Book of abstracts fifscis 2015

1
Publisher:
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF FORESTRY
Student Association of the Faculty of Forestry
FIFSCIS 2015 is organized in cooperation with:
FORESTRY STUDENT´S RESEARCH CLUB; IFSA – Local Committee BELGRADE
REFORESTA, Scientific‐professional society
IFSA – INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION
UDK 630* ISBN 978-86-7299-235-9
Chief Editors:
PhD Milan Medarević, Dean
Marko Kelember, General secretary
Technical editors:
MSc Marina Vukin
Marko Kelember
Design and layout by:
Oktavian Alexandru Grecu
Lecture:
Katarina Lazić
First published: October 2015
Edition: 100 copies
Internet: http://ifscis.sfb.bg.ac.rs

PRESIDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Prof. Milan Medarević, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Prof. Ratko Ristić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Vesna Golubović-Ćurguz, assistant professor, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Zdravko Popović, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Dragica Vilotić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Milun Krstić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Mirjana Šijačić Nikolić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Dragan Karadžić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Miodrag Zlatić, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Milan Knežević, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Milorad Janić, DSc, associate professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Ljiljana Keča, DSc, associate professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Jelena Tomićević Dubljević, DSc, associate professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry,
Serbia
Dr. Nenand Keča, DSc, associate professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Milorad Danilović, DSc, associate professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Olivera Košanin, assistant professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Vladan Ivetić, assistant professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Marko Perović, assistant professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Vera Lavadinović, research associate, Institute of Forestry Belgrade, Serbia
Dr Nenad Petrović, assistant professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dr. Slobodan Milanović, assistant professor, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Prof. Zoran Govedar, DSc, University of Banja Luka Faculty of Forestry, Republic of Srpska,
Prof. Kole Ristovski, DSc, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius "in Skopje Faculty of Forestry,
Macedonia
Dr. Silvija Krajter - Ostojić, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Croatia
Ing. Miloň Dvořák, Ph.D., Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Czech
Republic
Dr. Leticia Botella Sánchez, Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology,
Czech Republic
doc. Ing. Josef Urban, Ph.D., Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology,
Czech Republic
Prof. Alejandro Solla, Universidad de Extremadura, Faculty of Forestry, Spain
Dr. Slavtcho Slavov, Agrobioinstitute, Bulgaria
Prof. dr. Elias Milios - Democritus University of Thrace - Greece
Prof. dr. Kyriaki Kitikidou Democritus University of Thrace – Greece
Prof. Dr. Sezgin Ayan-Vice Rector of Kastamonu University, Turkey

3
PRESIDENT OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Marko Kelember, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
THE ORGANIZING COMMITTE
Prof. Milan Medarević, DSc, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Katarina Lazić, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Ivona Kerkez, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Nemanja Tatomirov, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Oktavian Alexandru Grecu, Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj Napoca, Romania
Andrej Kukučka, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Serbia
Saša Djurdjević, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Nikola Vojinović, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Radomir Stojanović, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Slavica Antonić, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Dušan Stojnić, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Marina Vukin, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Vukan Lavadinović, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Jelena Nedeljković, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Milica Marčeta, University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia

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CONTENT
PhD Milan MEDAREVIĆ
A WORD IN ADVENCE
8
1. INTRODUCTION
Ratko RISTIĆ, Boris RADIĆ
„BLUE-GREEN“ CORRIDORS AS A TOOL FOR MITIGATION OF NATURAL HAZARDS
AND RESTORATION OF URBANIZED AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF BELGRADE CITY 10
2. FOREST ECOLOGY
Saša EREMIJA, Marijana KAPOVIĆ-SOLOMUN, Svjetlana ĆORALIĆ
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN BEECH FORESTS BELT (Fаgetum
montanum illyricum) ON MANJAČA
12
Elias MILIOS
VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND STAND DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES, THE CASE OF XANTHI REGION IN GREECE
13
3. CROP PRODUCTION AND CONVERSATION OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES
Vladan IVETIĆ, Mirjana ŠIJAČIĆ NIKOLIĆ, Dragica VILOTIĆ
THE ROLE OF GENETIC RESOURCES, FOREST SEED AND SEEDLING PRODUCTION
AND REFORESTATION/AFFORESTATION IN SERBIA
15
Vera LAVADINOVIĆ, Ilija DJORJDEVIĆ, Zoran PODUŠKA, Milan KABILJO
SEED TRANSFER OF INTRODUCED CONIFER
16
Uğur Kübra ÖKSÜZOĞLU, Fulya Damla YILMAZ, Beyza YILMAZ
PLANTS FROM VEGETATİVE PROPAGATİON TECHİQUS: TECHNİCAL STRUCTURE OF
INOCULATİON
17
Burcu HASDEMİR, Nezahat TURFAN, Esra Nurten YER, Sezgin AYAN
THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD APPLICATIONS ON SEED OF GERMINATION
PHYSIOLOGY AND SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF Acer pseudoplatanus L.
18
Bauer ZIVKOVIC ANDRIJANA, Predrag PAP
THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMOTHERAPY ON PEDUNCULATE OAK ACORN
GERMINATION IN FIELD CONDITIONS
19
Ivona KERKEZ, Vladan POPOVIĆ, Mirjana ŠIJAČIĆ NIKOLIĆ
VARIABILITY OF MORFOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAFS OF DIFFERENT WILD
CHERRY (Prunus avium L.) TEST TREES
20
Mirjana SAMARDŽIĆ
VARIABILITY OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF COMMON HACKBERRY (Celtis
occidentalis L.) LEAVES IN SEED STAND IN CITY FORESTSECTION 2D IN SOMBOR 21

5
4. FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND REFORESTATION
Milun KRSTIĆ, Branko KANJEVAC, Marina VUKIN
STAND STATE AND SILVICULTURAL REQUIREMENTS IN ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED
AUSTRIAN PINE STANDS IN LIPOVICA – BELGRADE
23
Branko KANJEVAC, Marina VUKIN
TREE AND STAND QUALITY IN ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED AUSTRIAN PINE STAND
IN LIPOVICA IN LIPOVICA – BELGRADE
24
Marina VUKIN, Mladen ANTIĆ, Marko KELEMBER, Goran VUKIN
INVESTIGATION OF ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED STAND OF ATLAS CEDAR (Cedrus
atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carr.) OF STEPIN LUG – BELGRADE
25
Jana LABUSOVA, Volodomyr TROTSIUK, Miroslav SVOBODA
STRUCTURE OF AN OLD-GROWTH MOUNTAIN BEECH FOREST IN THE WESTERN
CARPATHIANS, SLOVAKIA 26
Marijana DELIĆ, Jelena JOLOVIĆ, Maja MARIĆ
THE DEMAGE FROM ICE BREAKAGE THAT STRUCK THE STATE FORESTS IN
EASTERN SERBIA IN DECEMBER 2014.
27
5. FOREST PROTECTION
Nenad KEČA
DECLINE OF TREES CAUSED BY ROOT ROTING FUNGI
29
Saša DJURDJEVIĆ, Marko KELEMBER
DESCRIPTION, DAMAGE, AND TREATMENT OF Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
30
Ivana PANTIĆ, Olga MARKOVIĆ, Milka GLAVENDEKIĆ
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF BOX TREE MOTH Cydalima perspectalis (WALK.)
(LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN SERBIA
31
Jelena JOLOVIĆ
GYPSY MOTH (Lymantria dispar L.) IN STATE FOREST OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
AND SERBIA IN AUTUMN 2012. AND 2013. 32
Sören OSMERS, Martha TÖPPE, Melanie ZACHARIAS, Michael Tomas CAZACU,
CHANCES OF ESTABLISHING FOREIGN TREE SPECIES IN THURINGIA - GERMANY
33
6. LOGING
Milorad DANILOVIĆ, Slavica ANTONIĆ, Vladimir GOLOČEVAC
AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN FE ‘SREMSKA MITROVICA` OVER
THE PERIOD 2005 – 2007
35
Dušan STOJNIĆ, Milorad VIĆENTIJEVIĆ
DAMAGE TO FOREST ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE TEACHING BASE "GOČ"
DURING THE 2014 FLOODS
36

6
Ahmet BALABANLI, Göknur GÜNDOĞDU, Bahadır BALABANLI
STATE BASED LOGGING PRODUCTION IN TURKEY
37
Yun HO
CONSERVATION THROUGH GASTRONOMY
38
Milan MARTINOVIĆ
BIOMASS ENERGY SITUATION AND PROSPECTS
39
7. FOREST ORGANIZATION AND ECONOMICS
Ljiljana KEČA, Marčeta MILICA
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COMMERCIAL USE OF NON–WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN
SOUTH SERBIA
41
Cristian ACCASTELLO, Filippo BRUN, Enrico Borgogno MONDINO
SPATIAL MODEL TO ANALYZE EXPLOITATION COSTS IN A MOUNTAIN AREA
42
Lukas SCHÄFER
PROBLEM-ANALYSIS OF THE WORDING-PROCESS OF THE
RAHMENVEREINBARUNG FÜR DEN ROHHOLZHANDEL IN DEUTSCHLAND
(“FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT OF TIMBER TRADING IN GERMANY”)
43
Maja MARIĆ, Jelena JOLOVIĆ, Marijana DELIĆ
ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF FOREST STANDS IN THE AREA OF THE
MUNICIPALITY OF SOKOLAC 44
Valerio FRATTURA
MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS FOR FOOD SECURITY
IN KENYA: THE CASE OF KAKAMEGA FOREST 45
8. URBAN FOREST AND ECOLOGY
Marina VUKIN, Lidija AMIDŽIĆ, Rajko MILOŠEVIĆ, Marko KELEMBER
CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO FORESTRY IN THE AGE OF ECOLOGY
47
Nenad STAVRETOVIĆ, Jovana PETROVIĆ, Marina VUKIN, Lilijana SOKOLOVA
INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES IN URBAN FORESTS IN SERBIA
48
Maja VUJČIĆ
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH IN
BELGRADE
49
Sanja ŠKORIĆ
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR OF COMPANIES TO THE ENVIRONMENT -
MULTIPLE BENEFITS 50
Milan MARTINOVIĆ
THE EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT
51

