!
Figure)31:!Locale!of!proposed!reclamation!areas!in!relation!to!remaining!Seraga!Anakan!Lagoon!
open!water!and!mangrove!areas!i.e.!in!Desa!Ujnunggagak,!including!Dusun!Penikel,!Pasar!Bugel,!
Dusun!Pelindukan,!and!Cibereum!in!an!area!past!the!extent!of!the!Cimeneng!Diversion!
southward!towards!the!lagoon.!
! !

!
9!September!2014.!
39!
Figures)32)(aUh):!Images!at!site!inspection!points!in!the!locale!so!defined!in!Figures)30)&)31!V!in!
Desa!Ujnunggagak,!including!Dusun!Penikel,!Pasar!Bugel,!Dusun!Pelindukan,!and!Cibereum!in!an!
area!past!the!extent!of!the!Cimeneng!Diversion!southward!towards!the!lagoon.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(a))Furthest!extent!of!sealed!roadway!into!
the!Kampung!Laut!at!Penikel!with!Cimeneng!
diversion!channel!out!of!view!on!left!hand!
side!of!image!looking!south.!
(b))Roadway!verge!being!cultivated!in!areas!so!
defined!by!the!bund!in!left!hand!side!of!view!
and!the!roadway!where!the!dwellings!are!in!
view.!
(c))Citanduy!irrigation!channel!on!right!hand!
side!of!roadway!as!shown!above!(a)!i.e.!on!
right!hand!side!of!sealed!roadway.!Note:!the!
pathway!as!shown!drops!down!beneath!the!
level!of!the!sealed!roadway!and!any!
overtopping!of!the!diversion!channel!by!
floodwaters!at!this!point!would!cause!
considerable!flood!heights.!

!
9!September!2014.!
40!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(d))Rice!cultivation!constructed!canals!
from!Citanduy!irrigation!channel!with!flow!
control!gates!at!the!location!of!Penikel,!as!
constructed!by!previous!irrigation!project.!
(e))Looking!south!beyond!the!Citanduy!irrigation!
channel!flow!control!gates!with!the!existing!
Lagoon!some!4.5!km!distance!further.!
(f))Waterlogged!area!as!photographed!from!
(Marker!iv)!(Refer!Figure)30)!with!vegetation!
dominated!by!reeds.!

!
9!September!2014.!
41!
!
!
!
!
!
Engineering(of(Floodwaters(
Primary(Consideration(
!
The!reclamation!by!redirecting!silt!laden!floodwaters!through!diversion!canals!is!
primarily!to!elevate!land!which!is!situated!further!away!from!the!diversion!
channel.!If!reclamation!is!staged!north!–!south!(complimented!by!freshwater!
flushing!of!existing!brackish!water!ponding)!the!project!will!elevate!and!drain!
these!areas!starting!from!the!functional!rice!cultivation!areas!in!the!north!of!
Penikel!finishing!at!a!southern!boundary!which!allows!sufficient!width!to!
establish/maintain!a!functional!mangrove!fringe!in!the!Lagoon!remaining.!
(g))Relative!size!of!the!Citanduy!irrigation!channel!
at!Penikel!at!the!end!of!the!sealed!roadway.!
(h))Diversion!channel!being!constructed!at!
Penikel!under!the!unsealed!roadway!at!this!
location!and!the!walls!of!the!crossVchannel!so!
intercepting!low!flows!in!the!Citanduy!
irrigation!channel!and!so!preventing!direct!
flows!further!southward.!This!site!roughly!
delimits!the!upVcatchment!extent!of!the!
proposed!reclamation!areas!to!the!west!of!the!
diversion!channel!and!the!diversion!canal!here!
is!proposed!to!be!approximately!700m!in!
length.!

