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2. • mart materials, also called intelligent or responsive
materials,[1][page needed] are designed materials that have one or more
properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by
external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields,
light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.[2][3] Smart materials
are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators,
or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive
polymers (EAPs).[4][page needed][5][page needed][6][page needed][7][page needed][8][page n
eeded][9][page needed]
• Terms used to describe smart materials include shape memory
material (SMM) and shape memory technology (SMT).[10]

3. • Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move : smart materials, intelligent design.
Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319768885.
• ^ Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics:
Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics:
230038. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951.
• ^ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types,
properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of
Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853.
• ^ Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jorg, eds. (2007). Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-
85404-335-4.
• ^ Schwartz, Mel, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of smart materials. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471177807.
• ^ Nakanishi, Takashi (2011). Supramolecular soft matter : applications in materials and organic electronics.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470559741.
• ^ Gaudenzi, Paolo (2009). Smart structures : physical behaviour, mathematical modelling and applications.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1.

4. • A sensor is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of sensing a physical
phenomenon.
• In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects
events or changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics, frequently a
computer processor.
• Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and
lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, and in innumerable applications of which
most people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-
use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of
temperature, pressure and flow measurement,[1] for example into MARG sensors.
• Analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Their
applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine,
robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life. There is a wide range of other sensors
that measure chemical and physical properties of materials, including optical sensors for
refractive index measurement, vibrational sensors for fluid viscosity measurement, and electro-
chemical sensors for monitoring pH of fluids.

6. • Classification of measurement errors
• An infrared sensor
• A good sensor obeys the following rules:[4]
• it is sensitive to the measured property
• it is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and
• it does not influence the measured property.
• Most sensors have a linear transfer function. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between
the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and
has a voltage output, the sensitivity is constant with the units [V/K]. The sensitivity is the slope
of the transfer function. Converting the sensor's electrical output (for example V) to the
measured units (for example K) requires dividing the electrical output by the slope (or
multiplying by its reciprocal). In addition, an offset is frequently added or subtracted. For
example, −40 must be added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to −40 C input.
• For an analog sensor signal to be processed or used in digital equipment, it needs to be
converted to a digital signal, using an analog-to-digital converter