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9. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN THE PROTECTION OF SOIL AND
WATER RESOURCES
Miodrag ZLATIĆ, Stanimir KOSTADINOV, Dejan STOJANOVIĆ
NECCESSITY OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT FOR THE NATIONAL PARK
„FRUŠKA GORA“
53
Katarina LAZAREVIC
MONITORING TORRENTIAL PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF TORRENTIAL
FLOODS RISK MANAGEMENT 54
Sonja TOŠIĆ
EXPERIENCE FROM JAPAN IN FIELD DISASTER MANAGEMENT: PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES 55
10. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND HORTICULTURE
Jasmina JAKSIĆ
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LANDSCAPE AS A TOOL IN THE PLANNING OF
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF VALJEVO KARST 57
Milan MARTINOVIĆ
GREEN ROOFS IN URBAN AREA
58
11. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Ahmed Salah SHAWGEI
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT - FIRST STEP TO FOREST PROTECTION IN
SUDAN 60
12. ECO-TOURISM AND FORESTRY
Jovana PEJAKOVIĆ, Gorana ISAILOVIĆ
FOREST HAMMAM OF FRUSKA GORA (ELEMENTS OF SPA KITCHEN)
62

8
A Word in Advance
The students of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry organized and held the
First International Forestry Student Conference in Serbia (FIFSCIS 2015).
The conference content was divided into two parts: the first part was scientific and
the second part was related to cooperation in order to optimize the status of students.
In the first part of the Conference dozens of scientific papers were successfully
presented at the Faculty of Forestry in Belgrade and they included the following
thematic areas: forest ecology, integrated forest management, regeneration, tending
and protection of forests, multipurpose utilization of forests, forests in protected
natural areas, genetic resources and crop production, new technologies,
management in furniture design, urban forestry, landscape architecture and
horticulture.
In addition to tours of natural areas (SNR Obedska Bara and Mt. Goč ), the second
part of the Conference program also included technical meetings at which
participants exchanged experience and sought for solutions in order to promote
cooperation among students and engage in joint research projects, and make
connections between students, student organizations and institutions in order to
facilitate the realization of student interests.
Participants from several European countries and two continents (Africa and
America) attended the Conference.
It is important to note that the success of the organization and realization of this
Conference was upheld by a number of well-intentioned organizations that have
supported the activity, and hereby we thank them.
On behalf of the Organizing committee and the Scientific committee,
Prof. Milan Medarević, DSc

10
„BLUE-GREEN“ CORRIDORS AS A TOOL FOR MITIGATION OF
NATURAL HAZARDS AND RESTORATION OF URBANIZED AREAS:
A CASE STUDY OF BELGRADE CITY
Ratko Ristić, Boris Radić1
1University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Dept. for Ecological Engineering in
Protection of Soil and Water Resources, Belgrade, Serbia
ratko.risticc@gmail.com
Urbanized areas constantly need new surfaces for building of commercial, residental
or infrastructure facilities. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and a big regional center,
with 2.000.000 inhabitants, covers a teritorry of 3500 km2. Decreasing of surfaces
under forest vegetation, urbanisation and inadequate agricultural measures have
caused intensive erosion and more frequent torrential floods. Belgrade authorities
have defined a new strategy for land use and urban planning in order to decrease the
risk from destructive erosion processes and torrential floods and help the
establishment of new recreational areas, preservation of biodiversity and mitigation of
the „heat island“effect. The strategy is based on the restoration of „blue-green“
corridors (residuals of open streams and fragments of forest vegetation). The
restoration of „blue-green“ corridors is presented at the experimental watersheds of
the Kaljavi and Jelezovac streams. The restoration works will be performed in the
2014–2020 period, on the basis of erosion and stream control demands, as well as
environmental and social requests, including biological, soil-bioengineering activities
and certain administrative measures. The forest surfaces will be increased by 1.38
km2 (18.11% of the total area). The restoration of “blue-green” corridors in the
experimental watersheds will decrease the values of maximal discharges (p = 1%) by
about 50%, and the volumes of direct runoff by about 40%. Erosive material
production and transport will be decreased by about 44% in the Kaljavi stream
watershed, and 37% in the Jelezovac stream watershed. Ten kilometers of sealed
walking and cycling paths, 1.7 km of unsealed forest paths, six open gyms and seven
rest areas will strengthen the potential of this area for sports and recreation. The
restoration will help the protection and controlled usage of the natural and cultural
values in the area, and the connection of „blue-green“ corridors at different spatial
levels. The final goal is the creation of a network of “blue-green” corridors in the
territory of Belgrade city, which provides both effective erosion and stream control
and environmental and social services.
Key words: „blue-green“ corridors, natural hazards, watershed restoration, land use,
urban planning

12
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN BEECH
FORESTS BELT (Fаgetum montanum illyricum) ON MANJAČA
Saša Eremija1
, Marijana Kapović-Solomun2
, Svjetlana Ćoralić2
1
Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
2
University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
sasaeremija@gmail.com
Abstract: The paper describes climate characteristics of mountain beech forests belt
of the Illyrian region (Fagetum montanum illyricum, Fuk. et Stef., 1958) оn Manjača in
the southwestern part of the Republic of Srpska. Based on specific temperature and
precipitation gradients, average values of the most important climate elements for the
studied area are determined by extrapolating. In addittion, annual and monthly values
of climate elements that are important for the development of vegetation such as:
temperature and precipitation regime, climate-geographical characteristics – the
modrome coefficient by Kerner (KP), drought index by De Martonn (Is), Furnije's
coefficient for pluviometric climate aggressiveness (C) are shown. Also, climate
classifications by Lang and the method of hydric balance by Thornthwaitte were used
for the characterization of climate. The aim is determination of climate- geographical
factors and characterization of climate characteristics in the belt of mountain beech
forests on Manjača, as well as climate impact on the growth and development of
forest vegetation in the study area.
Key words: Manjača, climate elements, climate type

13
VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND STAND DEVELOPMENT
IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES:
THE CASE OF THE XANTHI REGION IN GREECE
Elias Milios
Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources,
Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
emilios@fmenr.duth.gr
Abstract: Disturbances are one of the main factors that shape forest ecosystems.
Anthropogenic activities in the context of human <<civilization>>, history, economic
development or wars determined vegetation structure and development in most
areas of Europe, acting as disturbances. In the wider Xanthi region in the
Northeastern part of Greece, anthropogenic disturbances, that resulted from major or
minor historical events, can be traced in the forest ecosystem structure. In the
northwestern mountainous part of the Xanthi region, mixed Fagus sylvatica stands
with species like Pinus sylvestris, Abies xborisii-regis and Quercus dalechampii are
mainly the result of changes in traditional human activities, like stopped grazing (or
other activities like illegal cutting) as a result of wars and other events, in combination
with the ecology of the existing species in the region. Moreover, in another part of the
Xanthi region, that is, the wider area of the Nestos valley, including the surrounding
slopes, population movements, as a result of wars, and land use changes, as a result
of wars or economic conditions, influenced and determined the structure of mixed
and pure Ostrya carpinifolia stands, mixed and pure Juniperus excelsa and Populus
tremula formations. Differences in the characteristics of anthropogenic disturbances,
in combination with the ecology of the existing species and site productivity
conditions, led to differences in stand development. In order to understand the
structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems in areas that have been inhabited for
centuries, the ecosystem analysis have to be made in the context of human activities
and disturbances. On the other hand, human historical events and processes can be
traced in ecosystem characteristics.
Key words: anthropogenic disturbances, stand development, ecosystem analysis

14
3
Crop production and
conversation of forest genetic
resources

15
THE ROLE OF GENETIC RESOURCES, FOREST SEED AND
SEEDLING PRODUCTION AND REFORESTATION/AFFORESTATION
IN SERBIA
Vladan Ivetić, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, Dragica Vilotić1
1
University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
vladan.ivetic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
mirjana.sijacic-nikolic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
dragica.vilotic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: The potentials of forest genetic resources outmatch their current use.
National Forest Inventory recorded a total of 49 tree species in Serbian forests.
However, only a few species are subjected to tree breeding. These breeding
programs are at different stages of development, from phenotype selection to clone
production. Conservation programs are more developed, with 530,714 ha of
protected areas (6% of the country’s area). In addition to productive forestry and tree
breeding programs, production of forest reproductive material is started for
conservation purposes. Programs of reintroduction started for several autochtonous
species. Forest seed production in Serbia is based on 342 seed production areas,
204 seed stands and 1 seed orchard. In the last five years, the average production of
seed was 190,760 kg. There is no import of forest seed, except in rare situations of
several years without crop. Export is modest, with 450 kg of seed exported yearly. In
the last ten years, an average of 6.2 millions seedlings are planted in Serbia.
Production is organized in 55 forest nurseries, mainly in public enterprises. Over an
80% of seedlings are bareroot and conifers are more represented that broadleaves.
Until the middle of the XX century the forest cover rate of Serbia recorded a constant
decline. From that point, due to improved silviculture, and mainly to large
reforestation/afforestation programs, new forests are planted on 174,800 ha, making
7.8% of the total forest area in Serbia. In the last ten years, reforestation is on a small
scale, with annual reforestation and afforestation of on average 1,671 and 1,901 ha.
However, reforestation/afforestation remains the best tool for foresters to reach the
declared optimal forest cover rate in Serbia. The quality and sustainability of future
forests established by artificial regeneration and planting depends most on the quality
of reproductive material (seed and seedlings genetic, morphology and physiology).
The success of reforestation and afforestation programs depends on a proper
selection of well produced planting material.
Key words: genetic resources, seed production, seedling production, reforestation,
afforestation