!
9!September!2014.!
42!
!
!
!
The(Approach(
!
The!fundamental!and!overarching!principles!of!sustainability44!in!projects!such!
as!this,!where!environmental/conservation!issues!are!greatly!diminished!in!the!
background!conditions!of!the!catchment!environment!existing!at!this!location,!
(remembering!that!this!was!fringing!Lagoon!waters!in!the!1980s)!are:!
!
(i) Social!License!–!legitimacy/ownership!of!the!project!after!consultation!
with!the!community!so!impacted/involved;!
(ii) Economic!viability!–!assembling!a!business!model!where!returns!are!
tangible!and!continuing!over!the!life!of!the!project!and!not!driven!by!
income/revenues!from!external!sources!(e.g.!regional!taxes);!and!
(iii) With!full!understanding!of!the!engineering!works,!their!consequences!
on!a!neighbourhood,!regional!and!national!scale.!This!last!
consideration!being!focused!on!conservation!of!habitat!for!
rare/endangered!species,!including!those!that!migrate!along!
international!flyways!(migratory!waders).!
!
Although!not!directly!under!the!control!of!this!project,!emergency!planning!is!
another!consideration!of!importance.!All!stages!of!the!works!should!be!advised!
to!the!emergency!services!coordination!head!office!for!disaster!management!
Cilacap45.!
!
In!the!past!configuration!of!the!Lagoon!before!infilling,!records!from!the!19th!
Century46!indicated!deep!waters!with!coral!reefs!and!open!water!areas!lined!
with!mangroves!(See!above!V!history!of!the!site).!Obviously,!returning!of!the!
ecosystem!to!a!configuration/complexity!is!not!a!viable!option,!when!viewed!on!
the!basis!of!impacts!from!natural!catastrophe!alone.!It!then!follows!that!
acceptance!of!the!infilling!(current!Lagoon!configuration)!is!the!principal!
element!in!future!management/development,!and!beneficial!use!of!the!sediment!
now!existing!across!most!of!the!Lagoon!(in!comparison!with!dredging!and!
disposal!in!dedicated!high!profile!bunded!areas),!and!recognizing!the!significant!
sediment!contribution!from!the!catchment!into!the!future.!!
!
The!SACDP!(2000)!estimated!that!5,000,000m3!of!sediment!enters!the!Lagoon!
from!the!Citanduy!annually,!and!deposition!of!≈!760,000m3!remained.!This!
sediment!deposition!nearer!the!Western!Outlet!then!significantly!influences!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
44!AMDAL!process!and!Equator!Principles!–!K.Spitz!&!Y.Husin(2009)!Mining&Indonesia&2009&Conference:&
Unlocking&Mineral&Potential&(Refer!PS!1!p3)!!The!AMDAL!process!in!Indonesia!is!specifically!mandated!by!the!
newly!approved!Environmental!Protection!and!Management!Law!(Article!22)!dated!8!September!2009!
replacing!Environmental!Law!No.!23!of!1997.!The!Ministry!of!Environment!Regulation!No!08!of!2006!
provides!the!latest!guidance!on!the!AMDAL!process.!!!
45!BPKSA!Segara!Anakan!Area!Management!Agency/BPBD!Badan&Penanggulangan&Bencana&Daerah&
Kapupaten!Cilacap.!
46!Above!n1.!

