2. Arnold-Chiari malformation, often referred to as Chiari
malformation, named after Hans Chiari and Julius
Arnold.It is a structural defect in the cerebellum, that
controls balance. This condition is characterized by the
displacement of the cerebellar tonsils (the lower part of
the cerebellum) through the opening at the base of the
skull, known as the foramen magnum, and into the
spinal canal.
3.
4. Type I: The cerebellar tonsils extend into the foramen
magnum but doesn't involve the brainstem. This type is
often asymptomatic or may cause mild symptoms.
Type II: This is also known as Arnold-Chiari malformation.
It involves the extension of both the cerebellar and
brainstem tissue into the foramen magnum. Type II Chiari
malformation is usually associated with myelomeningocele,
a form of spina bifida.
Type III: This is a more severe form where cerebellar
tissue and the brainstem protrude through the foramen
magnum and into a sac-like structure.
Type IV: Characterized by an underdeveloped cerebellum,
this type may lead to hydrocephalus (accumulation of
cerebrospinal fluid in the brain).
5. headaches (usually at the back of the head and often
made worse by coughing, sneezing or straining)
neck pain
dizziness and balance problems
hearing loss and/or tinnitus
muscle weakness and paralysis
visual problems and nystagmus
swallowing difficulties
dysesthesia in the limbs
problems with hand coordination and fine motor skills.
6. Medical History: Discussing symptoms and their
progression.
Neurological Examination: Assessing reflexes,
muscle strength, and coordination.
Imaging Studies: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
is typically used to visualize the brain and spinal cord
and identify the extent of herniation.
7. Myelomeningocele repair and management of
neurogenic bladder
Ventricular shunting - improves the cranial nerve and
brainstem function
Craniovertebral decompression may be required in
neonates with brainstem dysfunction
8. Physiotherapy can help with many of the symptoms
caused by Arnold Chiari Malformation:
Vestibular Rehabilitation is indicated when patients
have vestibular problems
Conservative physiotherapy -soft tissue techniques may
be of benefit for cervical pain
Soft tissue techniques may be of benefit for headaches
Regular follow-up and monitoring may be necessary