16
SEED TRANSFER OF INTRODUCED CONIFERS
Vera Lavadinović, Ilija Djorjdević, Zoran Poduška, Milan Kabiljo1
1
Institute of Forestry Belgrade, Serbia
veralava@eunet.rs
Abstract: Introduced coniferous tree species that have economic effects and the
character of productivity to justify their transfer process are very popular in programs
of afforestation in Europe as is the case with Douglas-fir. Ecological conditions have
more impact on the local adaptation of introduced species than the geographic or
genetic distance. Seed transfer must be justified by several reasons and introduced
species should be characterized with more character than domestic species. The
most common reason for the introduction are economically, environmentally and
aesthetically, generally in that benefits order. Douglas-fir, as a fast-growing species,
meets all the requirements which should be met by the species who should have to
be recommended for plantations and reforestation programs. Populations of Douglas-
fir are well adopted to native environment in North America by their natural selection.
Douglas fir has large distributional ranges, in natural areas of Canada and USA.
Therefore, the use of seed from different seed zones can result in a bad adaptation
to new environments. In the new conditions the species needs to approve a genetic
code, the potential of growth, productivity volume, resistance to a disease and to
many other biotic factors. Genetic stability and seed transfer functions are limited by
seed transfer distances. Provenance test is a well-known way to test this
characteristic. The testing of an introduced species from a different geographic
latitude, longitude and altitude will select the best provenances for the new
environment. The Institute of Forestry has set several tests with different
provenances of Douglas- fir with the original seeds originating from a part of the
natural range of this species. Provenance tests are set in order to test all the
characteristics of the Douglas-fir for the estimation of choice of the most promising
provenance for new habitat conditions in Serbia. The successful introduction should
be confirmed by seed transfer with little risk that they will be adapted to their new
biotic and abiotic environments.
Key words: Douglas-fir, seed transfer, introduction, provenances, genetic stability

17
PLANTS FROM VEGETATİVE PROPAGATİON TECHNIQUES:
TECHNİCAL STRUCTURE OF INOCULATİON
Uğur Kübra Öksüzoğlu, Fulya Damla Yılmaz, Beyza Yılmaz1
1
Instanbul University Faculty of Forestry, Turkey
kubra.oksuzoglu@outlook.com
damla4172@hotmail.com
beyzayilmaz@yandex.com
Abstract: In this study, the method of grafting in which Turkey has a great
importance in the inoculation of the plant from a technical perspective was
investigated. Survey data from the period used 2012 production certified businesses
that produce seedlings of plant species in the province of Istanbul and 50 were
obtained from the survey method. Using traditional methods of production in the
production of plant seedlings to be found in Turkey has a negative impact on the
competitiveness and development of nurseries. Data collected from the research
based on modern inoculation techniques, vaccination should be used more actively.
Two types of plant part addressed on a bit smart one such fusion and merger
techniques for inoculation that have been described provide for the growth. The
purpose of inoculation, time, methods, and types of vaccine are to be considered
when making were studied.
Key words: Nursery, technical structure, inoculation, methods

18
THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD APPLICATIONS ON SEED
GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY AND SEED CHARACTERISTICS
OF Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Burcu Hasdemir1
, Nezahat Turfan2
, Esra Nurten Yer3
, Sezgin Ayan3
1
Kastamonu University, Institute of Sciences Forest Engineering,Turkey
2
Kastamonu University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Turkey
3
Kastamonu University Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry,Turkey
yudum.1891@hotmail.com
Abstract: In this study, the effects of electromagnetic field applications on Acer
pseudoplatanus L. seed were investigated. The seeds were exposed to different
treatment period 20, 60 and 120 min and varied magnetic field intensities 200 and 40
mT, respectively. The control and experimental groups were germinated at equal
conditions. Seed responses were recorded on the 4, 10, 18, 27, 34 and 40th day to
cold stratified seeds; on 18, 27, 34, 42, 54 and 62th days cold un-stratified seeds and
the percentage and germination speed of seeds were determined. Additionally, the
seeds, exposed to different treatment period 20, 60 and 120 min. and varied
magnetic field intensities 200 and 400 mT respectively, the total soluble protein, α-
amylase, photosynthetic pigments, glucose, fructose, starch amount in seeds and the
germination rate is investigated. According to the findings, the magnetic field (MF)
application with different duration and severity to cold stratified and cold un-stratified
Acer pseudoplatanus L. seeds – which were subjected to +4 °C during 45 days –
resulted in different effects on protein, enzyme, glucose and starch content
depending on MA duration and severity. MF had negative effects on protein amount
of stratified seeds at 20 min and 400 mT; it had positive effects on protein effects of
un-stratified seeds at control group (p<0.05). The effect of MF to α-amylase activity
drops in stratified group at 120 min & 200 mT and 120 min. & 400 mT; It increases in
un-stratified group at 120 min & 200 mT and 60 min. & 400 mT. While % starch value
of seeds it increases in stratified group at 20 min. & 400 mT and 60 min. & 400 mT;
drops in un-stratified group at 20 min. & 200 mT and 60 min. & 200 mT (p <0.05).
The seeds were exposed to different treatment periods and varied magnetic field
intensities respectively; the best germination rate and percentage in magnetic field
intensity which was applied folded for at 120 min 200 mT and unfolded seeds for at
60 min 200 mT was obtained. In conclusion, the positive effect of MA on Acer
pseudoplatanus L. seeds is determined as 60-120 min. & 200 mT germination rate
and percentage terms; 20 min 400 mT and 60 min. 400 mT in terms of starch values;
it is determined as 60 min 400 mT and 120 min. 200 mT in terms of enzyme activity;
and it is determined as the control group in terms of protein amounts and total
chlorophyll content.
Key words: magnetic field, germination, germination physiology,
Acer pseudoplatanus L., seed, forestry

19
THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMOTHERAPY ON PEDUNCULATE OAK
ACORN GERMINATION IN FIELD CONDITIONS
Andrijana Bauer Zivkovic 1
, Predrag Pap2
1
PE Vojvodinašume FE Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia
2
Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Novi Sad, Serbia
andrijana9@gmail.com
pedjapap@uns.ac.rs
Abstract: In Europe, pedunculate oak covers a wide area, but in the Republic of
Serbia the most beautiful and highest quality stands grow in the southwest of Ravni
Srem. Oak acorn has a very important role in forest regeneration. From the frequency
and abundance of acorn crop, its quality and health status, depends the quality of
future stands. In recent decades, the acorn crop in Srem is irregular, often weak and
poor quality, which significantly complicates work on the regeneration of pedunculate
oak forests. Because of that, in pedunculate oak regeneration, often resort to artificial
regeneration by sowing seeds or planting seedlings. The implementation of such
procedures requires large amounts of healthy and good quality of acorns.
Considering the deteriorated condition and structure of pedunculate oak stands
great attention must be paid to acorn crop, its collection, storage, care for the
preservation of quality and acorn health condition, until the preparation for sowing or
planting. The paper presents the importance of thermotherapy on acorn germination
in field conditions. The results indicate that thermotherapy had a positive impact on
the dynamics of seedlings appearance and the total number of seedlings. Thermally
processed acorns germinated faster than unprocessed acorns (59.3%) and more
frequently (72.6%). Young oak growth, which came from thermally processed acorns
was vital and to a lesser degree attacked by powdery mildew (Microsphaera
alphitoides). These results can be attributed to the elimination of pathogenic fungi
that developed due to storage and increased moisture content in the acorn after
thermotherapy. A correlation between acorn size and forest types is present, but
there is no significant effect of these parameters on the germination of acorns.
Key words: pedunculate oak, acorn, thermotherapy, germination

20
VARIABILITY OF MORFOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAVES
OF DIFFERENT WILD CHERRY (Prunus avium L.) TEST TREES
IN BELGRADE
Ivona Kerkez 1
, Vladan Popović 2
, Mirjana Šijačić Nikolić1
1
2
Institute of Forestry Belgrade, Serbia
ivonakerkez@gmail.com
vladan.popovic@forest.org.rs
mirjana.sijacic-nikolic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: This paper presents the results of morphometric analysis of leeaves of 12
wild cherry test trees in the Belgrade area. The analysis included 100 leaves per tree.
The characteristics that were measured are the total length of leaf, length of lamina,
width of lamina, length of petiole and angle of insertion of lateral veins. The results
show a high degree of variability among the analyzed genotypes. This study was
conducted in order to obtain a clearer picture of individual and population variability in
a limited area as a starting point for further research of the genetic variability of wild
cherry.
Key words: wild cherry, test trees, morphometric variability, leaves

21
VARIABILITY OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF COMMON
HACKBERRY (Celtis occidentalis L.) LEAVES IN A SEED STAND
IN CITY FOREST SECTION 2D IN SOMBOR
Mirjana Samardzic
Abstract: Common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) is a widespread tree in parks
and alleys of Sombor. Among the local population, it is known as bodjos. It is
characterized by a rapid growth in valleys. The wood due to its quality has limited
commercial use particularly in the area of Sombor, where the use of common
hackberry is exclusively reduced to the aesthetic function. Town greenery of Sombor
has over seven thousands of common hackberry trees, most of which are in a very
poor condition due to its age and weather conditions. The available gene pool of
common hackberry in the seed stand in Sombor’s town forest contains dozens of
well-adapted genotypes, which are significant resources in wider geographical terms
as well as in terms of renewal of town greenery, which is why this research was
carried out. In order to determine the variability of morphometric characteristic of
common hackberry leaves in the area of a seed stand in Sombor, fifteen trees were
selected. The measurement included one hundred leaves from each one of selected
test trees. We observed five leaf traits: length, width, petiole length, width to the left of
the central nerve and width to the right of the central nerve. Descriptive analysis,
ANOVA analysis of variance, LSD tests and cluster analysis were performed based
on measured leaf traits. Test results were compared to data found in literature. It was
found that there are trees that stand out in terms of the measured traits of the leaves
and that the level of distance is not significant, which represents the basis for further
directed utilization and conservation of common hackberry in Sombor ‒ within the
seed stand as well as concerning town greenery.
Кеy words: common hackberry, test trees, leaf, variability, directed utilization, seed
stand