!
9!September!2014.!
43!
sediment!deposition!from!the!Cimeneng!(diversion!channel).!The!SACDP!(2000)!
estimated!that!the!Cimeneng!and!Cikonde!River!catchments!transported!a!
further!770,000m3!of!sediments!to!the!Lagoon!with!settlement!of!260,000m3!
annually.!From!the!deposition!of!sediment!evident!in!the!Cimeneg!diversion!
channel!and!the!influence!of!the!Citanduy!on!flows/deposition!nearer!the!
Western!Outlet,!some!modification!to!these!estimates!would!be!expected.!
Obviously!the!deposition!in!the!Lagoon!surrounds!from!the!Cimeneng!have!
changed!local!drainage!patterns,!as!villagers!report!that!in!2001!the!rice!fields!in!
Penikel,!Pelindukan!and!Ciberum!were!productive,!as!water!flowed!freely!to!the!
sea!then!and!now!these!areas!are!water!logged!(Refer!Figure)33).!
!
!
!
!
Figure)33:!Land!use!at!position!of!Marker!v!(Refer!Figure)30)!Isolated!agricultural!area!with!
mostly!waterlogged!areas!around!and!unsuitable!for!rice!cultivation.!
!
!
What!is!evident!from!the!amount!of!siltation!in!the!Cimeneng!diversion!channel!
itself!is!that!this!has!reduced!the!amount!of!sediment!reaching!the!Lagoon!since!
about!2000,!and!now!the!situation!is!that!the!capacity!for!this!diversion!channel!
to!detain!sediment!is!now!exhausted!and!overtopping!of!the!bunds/dykes!is!now!
in!evidence.!
!
Where!new!settlements!have!now!been!established!for!the!once!Kampung!Laut,!
this!poses!an!immediate!threat!of!flooding!as!this!diversion!channel!overflows!
and!carries!silts!into!the!areas!contiguous!e.g.!in!the!location!of!Dusun!
Pelindukan!(Refer!Figure)34).!
!
!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
44!
!
!!
!
Figure)34:!Multipurpose!area!behind!dwelling!in!Pelindukan!where!in!one!night!up!to!0.5m!of!silt!was!
deposited!infilling!what!were!fishVponds!in!this!area.!!
(
Sediment(Volumes(Y(Estimates(
!
Without!detailed!survey!and!using!direct!estimates!from!historic!photos!and!
field!measurements!e.g.!water!depth,!the!volumes!of!sediment!in!the!Cimeneng!
diversion!channel!and!overflow!can!be!estimated!thus:!
&
The&width&of&the&siltation&in&the&diversion&channel&is&260m&(100&+&60&+&100);&
The&depth&of&the&sediment&is&estimated&at&3m;&and&
The&length&of&the&deposition&area&is&8.7km.&
!
This!estimates!the!volume!of!deposited!sediment!in!the!diversion!channel!as!
6,786,000m3.!If!this!amount!of!sediment!were!spread!over!waterlogged!areas!
contiguous!with!the!diversion!channel!to!a!depth!of!300mm,!then!2,262!ha!can!
be!raised!and!made!suitable!for!rice!cultivation,!or!at!1.0m!678!ha!is!achievable.!
!
It!would!be!expected!that!the!volume!of!sediment!transported!in!floodwaters!in!
the!Cimeneng!would!be!relatively!constant!as!no!major!project!to!stabilize!the!
sediments!in!the!catchment!has!been!initiated,!disturbance!is!increasing!
proportionately!as!the!population!numbers!increase!in!a!fixed!area!(logarithmic!
growth!now!producing!only!small!increments!of!catchment!disturbance),!and!no!
volcanic!activity!has!occurred!since!1984!i.e.!around!770,000m3!of!silt!is!still!
transported!in!floodwaters!annually.!