22
4
Forest establishment and
reforestation

23
STAND STATE AND SILVICULTURAL REQUIREMENTS IN
ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED AUSTRIAN PINE STANDS
IN LIPOVICA - BELGRADE
Milun Krstić, Branko Kanjevac, Marina Vukin1
1
University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
milun.krstic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
branko.kanjevac@sfb.bg.ac.rs
marina.vukin@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: This paper presents the results of research the stand state and silvicultural
requirements in an artificially established stand of Austrian pine on the illimerized
(luvic) soil – luvisol, on the habitat of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak (Quercetum
frainetto-cerridis Rudski 1949.), in Lipovica - Belgrade. Experimental area is located
at an altitude of 270 m, on slightly inclined surface with a slope of up to 6º and on the
western exposure (aspect). The stand is even – aged, 60 years old, well – preserved,
with a complete canopy (0.7). The total number of trees is 733 per ha, and the basal
area is 40.57 m2/ha. The stand development stage requires thinning as the tending
operation. Based on the analysis of several factors, it was found that it is necessary
to perform a selective thinning. In the studied stand, 200 future trees per ha were
allocated. Most of these trees are located in strongest diameter classes 27.5 and
32.5 cm. Total number of marked trees amounts to 222 trees per ha. The thinning
intensity according to the number of trees is 30.29% and according to the basal area
is 23.32%. The executed selective thinning has the character of low thinning. In the
aim of improvement of the state of this artificially established stand and maximum
utilization of the productive potentials of the site, this stand should be brought to the
end of rotation with the application of tending operations and later autochthonous
broadleaved species should be reintroduced.
Key words: Austrian pine, artificially established stand, stand state, thinnings,
tending operations

24
TREE AND STAND QUALITY IN AN ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED
AUSTRIAN PINE STAND IN LIPOVICA - BELGRADE
Branko Kanjevac, Marina Vukin1
1
branko.kanjevac@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Tree and stand quality in an artificially established Austrian pine stand was
researched in the area of Lipovica – Belgrade. The stand of pine was established in a
site of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak (Quercetum frainetto-cerridis Rudski 1949.) on
illimerized (luvic) soil – luvisol. The stand is even – aged, 60 years old, well –
preserved, with a complete canopy (0.7). The qualitative state of stand is determined
on the basis of differentiation of trees by biological classes in the stand, as well as
determining quality of the stem and crown for each individual tree. The applied
method was mainly a three-degree or four-degree classification - modified Rupert's
classification. When it comes to biological positions of trees in the stand, 65.2% of
the total number of trees belong to biological positions I, 34.8% to II biological
positions and trees of III biological positions were not recorded. In the investigated
stand, 18.2% of the trees have bad quality of stem, 12.1% middle quality of stem and
69,7% good quality of stem. When it comes to crown quality, 24.2% of the trees have
bad quality of crown, 16.7% middle quality of crown and 59.1% good quality of crown.
Biological position and the quality of trees play an important role in the selection of
tending operations that will be applied in the stand. On the basis of quality analyses,
the investigated stand of Austrian pine represents a stand of good quality.
Key words: Austrian pine, tree quality, biological position, stand quality

25
INVESTIGATION OF AN ARTIFICIALLY ESTABLISHED STAND OF
ATLAS CEDAR (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carr.)
IN STEPIN LUG - BELGRADE
Marina Vukin1
, Mladen Antić2
, Marko Kelember1
, Goran Vukin3
1
2
SE for Forest Management ‘Srbijašume’, Belgrade, Serbia
3
Technical school 'Drvoart’ Belgrade, Serbia
mladenantaeco@gmail.com
kelember@gmail.com
vukin.goran@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper carried out investigations ecology conditions and stand
conditions of an artificially established Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti
ex Carr.) in the forest complex Stepin Lug in the band of suburban forest Belgrade.
The forest complex is the special purpose forest, with strong tourist and recreational,
health-sanitogenic, aesthetic, protective regulatory and other beneficial functions. As
an allochthonous species, Atlas cedar has proved very suitable for introduction to the
habitats of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak, because of its biological and ecological
characteristics, primarily - similar climatic conditions prevailing in its natural
distribution area and the study area. At the same time, this is a tree species suitable
for the execution of intermediate-reclamation. It has high quality technical wood and
high decorative aesthetic characteristics. The stand is about 50 years old and covers
an area of 0.30 ha. The stand is even-aged and has dense crown closure (0.7). Soil,
air and phytosociological investigations were conducted to determine the typology of
stands. Then a research of stand conditions was carried out. The total number of
individual trees and wood volume are: 825 per hectare and 440.5 m3/ha. The stand
has a sufficient number of good quality trees which can be selected as function
bearing trees. On the basis of research results, it was concluded that the investigated
stand provides the basic functions of a special purpose forest.
Key words: Atlas cedar, special purpose forests, Stepin Lug, ecology conditions,
stand conditions

26
STRUCTURE OF AN OLD-GROWTH MOUNTAIN BEECH FOREST IN
THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS, SLOVAKIA
Jana Labusova1
, Volodomyr Trotsiuk1
, Miroslav Svoboda1
1
Czech University of Life Science in Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech
Republic
labusova4@gmail.com
trotsiuk@fld.czu.cz
svobodam@fld.czu.cz
Abstract: Studies of old-growth forests are becoming increasingly important for the
enhancement of sustainable forest management and for understanding the natural
ecosystem processes. However, in Europe such forests are rare, fragmented and
influenced by ages of human activity. Some parts of the Western Carpathians
represent the last remnants of natural mountain beech forest in Central Europe with a
long tradition of forest research. This study presents results of the first observation in
five mountain old-growth beech-dominated forest reserves of the Western
Carpathians in Slovakia. We established sixty circular plots of 0.2 ha each and
divided them into three different circles of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 ha. For each plot, we
recorded topographical attributes including slope, aspect, elevation and landform. On
the 0.1ha plot, we mapped the spatial position, species, crown layer and DBH for
every living tree above 6 cm in DBH. Tree height was measured on one out of ten
sampled trees, chosen randomly. On the largest circle, only twelve canopy trees,
which are directly above the crown layer, were measured. The volume of deadwood
was done by line intersect method with the total length transect of 100 m per plot.
Increment cores from selected trees were taken for age estimation and growth
pattern analysis. The majority of stands were characterized as mixed species forest
with an uneven-aged structure. Our surveys indicate a high variability of the major
stand structural features within forest reserves. Such variability could be strictly
related to the heterogeneity of the site conditions as well as to the effects of
disturbance factors. To confirm these findings, the study about the influence of the
disturbance regime on the forest structure has to be extended to a larger area.
Key words: beech, forest structure, old-growth forest, uneven-aged, Western
Carpathians

27
THE DAMAGE FROM ICE BREAKAGE THAT STRUCK STATE
FORESTS IN EASTERN SERBIA IN DECEMBER 2014
Marijana Delic, Jelena Jolovic, Maja Maric 1
1 University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
marijanadel@gmail.com
jelenas.jolovic@gmail.com
maja.maric002@gmail.com
Abstract: In late November and early December 2014 there was an icy wave, which
caused the ice breakage of the trees over large areas, in Eastern Serbia. According
to PE ‘’Srbijašume’’ the biggest damage from ice, compared to the total area under
forest, was recorded in two state forests: Boljevac on an area of 10060.72 ha and Niš
on an area of 6744.22 ha. In the forests of beech and artificially established stands of
conifers, considering origin of the stand, coppice trees suffered the greatest damage
and they appear less resistant compared to the high stands. In the stands, it is
necessary, to apply appropriate breeding and amelioration measures as soon as
possible, abiding by the principle of the degree of urgency and priority. In the
devastated stands, it was planned to make resurrection and creation of another
generation of coppice forests. Ice wave led to physiological weakening of the
damaged trees that became suitable for colonization by other harmful biotic agents.
In relation to the above, an analysis was performed and the necessary funding to
repair the damage was established for the period 2015-2018. For the year 2015
funds shall be established in accordance with the Regulations on determining the
Annual Programme Budget Fund using the funds for the woods, while the necessary
funds for 2016 and later were calculated on the basis of the price in 2015.
Key words: icy wave, damage, repairs, breeding-amelioration measures

29
DECLINE OF TREES CAUSED BY ROOT ROTTING FUNGI
Nenad Keča
nenad.keca@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Climate has always shaped the world’s forests, but today the world’s climate has
become warmer and will change further and at an unprecedented rate. Fungi, but also other
microorganisms are crucial members of these systems causing improvement of growth, but
also decaying of wood and other organic materials. Changes in climate can accelerate
processes of destruction development in forest ecosystems, in the way of supporting hosts or
decaying organisms. This is especially noticeable with opportunistic fungi like root rotting
Armillaria, Heterobasidion, Ganoderma species, Inonotus dryadeus, Phaeolus schweinitzii,
Fistulina hepatica, Perenniporia fraxinea, etc. Root rot disease caused from the above
genera and species has been long recognized as a serious problem in both angiosperm- and
gymnosperm-dominated forest ecosystems worldwide. Damage can be serious and decline
could range from 10-40% of trees in affected forest stands. At the same time, losses
expressed in money could be up to 1000 € per hectare in medium infected stands, not to
mention that in some areas chaining of damages can cause disappearance of the whole
forest cover. Because of the serious threat of root rotting fungi, appropriate measures for the
management of threatened stands should be applied to favour trees development and keep
disease under control.
Key words: tree decline, root rot, management, climate change, dieback

30
DESCRIPTION, DAMAGE AND TREATMENT
OF Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Saša Đurđević, Marko Kelember1
1
djurdjevicsasa@rocketmail.com
kelember@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper describes disease, ash dieback, which is caused by a fungus called
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (Queloz, et. al.). It was initially called Hymenoscyphus
pseudoalbidus V. before a taxonomic revision suggested the name should be
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Therefore Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is now widely accepted as
the name to use. Chalara dieback of ash is especially destructive for common or European
ash (Fraxinus excelsior), including its ‘Pendula’ ornamental variety. Narrow-leaved ash
(Fraxinus angustifolia) is also susceptible to it. Trees were first reported dying in large
numbers in Poland in 1992, and since then, the disease caused large damage on Fraxinus
species in continental Europe, and in UK and Ireland. The origin of virulent Hymenoscyphus
fraxineus is unclear. It may be a mutant of the harmless Hymenoscyphus albidus or it is
perhaps a new species of fungus that came into Europe from the East. This fungus has two
phases to its life-cycle: sexual (Hymenoscyphus) and asexual (Chalara). The asexual stage,
which grows in affected trees, is attacking the bark and girdling twigs and branches. Chalara
causes leaf loss, crown dieback and bark lesions in affected trees. Once a tree is infected
the disease is usually fatal, either directly or indirectly by weakening the tree to the point
where it succumbs more readily to attacks by other pests or pathogens, especially Armillaria
fungi. Abiotic stresses considered to be associated with ash dieback are drought, frost and
changing winter conditions. Local spread, up to some tens of kilometers, may be by the wind.
The sexual, reproductive stage, which was only discovered later, occurs on infected
rachises, or stalks, of the previous year's fallen leaves. Over longer distances the risk of
disease spread is most likely to be through the movement of diseased ash plants. Movement
of logs or unsawn wood from infected trees might also be a pathway for the disease,
although this is considered to be a low risk. As ash (Fraxinus sp.) saplings may be infected
without showing symptoms, quarantines may be necessary to prevent additional distribution
from affected nurseries in Europe. Not enough is known of the biology of this pathogen to
indicate the usefulness of particular methods. Since the host can tolerate higher
temperatures than the fungus, hot water treatments have been suggested for small plants.
Infected trees should only be destroyed when there is limited recently introduced infected
material and the surrounding wider environment is disease free. Otherwise trees should be
left in place in order to identify potentially resistant stock. Scientists have noticed that some
individual trees are tolerant to disease, and they have come to the idea to breed trees from
tolerant units. Variation in tolerance to disease has been found amongst clones and half-sib
progeny in a number of sites. These differences have a genetic basis and are heritable,
suggesting the potential to breed a resistant ash population. However, tolerant trees have
been found in low numbers (for example, in Denmark, where only 1% of trees in natural
populations are expected to produce tolerant offspring. This paper explores possible
outbreaks of the disease in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, and possible damage of
entire forest resources, regarding the percentage of Fraxinus species in Serbian forest fund.
Key words: Hymenoscyphus, epidemic, fungi, ash, dieback

31
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF BOX TREE MOTH
Cydalima perspectalis (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) IN SERBIA
Ivana Pantić, Olga Marković, Milka Glavendekić1
1
ivanap.vg@gmail.com
olga.markovicpah@gmail.com
milka.glavendekic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walk.) is an insect of Asian origin and one
of the four most dangerous invasive alien species of butterflies in Europe. In July 2014 it was
recorded for the first time in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, as a pest of boxwood
(Buxus sempervierens L. and B. microphylla Siebold & Zucc.) in nurseries and private
gardens in Sremčica near Belgrade. The research was carried by the visual and route
method on objects of green infrastructure and in nurseries in the areas of Belgrade, Mionica,
Valjevo and Ljig. Different developmental stages of box tree moth were collected, sorted by
stages of development and then cultured in the entomological laboratory of the Faculty of
Forestry in order to obtain natural enemies. The samples were examined using a stereo
microscope Leica M 125 and photo documentation was created using a Canon camera. So
far, the presence of box tree moth was recorded in Belgrade and the surrounding area. In
June and July 2015, it was found in private garden in Valjevo. In early April caterpillars leave
the winter shelter and begin to feed on leaves and bark of boxwood. Defoliations were
accumulated in June and particularly from mid-July, total defoliation and drying of boxwood
hedges and trees aged over 50 years were recorded. The pupal stage was recorded in the
first decade of May, the second half of July, in late September and in October. Adult insects
fly in May-June, July-August and September-October. In the local conditions, box tree moth
has at least three generations. Predators were observed during the study of box tree moth
life cycle, while the impact of parasitoids was minor. For the purpose of protection attempts
were made at finding an appropriate technology for boxwood protection using standard
protocols for assessing the biological efficacy of insecticides. The paper will present the
results of preliminary research of chemical control measures for boxwood protection against
box tree moth.
Key words: Cydalima perspectalis, box tree moth, Buxus spp., invasive, alien species,
green infrastructure

32
GYPSY MOTH (Lymantria dispar L.) IN STATE FOREST
OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA AND SERBIA
IN THE AUTUMN OF 2012 AND 2013
Jelena Jolović
Abstract: Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) is one of the most significant pests, as
in the age of outbreak it causes complete defoliation in forests over large areas, wich
continues to affect the drying trees. The research was focused on a comparison of
gypsy moth outbreaks in the autumn of 2012 and 2013 in the territory of the Republic
of Srpska and Serbia. The comparison was performed and absolute and relative data
were displayed. The total area under the attack of gypsy moth are shown with
absolute values. Relative values show a comparison of total surface under attack in
relation to the total area under forest in the area attacked. The biggest outbreak of
gypsy moth was recorded in the western part of the Republic of Srpska and eastern
part of Serbia. In the Republic of Srpska a decrease was registered in the total area
under attack in the autumn of 2013 in comparison to the autumn of 2012, while in
Serbia there was an increase in the total area under attack in the autumn of 2013.
The appearance of outbreaks has not occurred due to gypsy moth migration from
one territory to another, but due to the action of an external factor.
Key words: Lymantria dispar L., outbreak, Republic of Srpska - Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Republic of Serbia

33
CHANCES OF ESTABLISHING FOREIGN TREE SPECIES
IN THURINGIA, GERMANY
Sören Osmers, Melanie Zacharias, Martha Töppe, Michael Cazacu1
TU Dresden – Univeristy of Tehnology, Faculty of Environmental Science, Germany
soeren.osmers@forst.tu-dresden.de
melanie.zacharias@forst.tu-dresden.de
martha.toeppe@forst.tu-dresden.de
michael.cazacu@forst.tu-dresden.de
Abstract: During the 1980s, acidic rain was a significant problem in Europe. The effects on the
forest were devastating and a lot of stands consisting of Picea abies were damaged. In 1987 an
experimental area was founded in Thuringia, Eastern Germany. Several non-native tree species
were planted to investigate their resilience to acidic rain. Although the acid rain is no longer a
danger to Germany’s forest stands, the ongoing climate change could bear problems in the
future; in particular dryness and other extreme weather conditions. Out of the 8 planted species,
Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) and Pseudotsuga menziesii ([Mirb.] Franco) were further
examined in order to compare their growth rate to Picea abies. To gain the needed results, the
diameter at breast height (DBH, 1,3m) of 50 and the height of 30 trees were measured in every
lot. The Coast grand fir had one, the Douglas fir three lots. The three lots of the Douglas fir
showed no difference in their growth as proven by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the
heights, so the sample size was 150 trees, whereas the sample size of the Coast grand fir was
50. To calculate the missing heights, different formulae where used after determining the correct
formula for each species. After comparing the AIC (Akaike information criterion), the Prodan-
formula for the Coast grand fir and the Michailoff-formula for Douglas fir proved to be best and
were thus used. The volume of each single tree was calculated using the regular function for the
volume of a tree, that compensates the growth form of the tree with the factor f, since a stem is
never a mathematical correct cylinder. With the known area of the number of trees, the volume
per hectare was extrapolated and then compared to a nearby stand of P. abies. In comparison of
the DBH, A. grandis showed the most differentiated results, while P. menziesii and P. abies grew
more regular. The same pattern could be observed with the height distribution, the highest mean
is with P. abies. It also displays with 367,3 m³/ha the highest volume. A. grandis was second with
a volume of 346,46 m³/ha and P. menziesii with a mean volume of all three stands was third with
302,3 m³/ha. Even though both foreign species did not surpass the growth rate of P. abies, they
still showed a good rate. Assuming that P. abies will show a decline in its growth rate during
longer periods of drought or an increasing instability during severe weather conditions such as
strong wind or wet snow as a result of climate change, the foreign species can be an addition to
or a substitute of pure stands to ensure robust stands and a continued contribution of the forestry
industry. The gained results show a good growth rate of the two foreign tree species A. grandis
and P. menziesii compared to the native P. abies. But they are only a snapshot for the local
conditions of soil and climate in Wasungen, Thuringia and cannot be seen as a timeline or a
general picture in Thuringia, Germany.
Key words: Thuringia, climate, change, foreign, species

35
AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN FE ‘SREMSKA
MITROVICA` OVER THE 2005 – 2007 PERIOD
Milorad Danilović, Slavica Antonić, Vladimir Goločevac1
1
milorad.danilovic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
slavica.karic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
golocevac.vladimir@gmail.com
Abstract: Despite the constant effort to reduce the number of occupational injuries,
forestry still remains among occupations with the highest work injury rates. Chain
saws, axes and falls have been the most common causes of injury. This paper
studies occupational injuries that occurred during forest exploitation in the area
managed by FE `Sremska Mitrovica` over the period 2005-2007. Each injury was
registered using provided drafts. All injuries, regardless of their severity, were
recorded by a professional service responsible for the correct implementation of safe
working procedures. The data were collected at the level of forest administrations
and then compiled for the whole forest estate. In this period, 206 injuries occurred,
95% of which were characterized as slight, and 5% as severe injuries. Fortunately,
there were no fatal injuries. The largest number of injuries occurred in July. And
Tuesday was found to be the day with the greatest number of accidents. If we study
working hours, the number of injuries continuously increased in the first four hours,
decreasing afterwards. The most frequently injured body part was the leg and the
most commonly stated cause of injury was negligence of workers who were hit by a
branch while processing the assortments (the largest number of injured workers were
sawyers). The highest percentage of injuries was observed among workers aged 31-
35.
Key words: occupational injuries, forestry, logging, FE `Sremska Mitrovica`