!
9!September!2014.!
45!
!
If!it!were!assumed!that!this!total!sediment!load!potentially!could!be!
diverted/detained!and!silts!settled,!then!in!a!best!case!scenario,!around!250!ha!
could!be!covered!to!a!depth!of!300mm.!Over!a!10!year!period!this!would!
represent!the!potential!maximum!elevation!of!approximately!4,762!ha!at!a!depth!
of!300mm.!The!project!has!a!more!realistic!target!of!1,225!ha!(Refer!Figure)35)!V!
Area!1:!225!ha;!Area!2:!400!ha;!and!Area!3:!600!ha).!The!meaning!for!these!
comments!being!that!the!potential!maximum!is!around!4x!the!estimate!for!the!
project!resultant!from!the!configuration!of!diversion/settlement!canals!as!
proposed!and!therefore!seems!reasonable!as!an!achievable!project!target!when!
dredging!of!the!diversion!channel!occurs!concurrently.!
!
But!of!considerable!importance!in!such!a!scenario,!is!that!the!potential!for!
settlement!would!be!reinstated!in!the!8.7!km!length!of!the!Cimeneng!diversion!
channel,!and!siltation!to!the!remaining!Lagoon!could!be!greatly!reduced!for!at!
least!another!10+!year!period!while!greatly!increasing!the!agricultural!output!for!
the!Kampung!Laut.!
!
Details(of(Proposal(
!
The!configuration,!orientation!and!relevant!areas!description!are!detailed!in!the!
‘PROPOSAL’!(Refer!Figure)35!&!Appendix)A)!and!in!broad!over!view!include:!
!
! Area!1!!=!canals!1,2,!&!3!an!area!to!be!reclaimed!of!225!ha;!
! Area!2!!=!canals!8,!9,!10!&!11!an!area!to!be!reclaimed!of!400!ha;!and!
! Area!3!!=!canals!4,5!&!6!an!area!to!be!reclaimed!of!600!ha.!
!
Design!details/estimates47!for!each!canal!are!listed!in!the!PROPOSAL!(Refer!
Appendix)A)–)construction!line!of!canals!that!will!channel!mud!from!the!Cimeneng!River!
diversion)and!with!a!constructed!flood!gate)!as:!
!
Dusun&Panikel&west&(Area!1):!
!
• Canal!1:!Volume!to!be!excavated!(700m!x!2.5m!x!1.5m)!=!2625m3!
!
Dusun&Panikel&east&(Area!2):!
!
• Canal!4:!Volume!to!be!excavated!(3000m!x!3m!x!1m)!!!!!!=!9000m3!
• Canal!5:!Volume!to!be!excavated!(500m!x!2.5m!x!1m)!!!!!=!1250m3!
• Canal!6:!Volume!to!be!excavated!(500m!x!2.5m!x!1m)!!!!!=!1250m3!Canal!4:!!
!
Dusun&Bugel&(Area!3):!
!
• Canal!7:!Volume!to!be!excavated!!!(2000m!x!3m!x!1m)!!!!!=!!6000m3!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
47!Presumed!that!dimensions!have!been!calculated!at!village!level!as!no!survey!has!been!available.!

!
9!September!2014.!
46!
• Location!8:!!!!Flood!Gate!to!flush!brackish!water!from!Segara!Anakan!
• Location!9:!!!!Flood!Gate!to!flush!brackish!water!from!Segara!Anakan!
• Location!10:!!Flood!Gate!to!flush!brackish!water!from!Segara!Anakan!
• Location!11:!!Flood!Gate!to!flush!brackish!water!from!Segara!Anakan!
!
!
!
!
Figure)35:!Proposed!system!of!diversion/detention/settlement!canals!in!Desa!Panikel,!Kampung!
Laut,!Cilacap![Area1!=!canals!1,2,!&!3;!Area!2!=!canals!8,9,10!&!11;!Area!3!=!4,5!&!6]!(Refer!
Appendix!A).!
!
Based!on!these!volumes!for!excavation!above,!and!at!pasar!Bugel!the!further!
need!for!rock!material!to!stabilize!the!roadway!on!bund,!YSBS!has!calculated!
costs!of!same!and!commitment!for!support!has!been!agreed!with!the!Kepala!Desa!

!
9!September!2014.!
47!
Panikel!(Sudarto)!(Refer!Appendix)A)!i.e.!the!project!is!fully!funded,!however!the!
costs!of!the!flood!gates!would!be!extra48.!
!
It!is!important!to!note!that!the!construction!of!diversion!canals!has!already!been!
initiated!at!one!location!in!Penikel!(Refer!Figure)34)(h))!and!that!the!correct!
installation!of!appropriately!designed!flood!gates!will!be!crucial!to!the!safe!
working!of!the!reclamation!canals!system!(Refer!Figure)36)!i.e.!it!will!be!important!
not!to!breach!the!Cimeneng!diversion!channel!without!ensuring!that!the!flood!
gates!are!available!for!timely!installation.!
(
!
!
Figure)36:!An!earth!and!rock!bund!reinforced!with!bamboo!has!been!constructed!on!the!verge!of!
the!Cimeneg!diversion!channel!at!the!location!of!the!dwelling!in!Pelindukan!where!a!canal!for!the!
purpose!of!reclamation!has!been!largely!constructed.!At!this!location,!recent!unmanaged!mud!
deposition!in!river!waters!has!obliterated!small!crops!and!fishVponds!behind!the!house!(Refer!
Figure)34)!and!further!mud!deposition(in!flood!waters!during!the!wet!season!could(present!a!
situation!of!emergency!proportions!when!this!bund!would!surely!fail.!
(
Potential(for(Reclamation(Areas(
!
This!current!proposal!should!be!considered!as!an!initial!stage!to!the!further!
reclamation!of!the!areas!contiguous!with!the!Cimeneng!River.!As!commented!on!
above,!the!southern!boundaries!of!dredge!spoil!disposal!areas,!as!surveyed!by!
the!SACDP!(Refer!Figures)37)&!38).,!then!potentially!form!the!southern!(lagoon)!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
48!Fr.!Charlie!Burrows!pers&comm&advises!that!the!flood!gates!would!be!fabricated!in!his!Cilacap!workshop.!