36
DAMAGE TO FOREST ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE TEACHING BASE
"GOČ" DURING THE 2014 FLOODS
Dušan Stojnić, Milorad Vićentijević1
1
dusan.stojnic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Heavy rainfall which in May 2014 affected the Balkans caused floods,
torrents and occurrence of landslides and mudslides in many parts of Serbia. Material
damage which occurred resulting from these natural disasters is estimated at 1.53
billion euros. The most serious damage was inflicted to infrastructural, industrial and
residential buildings. In the area of the teaching base of the Faculty of Forestry and
special nature reserve "Goč", heavy rains caused extensive damage to the facilities
of forest road infrastructure. The most serious damage was recorded on parts of the
forest roads "Kobasički stream - Rosinac" with a length of 2.2 km and "Strugara -
Kobasički stream" with a length of 0.5 km. Due to landslides and changes in the flow
of the Kobasički stream on the aforementioned roads the understructure and
superstructure of the forest road were completely destroyed. On the forest road
"Brezna - Rakovac" over the Gvozdačka River, the torrents swept away the wooden
bridge with abutments made of stone in cement mortar with a range of 7.0 m. On the
other roads the most common damage was in the form of landslides and clogging of
ditches, sweeping away of pipe culverts, sweeping away of gravel surface and
creation of gullies on the carriageway. On the forest roads torrent has claimed four
pipe culverts Ф1000 mm with a total length of 26 m and two pipe culverts Ф600 mm
with a total length of 12 m. In June 2014, an expert commission assessed the
damage and found that the amount of € 122,000.00 is required for the reconstruction
of destroyed and damaged facilities of forest road infrastructure.
Key words: forest roads and bridges, floods, damage, Goč

37
STATE BASED LOGGING PRODUCTION IN TURKEY
Ahmet Balabanli1
, Göknur Gündoğdu1
, Bahadır Balabanli2
1
Faculty of Forestry, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Turkey
2
District Chief at OGM, Kırklareli, Turkey
ahmetbalabanli@gmail.com
goknur.gundogdu@ogr.iu.edu.tr
balabanpasa@gmail.com
Abstract: Most of Turkey' s forests are located along the coast. Inner sides have got
fewer forest land areas. Forest covers 27.6 percent of Turkey’ s land. In these forests
99.5 percent of this forest is owned by the state. In Turkey, only a few people own
forest land available for forest production. In the Ministry of Forest and Water Works,
General Directorate of Forestry manages all the logging, protecting, afforestations,
seedling productions etc. Private forest land is observed and checked by the General
Directorate of Forestry too. All the forest land in Turkey is managed by management
plans and they need silvicultural techniques to use in forests. All the logging and
wood production is based on these plans. This article shows how this production is
made step by step. These steps include marking, measuring, cutting, ground
skidding, transporting woods out of the forest, selling and marketing. In the
discussion part of this article, forest administration practices are argued and
criticized.
Key words: Turkey, logging, wood, state, production

38
CONSERVATION THROUGH GASTRONOMY
Yun Ho
University of Missouri, USA
yhgb6@mail.missouri.edu
Abstract: Silver and bighead carp were imported to the United States in 1970s to
improve water quality. After escaping from captivity, these two species established
naturally reproducing populations in the Missouri-Mississippi River Basin. Their
presence threatens the freshwater ecology of big river systems because they
compete with native species for common food sources – phytoplankton and
zooplankton. In addition, silver carp leap out the water when startled which causes
physical injury and property damage to boaters and anglers. Several methods have
been used to control the number of Asian carp, but none of them have proven to be
effective. Human consumption is a possible solution, but Americans have a negative
perception toward carp. The abundance of intramuscular bones makes Asian carp
nearly impossible to process and consume. Furthermore, some people are reluctant
to eat new food because of neophobia (fear of new things). Silver and bighead carp
are a plentiful and a healthy, low-cost source of protein. Furthermore, Asian carp is a
local food source which is appealing to some customers. Although consumption is an
environmentally-friendly solution, a market-based study was needed to examine this
issue within a broader context. A random sample of licensed anglers in Missouri
(n=2,000) were asked to complete a 3-page, mail-back survey measuring knowledge,
awareness, perception and interest in consuming Asian carp. A total of 457 anglers
returned their questionnaires, which resulted in a response rate of 26.4%. Results
indicate that knowledge and attitude of Asian carp among Missouri anglers is
relatively poor. Less than 12% of the respondents have eaten Asian carp, but more
than half were willing to try the product. Subjects were willing to pay $2.84
(SD=$3.56) for a fillet and $1.65 (SD=$2.41) for ground meat served in a restaurant.
Implications from this study suggest the potential for education and outreach is large.
Key words: Asian carp, silver carp, invasive species, human consumption

39
BIOMASS ENERGY SITUATION AND PROSPECTS
Milan Martinović
University of Belgrade Faculty of Geography, Serbia
milan.martinovic05@gmail.com
Abstract: The paper presents the state and prospects of obtaining energy from
biomass. With special emphasis on the production of energy from wood industry. In
developing countries, forest trees are one of the dominant sources of energy. For the
territory of Serbia, it is important to know what type of wood can be used in the
production of energy, in order to determine its thermal vault- whether it is deciduous
or coniferous or hard or soft, because the percentage of certain components is
different, as well as the substances that can be used as fuel. Then, the paper
describes the mode of obtaining energy present in the world, and how much it is used
in Serbia. In addittion, this paper presents a division of biomass (obtaining energy
from forestry crops & residues, agricurtual crops & residues, industrial residues...)
which shows various sources of biomass and their different characteristics. Serbia
has great unexploited potentials in the form of potential energy from biomass, which
is not used at the extent that could be. Biomass can be the fuel of future, due to the
constant increase in fuel prices in recent decades. Energy from biomass is not only
economically acceptable, but it is also suitable for the environment. One conclusion is
that the remains of forest wood are considered better fuels than agricultural residues
but transport costs are high due to their value. There are currently insufficient
conditions for obtaining biomass in Serbia, which leads to the conclusion that in
Serbia there is a lack of the process of obtaining energy from biomass. Therefore, it
is important that this way for energy should be improved and should be represented
in the overall energy balance of Serbia.
Key words: biomass, environment, nature, energy

40
7
Forest organization and
economics

41
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COMMERCIAL USE OF NON–WOOD
FOREST PRODUCTS IN SOUTH SERBIA
Ljiljana Keča, Milica Marčeta1
1
ljiljana.keca@sfb.bg.ac.rs
milica.marceta@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: South Serbia is predominantly a mountainous area with an economy
based on natural resources. It is territorially the largest region in the Republic of
Serbia and occupies 29% of the whole territory. Because of the natural
predisposition, there is a significant potential for the development of organic
production, harvesting of medicinal plants and harvesting of wild fruits and herbs. As
well as the situation in the world in Serbia collection activities and use (for personal or
commercial purposes) are usually associated with rural areas. In such
circumstances, non-wood forest products (NWFPs) can be a major asset for
economic growth, especially when there is a lack of other resources. Since the
NWFPs are becoming increasingly important commercial products, it is necessary to
direct the research towards the economic aspects and quantifying their importance
through the income generated by their exploitation. Accordingly, for the purpose of
this research surveys were carried out in companies engaged in purchasing
processing, and sale of NWFPs in South Serbia in the following municipalities:
Vranje, Aleksinac, Vladičin Han, Surdilica, Crna Trava and Bosilegrad. According to
official data, currently there are 19 companies engaged in NWFPs in South Serbia,
while for the purpose of the research10 companies were surveyed. The aim of the
research is to create insight into the movements of purchase and placement of
NWFPs in the case of analyzed companies in South Serbia. The aim is to identify the
most important commercial products, dynamics and forms of their commercialization,
as well as the framework of achieved incomes. The research used statistical methods
relating to regression and correlation analysis. For the verification of regression
models used were the coefficient of determination (R²) and correlation (R), as well as
F and t - statistics. For all statistical tests the level of significance was α = 0.05.
Key words: NWFP, companies, commercialization, Southern Serbia

42
A SPATIAL MODEL TO ANALYZE EXPLOITATION COSTS
IN A MOUNTAIN AREA
Cristian Accastello, Filippo Brun, Enrico Borgogno Mondino1
1
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari Torino, Italy
cristian.hstello@libero.it
Abstract: This work aims to create a model able to assess exploitation costs of forest cuts
realized with different yarding methods, by detecting areas suitable for logging through a GIS land
analysis, and then evaluating the related exploitation costs. The study area is Mount Cotolivier, in
the municipality of Oulx, near Turin, Italy. This territory, whose management is prescribed by the
related Forest Business Plan (FBP) approved in 2006 with a 15-year duration, is characterized by
an altitude between 1200 and 2100 meters a.s.l., generally fertile soils and soft slopes. Its forest
cover is mainly composed by larch (Larix decidua Mill.), with Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at lower elevations. To identify areas suitable for harvesting, the
conditions of existence of the factors that influence cuts were evaluated: so, three factors were
identified related to territory conditions (ground slope, ground roughness and logs dimensions),
and three to the yarding method (maximum distance of logs concentration, direction of logs
concentration and maximum distance of logs hauling to the nearest truck road). To each factor
was then assigned a score, included in a scale of values between 0 and 9, in order to indicate its
attitude to the yarding method considered. This evaluation also made those factors comparable,
so scores were put in an additive-multiplicative equation using GIS, resulting in a value named
Vocational Value (V V), measuring the attitude of an area to exploitation. Harvesting features
related to forestry conditions were defined through the information of the Forest Business Plan,
which locates 433 structural parcels in the study area, characterized by common structure and
prevalent species: these parcels were considered as single units of intervention. By our own
assumption, the V V previously obtained was directly related to yields values found in
bibliography, so to define the most correct hourly yield of each harvesting operation, in relation to
its features. Defined all yarding methods ordinary for the area, the harvest volume obtained from
each cut and the technical information related to costs evaluation, was then possible, for each
parcel, to estimate its exploitation costs. Results show 226 hypothetical interventions on 86
different parcels, with ten different yard typologies considered. For each parcel was then possible
to detect the most suitable yarding method by comparing the different exploitation costs obtained.
Splitting the range of monetary results in five progressive classes (<20 €/m3; 30--|50; 50--|70; 70-
-|90 e >90 €/m3), 64 interventions belongs to the two lower classes, while just 6 have unitary
costs greater than 90 €/m3. The average unitary cost, weighted on parcels surface, is 54.26
€/m3, while the median is 42.68 €/m3, influenced by a not symmetrical distribution of values. This
model proved to be able to describe the objective conditions that define economic results of forest
cuts in a mountain area. The monetary results obtained fit the ordinary values of this territory, as
much as their technical and silvicultural features do. Although its effectiveness, the most
important limit of this model is to identify only 86 parcels as suitable for harvesting, underlining
some aspects that could be improved. Nonetheless, we think that the results obtained are
generally positive, and the only element introduced by the authors, the Vocational Value, and its
relation to the hourly yields of the harvest operations, in this case proved itself to be correct. For
these reasons, we believe this model to be used successfully by the forest owner or manager as
an instrument to support short-medium term decisions about land management and harvest cuts
planning, providing to calibrate its parameters on the condition of ordinariness of the study area
and reconsidering consequently scores assigned to each factor involved.
Key words: exploitation costs; yield; estimate; yarding method; model

43
PROBLEM-ANALYSIS OF THE WORDING-PROCESS
OF THE RAHMENVEREINBARUNG FÜR DEN ROHHOLZHANDEL
IN DEUTSCHLAND (“FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT OF TIMBER
TRADING IN GERMANY”)
Lukas Schäfer
TU Dresden – Univeristy of Tehnology, Faculty of Environmental Science
lschaefer90@yahoo.com
Abstract: Since 2009 the at that time valid, official German raw-timber-trading
agreement expired because the European law on which it was based ran out. Prior to
that in 2007 the mandate to create a new federal timber-trading agreement called
RVR (Rahmenvereinbarung für den Rohholzhandel in Deutschland) was given to the
top union of the forestry industry and the top union of the timber industry. The aim
was to implement the trading agreement until the end of 2008, in order to avoid a
period of time where no federal timber trading law is valid. However until 2014 the
agreement had not been terminated and implemented. The consequence was that
there was no homogenous way of grading and measuring timber for sale in Germany
for the duration of 6 years. In the paper the reasons for this delay have been
examined using industry-sector-specific magazines, books and internet ressources.
The results of the problem-analysis have shown that the most important reasons for
the delay were quality-class shiftings, measurement techniques in timber processing
plants, the European CEN-norms, private forest owners and possibly excess
capacities in the German timber processing industry. Furthermore the process of the
creation of the trading agreement was implemented in the model of the so called
politics-cycle, which is a tool used to separate political processes into a sequence of
phases. This technique has shown, that the phase the process was stuck in is the so
called agenda-setting. These reasons can be held responsible for the struggle
between the timber and forestry industries that resulted in the delay of the guideline.
Key words: forestry, economics, politics, timber, timber utilisation

44
MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS
FOR FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA: THE CASE OF KAKAMEGA
FOREST
Valerio Frattura
University of Tuscia, Italy
valerio.frattura@libero.it
Abstract: The goal of this study is the investigation of Kenyan forest landscape, to
propose guidelines for the rehabilitation of tropical forest, in order to ensure the food
security of the local communities. The research was conducted with the scientific
support of KEFRI, through the principal forests areas of Kenya. The data collection
methods were interviews with the members of KEFRI (Kenya Forest Research
Institute), KFS (Kenya Forest Service), KWS (Kenya Wildlife Service) and CFAs
(Community Forest Association) asking questions about management and
rehabilitation issues in each forest complex visited. In specific, the main part of the
study was conducted in Kakamega forest, where 84 questionnaires were collected
directly in the villages located on the border of this forest, to understand the
connection between the local community and the forest. The results show a strong
dependence on forest products and how this relation can compromise the survival of
Kakamega forest. For these reasons the study wants to propose management and
rehabilitation guidelines to allow the conservation of the Kenyan forest ecosystem,
reaching a balance with the needs of local communities.
Key words: Tropical forest; Forest degradation; Forest rehabilitation; Local
community, Kenya

45
ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF FOREST STANDS IN THE AREA
OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF SOKOLAC
Maja Marić, Jelena Jolović, Marijana Delić 1
1University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
maja.maric002@gmail.com
marijanadel@gmail.com
Abstract: Forests are a very complex ecosystem with public interests and natural
resource which are invaluable. Forestry is the basis of economic development within
the observed area, because the forests cover an area of 55% of the total surface
area. There is a need to assess the value stands as the basis of this data in order to
comprehend the value of resources, but also for the improvement of their condition.
All-aged forests beech, fir and common spruce (Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum) within which
secondary forests are often distributed while pine and common spruce (Piceo-
Pinetum illirycum), forests fir and common spruce (Abieti-Picetum illyricum) are the
most widespired forests in the area of the municipality of Sokolac. The evalution of
stand was made by the method of the present value of cutting and the results are
presented in tables and graphically.
Key words: assessment of the value of forest stands, municipality of Sokolac,
present value of cutting

47
CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO FORESTRY
IN THE AGE OF ECOLOGY
Marina Vukin1
, Lidija Amidžić2
, Rajko Milošević1
, Marko Kelember1
1
2
University Singidunum Faculty of applied Ecology ’Futura’, Serbia
lidija.amidzic@futura.edu.rs
kelember@gmail.com
Аbstract: Apart from being a natural resource, the environment can be a limiting
factor for a number of economic and social processes. It is not disputed that certain
damage cannot be avoided and some degradation of nature can be tolerated.
However, it is necessary to identify the breakpoint in the exploitation of the natural
heritage of the Planet. Forestry is finding its place in the world of science and other
important human activities. Environmental ethics has become an intrinsic part of
forest research studies in this century. Having recognized negative effects of the
former mono-functional, industrial forestry, which largely overlooked the integrity of
forest ecosystems, the principles of integrated, multi-functional forestry have been
established. Today, forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystems on Earth and as
such they make 'environmental pillars' of the ecosphere. They cover 40.6 million
square meters, which is 8% of the Earth's area or 28% of its land area. Regarding the
global biological production, forests have an indisputable quantitative and qualitative
advantage over other ecosystems. Forest ecosystems produce about 33% of the
total organic matter. Biological and production processes last far longer in forests
than in aquatic ecosystems, which, by its nature and distribution, can be compared
with them. Thus, the effects of forests on the ecosphere, per unit area they occupy,
significantly exceeds the effects of other macro-ecosystems - aquatic, steppe and
meadow, artificial, urban, agricultural, desert and semi-desert. Considering its effects
on the surrounding environment, one hectare of forest equals 6-7 hectares of seas
and oceans, 3-4 hectares of steppes, meadows and pastures, 23-25 hectares of
semi-deserts. Environmental ethics has become an intrinsic part of forest research
studies in this century. Having recognized negative effects of the former mono-
functional, industrial forestry, which largely overlooked the integrity of forest
ecosystems, the principles of integrated, multi-functional forestry have been
established. The indisputable interdependence and coherence of all forest benefits
prove that only professionally managed forests can provide multiple-use forest
benefits. Today`s forestry faces complex tasks created by modern developed
societies. Forestry, i.e. forest resources, is expected to meet the requirements at
three different levels: biosphere, bio-ecology and socio-economy. In order to achieve
this, it is necessary put in a great deal of effort to harmonize natural mechanisms
and human activities, without overlooking the environmental and social
responsibilities of modern civilization.
Key words: the environment, forestry, forest benefits

48
INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES IN URBAN FORESTS IN SERBIA
Nenad Stavretović1, Jovana Petrović1, Marina Vukin1, Lilijana Sokolova2
1University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
2Institute of Public Health, Sombor, Serbia
nenad.stavretovic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
jovana.stevanovic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
liljanasokolova@yahoo.com
Abstract: Invasive plant species pose a threat to man reflected in several aspects
and the most important are environmental, economic and health aspect. In urban
forests in Serbia most prevalent woody invasive species are Ailanthus altissima,
Amorpha fruticosa, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia and others. These plant
species occupy a space in which indigenous trees grow. In addition to taking up
space, they hinder the development and growth of high-quality, economically viable
tree species. In ecological terms the biodiversity of the area is distorted and invasive
species have been declared a primary threat to plant diversity. Widespread
herbaceous invasive species in urban forests include: Erigeron annuus, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus, Aristolochia clematitis, Asclepias syriaca,
Conyza canadensis, Sorghum halepense, Echinochia crus-galli, Fallopia japonica
and others. A large number of these invasive plants are extreme allergens and
harmful to human health, among which is the species Ambrosia artemisiifolia as the
most important species. Today, Serbia is faced with a serious problem, this kind of
plant, one of 40 species of the genus Artemisia. In recent years, due to allergic
complications caused by ragweed, rapidly grow prevalence of diseases such as lung
cancer. No less important are the effects on labor productivity due to the interference
with work and frequent sick leaves of workers. High presence of invasive plant
species in urban forests is the result of inappropriate maintenance of green areas
and a strong human impact. Therefore, monitoring and control of invasive plant
species in urban areas are very important.
Key words: urban forestry, invasive plant species, greenery, urban areas, landscape
architecture

49
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
ON HUMAN HEALTH IN BELGRADE
Maja Vujčić
maja.vujcic@yahoo.com
Abstract: Concerning the connection between all organisms on mutual area as a
common stand, it is possible to introduce the most vulnerable parts of the city of
Belgrade and tools for improving the quality of urban environment and health, based
on medical reports of patients suffering from respiratory system, mental disorders
and behavioral disorders. Thanks to plants, as the important factor, the environment
can influence human health. In addition to their aesthetic value, ecological
performance of plants can reduce air pollution and sonorous, display phytoncide
effects, enhance air quality, reduce radiation, directly improving the microclimate of
living space and increasing the resilience of the human body. Combination of
specially selected woody and herbaceous plants and increasing their biomass
represents the unique mechanism for the preservation of the population health in
Belgrade, maintaining the urban environment desirable for people and everyday life.
Key words: environment, urban ecology, microclimate, the city of Belgrade, human
health and plants