!
9!September!2014.!
48!
!
!
Figure)37:!Southern!extent!of!the!dredge!spoil!disposal!areas!as!defined!in!survey!by!the!SACDP!
and!determined!as!unsuitable!for!mangrove!rehabiltation.!
!
!
)
Figure)38:!Southern!extent!of!the!dredge!spoil!disposal!areas!represented!as!blue!ovals!
overlayed!on!recent!satellite!imagery.!The!remote!image!gives!an!overall!perspective!of!the!
potential!areas!for!reclamation!i.e.!≈!15,000!ha.! !

!
9!September!2014.!
49!
boundary!for!this!project!i.e.!in!the!area!bounded!northVsouth!from!Penikel!to!the!
southern!boundaries!of!these!proposed!dredge!spoil!reclamation!areas!as!in!
2002!(Refer!Appendices)A)&)B).!This!means!that!only!areas,!which!are!not!suitable!
for!mangrove!rehabilitation,!as!determined!by!the!SACDP,!can!be!reclaimed!as!
agricultural!areas.!
!
One!caveat!however,!the!ongoing!siltation!in!the!Lagoon!from!the!Citanduy!River!
near!the!Western!Outlet,!coupled!with!flood!plain!inputs!including!the!Cimeneng!
River,!have!caused!low!lying!areas!to!become!waterlogged!and!with!a!brackish!
water!influence!nearer!the!Lagoon.!Conversion!to!agricultural!land!will!need!to!
progressively!infill!the!area!with!river!transported!sediments!from!the!Cimeneng!
coupled!with!appropriate!levels!of!freshwater!flushing.!
Project(Evaluation(
Environmental(Aspects(
!
The!Segara!Anakan!lagoon!is!a!feature!of!the!south!coast!of!Java,!which!without!
anthropogenic!activities!in!its!catchment!would!gradually!infill!as!the!result!of!
natural!erosional!influences.!At!present,!the!infilling!of!the!Citanduy!valley!has!
been!continuing!from!east!to!west,!and!recent!volcanic!activity!(Refer!Figure)4),!
along!with!coastal!upwelling!and!buckling!along!the!Java!Trench,!are!geologic!
dynamics!that!dominate!the!underlying!context!of!understanding!the!Cilacap!
coastline!and!specifically!the!Segara!Anakan.!
!
But!it!is!a!question!of!time!horizons,!and!subsequent!opportunities!for!the!
population!there!for!enhancement!of!their!quality!of!life,!that!dominate!any!
engineering!interventions!to!be!considered!at!this!juncture.!In!the!last!two!
decades!of!the!previous!century,!philosophical!considerations!could!embrace!a!
situation!where!population!emigration!to!tana&adat&was!an!option,!but!that!was!
when!the!fishermen!of!the!Kampung!Laut!could!still!fish!as!the!Lagoon!proper!
was!of!sufficient!size!remaining!to!support!it.!!Today,!their!‘family’!traditional!
fishing!grounds!(adat&laut)!are!dry!land,!and!necessity!for!food!now!drives!a!
situation!where!agriculture!is!the!only!immediate!and!economically!feasible!
alternative!to!support!their!quality!of!life.!This!consideration!alone!dominates!
conservation!priorities!within!the!proposed!reclamation!areas,!as!the!Lagoon!
environment!in!this!area!has!been!obliterated!by!infilling!with!catchment!
sediments.!
!
But!the!‘food!security’!anticipated!from!the!development!of!agricultural!areas!
with!reclamation!of!waterlogged!areas!will!be!greatly!enhanced!with!
incorporation!of!programmes!to!enhance!potential!fisheries!nursery!areas!i.e.!
mangrove!nursery!for!propagation!and!replanting!in!strategic!areas,!in!the!
Lagoon!still!remaining.!With!more!recent!recognition!of!the!role!of!mangrove!
areas!in!fisheries!conservation,!the!goals!of!the!previous!SACDP!i.e.!protecting!
Lagoon!nursery!areas,!which!support!commercial!fin!fish!species!and!prawns,!
can!still!be!achieved!in!some!part.!Albeit,!that!the!eventual!stable!configuration!of!
the!lagoon!will!not!include!large!open!areas!of!Lagoon,!rather!an!anastomose!

!
9!September!2014.!
50!
system!of!channels!and!drainage!lines.!The!recent!scientific!literature!supports!
the!notion!that!these!areas!will!continue!to!act!as!nurseries!e.g.!prawn,!and!as!
existing!in!the!eastern!outlet!at!the!Port!of!Cilacap,!will!remain!economically!
viable.!Consideration!will!then!need!to!be!made!for!species!that!are!Lagoon!
specifics!(P.&elegans),!those!that!migrate!out!of!the!Lagoon!to!support!coastal!
fisheries!(PPNC!catches!of!P.&merguiensis&&!P.&indicus),!and!species!that!may!be!in!
decline!at!present!but!may!have!been!important!commercial!species!some!time!
past!(P.&monodon).!However,!netting!of!Lagoon!areas!will!need!to!be!under!a!
strict!strategic!fisheries!management!plan.!
!
Complimentary(Programmes(
!
Following!on!from!the!above,!the!reclamation!of!waterlogged!land!as!detailed!
could!be!greatly!enhanced!by!linking!with!other!programmes/projects!either!
underway!or!being!proposed.!
!
There!is!a!mangrove!nursery,!which!should!be!supported!in!some!part!from!the!
benefits!of!the!reclamation!and!conversion!of!waterlogged!land!into!viable!
agricultural!pursuits.!The!arguments!above!are!unambiguous!in!the!benefits!of!
maintaining/rehabilitating!the!current!fish!nursery!areas!i.e.!mangrove!fringe.!
!
Also,!it!is!fundamental!to!this!EIA!that!the!areas!under!consideration!here!will!
continue!to!be!impacted!by!upVcatchment!activities!e.g.!farming/clearing!causing!
erosion,!although!it!is!not!considered!that!these!will!increase!in!significance.!
Consequently,!beneficial!use!of!sediment!in!the!Cimeneng!diversion!and!those!
carried!annually!to!the!flood!plain,!as!described!above,!will!only!constitute!a!
short!term!relief!programme!to!the!management!of!infilling!of!the!Lagoon!and!so!
need!to!be!supported!by!longer!term!projects!externally!e.g.!catchment!
management!plan.!
!
But!one!component!of!the!programme!that!is!of!major!importance!is!keeping!the!
Western!Outlet!flowing!freely,!and!that!will!mean!annual!dredging.!Recent!
proposals!have!suggested!that!these!‘Segara!Sands’!have!a!commercial!value!in!
being!converted!to!sponge!iron!in!local!furnaces.!It!is!suggested!therefore!that!
this!project!should!be!pursued!vigorously,!as!the!dredging!costs!will!be!offset!by!
this!extraction,!and!rare!earths!also!available!in!the!sediments!may!well!prove!
this!to!be!a!profitable!exercise.!But!the!main!advantage!to!the!Lagoon!is!that!
sediments!entering!will!not!be!impeded!by!shallowing!of!the!tidal!influence!in!
the!Western!Outlet!i.e.!siltation!will!not!change!the!Lagoon!hydrology!and!once!
again!affect!agricultural!lands.!
Social(Implications(
!
When!dealing!with!a!proponent!which!is!a!NGO!such!as!YSBS,!the!social!
component!is!usually!incorporated!from!the!outset/conceptualization!of!any!
project.!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
51!
Any!remuneration!to!villagers!for!works!performed!has!been!agreed!to!with!
Kepala!Desa!Panikel!(refer!Appendix)A).!Such!remuneration!is!to!supply!cost!of!
food!to!villagers!until!the!reclamations!are!completed49.!
!
Fr!Charlie!Burrows!as!the!Chairman!of!YSBS!is!on!excellent!working!terms!
directly!with!the!villagers,!and!much!of!the!proposal!here!has!been!initiated!by!
them!e.g.!villagers!at!Pelindukan.!
!
Economic(Implications(
!
The!aid!programme!able!to!be!administered!by!YSBS!will!bring!wealth!to!the!
villagers!(Refer!Appendix)A!–!PROPOSAL)!in!the!short!term,!while!providing!
agricultural!lands!that!will!support!them!into!the!future.!These!agricultural!
lands50!in!being!transformed!from!waterlogged!areas!which!were!recently!
fishing!ground!of!the!Lagoon!have!increased!significantly!in!value,!thus!adding!a!
long!term!wealth!component!into!the!proposal!e.g.!Villagers!at!Pelindukan!advise!
that!on!a!unit!area!of!land!(UBIN!–!(3.5m!x!3.5m!≈!14m2!);!where!≈!700!UBIN!=!1!
ha)!that!when!land!first!appeared!it!was!worth!Rp!50,000/UBIN,!but!now!with!
rice!this!has!increased!in!value!to!Rp!400,000/UBIN.!
!
In!Pelindukan,!the!first!rice!crop!from!40!ha!was!5t/ha!i.e.!total!of!200t!which!
sold!for!Rp!5,000,000/t.!This!was!augmented!by!small!crops!in!the!500m2!
reserved!around!dwellings!and!often!with!fish!ponds.!As!the!rice!is!a!‘100!day!
crop’!other!small!crops!such!as!dry!season!peanuts,!egg!plant,!melons,!and!soy!
beans!can!be!sown,!this!being!augmented!by!duck!husbandry!and!egg!
production.!
!
One!caveat!however!is!that!where!land!areas!from!siltation!on!the!diversion!
channel!have!been!cultivated,!and!there!would!be!the!loss!of!such!farming!areas!
by!reinstatement!of!the!diversion!channel,!that!there!would!need!to!!compensate!
villagers!involved!in!this!activity!(Refer!Figure)26).!
!
Food!security!for!the!past!fishermen!of!the!Kampung!Laut,!who!now!exist!on!
tana&adat&will!bring!substantial!changes!to!reduction!in!poverty!and!greatly!
change!their!lifestyle!quality.!Diversifying!the!regional!programme!to!include!
fisheries!will!further!enhance!these!initiatives!i.e.!mangrove!fringe!rehabilitation!
to!enhance!prawn!and!commercial!fin!fish!nursery!areas.!!
!
Such!neighbouring!and!complimentary!programmes!i.e.!agriculture!&!fisheries,!
would!be!optimized!by!management!by!a!regional!agency!coordinating!
reclamation!of!land!areas!and!rehabilitation!of!mangrove!areas!concurrently!
until!the!final!configuration!of!the!Lagoon!is!resultant!from!ongoing!siltation,!and!
incorporating!operations!for!the!dredging!of!the!Western!Outlet!i.e.!the!regional!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
49!The payment for each cubic metre of earth to make the canals is only an “incentive” with which the villagers
can buy their family food needs. Fr Charlie Burrows pers comm Grant Application to Rotary International ‘Land
Reclamation Towards Food Security Project’.!
50!Villagers!have!ownership!papers!from!7!years!ago!when!they!applied!to!Government!for!State!Land!with!
no!trees!as!tanah&adat&(Appeared!Land).!

!
9!September!2014.!
52!
agency!would!coordinate!a!Kampung!Laut!rehabilitation!programme!in!the!area!
so!defined!as!the!area!of!the!Kampung!Laut!which!was!once!Lagoon!from!around!
the!period!1984.!
Recommendations(
!
There!are!two!principal!relevant!ADB!projects!in!the!ROI,!which!included!
international!experts!in!mangrove!and!fisheries!conservation,!along!with!
aquaculture,!and!these!are!the!SACDP!and!the!MRMP,!which!now!need!to!be!
revisited.!This!reporting!in!the!periods!1999!–!2003!and!1996!–!1997!
respectively!need!to!be!reviewed!and!augmented!with!Indonesian!research!
since,!with!the!outcomes!to!be!complimentary!to!the!land!reclamation!and!
development!of!agricultural!areas!here!proposed,!and!including:!
!
(i) Formulation!of!advanced!management!strategies!which!encompass!
considerations!that!a!future!viable!fisheries!management!approach!
can!support!coastal/lagoon!fisheries!yield!which!is!economically!
viable!and!sustainable!after!the!new!equilibrium!of!the!anastomose!
system!of!channels!and!drainage!lines!is!established!(modeling!of!
fisheries!yields!to!be!determined!from!accurate!catch!records!which!
will!need!to!be!brought!together!in!a!central!registry!–!GIS);!!!
!
(ii) Determination!of!the!aerial!extent!of!reclamation!for!dry!land!
aquaculture!which!must!include!acceptance!of!an!optimal!mangrove!
intertidal!extent!to!be!conserved/!created/rehabilitated!of!around!
50m!in!substantial!channels,!and!around!20m!in!lesser!drainage!
networks!(mapped!area!plans!need!to!be!produced!with!accurate!
survey);!
!
(iii) A!schedule!of!sediment!sampling!for!contaminants!will!need!to!be!
assembled!and!including!within!waterway!and!in!reclamation!
sediments!(pesticides,!herbicides,!hydrocarbon!&!heavy!metals);!and!!
!
(iv) Project!budget!estimation!and!investment!returns!to!be!accurately!
reported!for!the!‘whole!of!concept’!over!the!lifetime!of!project!
establishment!and!as!determined!in!(i)!and!(ii)!above.!
!
An!overarching!goal!of!the!project!should!be!the!‘ownership’!of!the!project!by!the!
villagers!in!the!Kamung!Laut,!and!local!‘lawful’!implementation!of!the!project!
also!to!be!the!responsibility!of!villagers!with!respect!to!dayVtoVday!management!
(Refer!Appendix)B)–!YSBS!Report&on&meeting&with&Engineers&from&the&Department&of&Rivers&
and&Waterways).!However,!the!long!term!benefits!of!any!activity!in!the!lowland!
reclamation!in!the!Citaduy!valley!will!be!dependent!on!the!implementation!of!
erosion!control!plans!in!the!upper!catchment,!and!any!substantial!investment!in!
the!Segara!Anakan!must!be!cognisant!of!this!ongoing!and!substantial!
anthropogenic!impact.!
!

!
9!September!2014.!
53!
This!desktop!study!&!site!investigations!has!had!the!aim!of!assessing!the!existing!
environment!of!the!Segara!Anakan,!while!investigating!possible!new!models!for!
future!management!based!on!recent!literature!on!fisheries!conservation!and!the!
role!of!mangroves!in!primary!productivity!supporting!near/offVshore!fisheries,!
in!an!holistic!model!without!constraints!other!than!the!siltation!rates!from!up!
catchment!areas51.!
!
It!is!clear!that!the!land!reclamation!programme!should!not!be!conducted!in!
isolation,!and!fish!nursery!area!rehabilitation!(involvement!of!mangrove!nursery!
existing),!aquaculture!(tambak)!and!sand!extraction!(sponge!iron!&!rare!earths!
e.g.!palladium)!need!to!be!brought!together!into!one!management!agency!to!
optimize!the!returns!for!the!villagers!of!the!Segara!Anakan!and!beyond.!
!
The!funding!and!technology!inputs!from!the!NGO!YSBS!supporting!the!villagers!
of!the!Kampung!Laut!will!ensure!that!the!reclamation!programme!is!completed!
successfully,!sustainably!and!safely.!
! (
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
51!Ardli!2008!Management measures of the lagoon’s resources applied for many years suffer from the lack of an
integrated ecosystem understanding, and hence, had little success.
!

SegarAnakan_EIS_011014-Reduced

SegarAnakan_EIS_011014-Reduced

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Featured

Featured (20)

SegarAnakan_EIS_011014-Reduced