50
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR OF COMPANIES TOWARD
THE ENVIRONMENT - MULTIPLE BENEFITS
Sanja Škorić
University of Business Academy in Novi Sad; Law Faculty for Economy and Judiciary
in Novi Sad, Serbia
sanja@pravni-fakultet.info
Abstract: For several decades modern societies, have faced problems relating to
environmental protection, and there are increasingly being held global meetings of
the most powerful states in laying down the strategy to overcome the problems. We
are witnessing more frequent ecological disasters around the world, for which the
whole of society shares its responsibility. In light of the foregoing, in the national and
international levels is bringing sustainable development strategy that includes target-
oriented, long-term, steady, total and synergetic process affecting all aspects of life
and that adequately meets the socio-economic needs and interests of the people, at
the same time reducing the impacts that damage the environment and natural
resources. However, the strategy remains at the level of statements which takes the
overall responsibility of the state, but does not identify specific consequences for
communities and individuals if it is based on strategies that are not respected. Thus,
the state with its regulations determines which specific behaviors are contrary to the
model of sustainable development. In addition to sanctions for non-compliance, the
state must encourage the introduction of alternative, so-called clean technologies in
production, primarily in large companies, which are the largest potential
environmental polluters. Although it can be concluded that the global concern for the
environment is emphasized as priority, ecological disasters continue as a result of the
use of outdated production processes or intentional violation of regulations on
environmental protection. However, large companies themselves can benefit if they
act in accordance with the concept of corporate social responsibility.
Key words: Sustainable development, socially responsible behavior of companies,
environmental protection

51
THE EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Milan Martinović
Abstract: The whole world is represented with a bad trend, uncontrolled
deforestation, to conversion of former land, or for direct profits in the industry. One of
the main assumptions of economic progress and prosperity of a country is the
sustainable management and utilization of its natural resources, including forests.
Reforestation is extremely important to restore disturbed balance of nature.
Deforestation around the world, caused an extremely negative effect on the global
level, because forests have significant potential to mitigate global warming through
their binding capacity and the accumulation of carbon. The aim of this paper is to
draw attention to the poor state of forests in Serbia, and thereby to emphasize the
positive environmental, economic and social effects, which can be achieved only by
conscientiously and professionally planning and implementing the objectives of forest
management. So afforestation is necessary to restore the disturbed natural balance.
Urban development is difficult to stop. All towns and villages in Serbia are constantly
expanding, having no where to go, we cut down the forests, making new roads,
industrial plants, conducting illegal transformation of forest land into construction
land, without excessive interest in nature conservation authorities, but only looking at
material benefits that this area can bring. Although according to various data about
29% of Serbia is covered by forests, it is clear that this number can only be reduced
in the future due to the expected urbanization of towns and cities in Serbia. The need
for wood material will eventually be all the greater, which would also negatively affect
the felling and deforestation. It is therefore important that the uncontrolled and illegal
deforestation is dismantled, and that through reforestation, achieve some remarkable
recoveries of essential resources that nature provided.
Key words: reforestation, environment, nature, deforestation

52
9
Environmental engineering in the
protection of soil and water
resources

53
NECCESSITY OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT
FOR THE “FRUŠKA GORA“ NATIONAL PARK
Miodrag Zlatić1
, Stanimir Kostadinov1
, Dejan Stojanović2
1
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
2
National Park „Fruška Gora“, Serbia
miodrag.zlatic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
dejanstojanovic021@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract: Water erosion causes most of the damages to agriculture and forestry in
the area of NP „Fruška Gora“. Arable land, vineyards and pastures, which are mainly
situated on the slopes of different degree are exposed to erosion processes of
different intensity. This is also the case in the degraded oak forests on the slopes
exposed to the south, and on the soil roads where the occurance of gullies is very
frequent. Damages caused by erosion processes and torrential floods in the Fruška
Gora have negative influence on the economy, as well as on the cultural and ordinary
life of this area. Considering all these circumstances there is a neccessity for a
studious approach on solving these problems on the principles of sustainable land
management. It could involve technical, biological and bio-technical work. By this way
cleaner water (without sediment) could be better used in agriculture, industry, tourism
and recreation.
Key words: Torrential floods, erosion, sustainable management

54
MONITORING TORRENTIAL PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION
OF TORRENTIAL FLOODS RISK MANAGEMENT
Katarina Lazarević
katarina.lazarevic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Negative impact of humans on nature, leads to change and degradation of
natural conditions and processes of the Earth. The result is an increase in the
number and intensity of natural disasters, including torrential floods. They occur as a
result of intense rainfall or rapid snow melting, and are characterized by rapid
formation of torrential wave. Torrential floods cause great damage in their valleys and
wider. Flood risk is the likelihood of damage to the affected area. Torrential floods
problem is more and more common in Serbia, which is testified by torrential floods in
western and central Serbia that occurred in May of 2014. and also catastrophic
torrential floods in Kladovo, Negotin and Majdanpek that occurred in September of
2014. By analyzing the conditions and causes of their appearance, it is possible to
reach a solution to the problem through an integrated risk management, because it
actually helps in understanding the process which creates the possibility to mitigate
the negative effects of future similar events. Monitoring of torrential processes,
analysis of the potential risk of flooding and its mapping (formation of flood zones) in
small torrential river basins that are mostly unstudied, represents the most important
activity in the framework of the measures of flood protection. Monitoring produces
information that is valuable to the formation of risk scenarios and supports the
assessment of risk scenarios, where, how and when a disaster may occur. The
essence is to use the information obtained by monitoring, the right way and at the
right time, to reduce the risk to its minimum or completely eliminate it. Maps of flood
risk are used for displaying information on hazards, vulnerabilities and risks in a
particular area are and they are helpful in the process of risk assessment and
establishment of priorities in the strategies of risk reduction. They also have an
important role in transmitting the same information about disasters, these particular
torrential floods, to all stakeholders in risk assessment. This paper presents
experiences from all over the world in the framework of this topic.
Keywords: torrential flood, monitoring, risk management, mapping, flood zones.

55
EXPERIENCE FROM JAPAN IN FIELD DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND WATER
RESOURCES
Sonja Tošić
Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Serbia
tosic.sonja5gmail.com
Abstract: Japan has become a world leader in research and practices on causes,
prediction and managing of natural disasters like floods, landslides, earthquakes,
tsunamis etc. This place is a source of new systems and methods for the protection
of natural resources. In this paper, some new information are presented on disaster
presentation management system, restoration system and special engineering
methods for protected natural resources implemented in Japan, like a Sabo Dams,
Groin, Reinforced Levee, Natural River, Restoration of Native Forest Construction
Sites, Grating Crib Works, Hazard Map and etc. The establishment of effective early
warning systems and the identification and strengthening of emergency shelters is
crucial. Decentralization of disaster management plans and disaster education to
increase public awareness is fundamental to enhance resilience.
Keywords: Japan, disaster management, methods protected natural resources,
floods, landslides, Natural River, Native Forest

56
10
Landscape aschitecture and
horticulture

57
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LANDSCAPE AS A TOOL IN THE
PLANNING OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF VALJEVO KARST
Jasmina Jaksić
jaksicjasmina@yahoo.com
Abstract: Methodic approach characterization of landscapes is created in response
to problems and crises at all levels to protect the landscape and as such is coupling
between theory and practice. According to a recent understanding the landscape is a
system of values and it is necessary to protect it as a public good, not as a private
good. For Valjevo karst it was used method Landscape Character Assessment-
Guidance for England and Scotland as a tool in the planing. Cultural landscapes are
landscapes that at any level just serve the most complex way to get through their
characterization preservation, to protect and enhance natural features and elements,
physical component arising from human activities and modification of the natural
quality seeds with forms arising through centuries of events in the area. Forest
complex in Valjevo karst absolutely is the most complex ecosystem just as it is
necessary to preserve and protect and improve it in some areas, because they are
closely related to the protection of geological heritage and geomorphology of the
whole Valjevski Karst. To maintain the basic principles of the functioning and
structure of the landscape, the principle of biotic diversity, the principle of movement
types, the principle of food distribution, the principle of energy flow, the principle of
the market before the principle of stability of landscapes, it is necessary that mosaic
which is inseparably linked with its values of forest ecosystems, biogeocenosis
preserved through the preservation of all the units and elements of the landscape
both vertical and horizontal structures of cultural landscapes of Valjevo Karst. This
way changes that are inevitable and ever more intensely last decades with this
methodic way by applying knowledge and experience so that there will be as less
negative impact on the cultural landscape of Valjevo Karst.
Key words: Valjevo, karst, assesment, cultural, landscape, character

58
GREEN ROOFS IN URBAN AREA
Milan Martinović
Abstract: The paper describes the importance of green roofs in urban areas in
Serbia and around the world. And how green roof can have an impact on changing
the environment, and people's lives, also how it affects their mood and recreation.
The aim of this paper is to popularize the construction of green roofs in Serbia,
primarily in the City of Belgrade. Roofs of buildings in Belgrade have no specific
purpose. They are neglected, and only serve to set up antennas that receive
television signals. If the trend of green roofs develops in the future in Serbia, it is
expected to have more green roofs in the City of Belgrade, because it has the largest
number of buildings in Serbia. It is necessary to start with only one project of
greening the roof, in order to build piece by piece, and full extension and its maximal
functionality will gradually be reached. All over the world in urban areas, there is a big
lack of green spaces. This can be compensated with the construction of green roofs
on buildings that transform monotonous urban environment into an oasis of nature.
The construction of green roofs will significantly improve protection against heat and
cold. In addition, green roofs will improve microclimate conditions. Then, it is
presented how it is economically feasible to build green roofs on buildings, and what
types of green roofs exist. The inference is that the trend of green roofs in Serbia has
not taken off. Very few buildings in Serbia have green roofs, there are individual
attempts of green roof construction, but they are rare, and usually incompletely
formed, due to the lack of information on how to build and maintain such roofs, lack
of information and ignorance of what exactly can be built on the roof, and the benefits
it will provide to tenants.
Key words: green roofs, environment, nature, urban

59
11
Agriculture and
forestry

60
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
)FIRST STEP TO FOREST PROTECTION IN SUDAN)
Shawgei Salah Ahmed
Sudan Academy for Science Department of Waste Management and Technology, Sudan
shwgy2000@gmail.com
Abstract: The forests in the world are declining due to over-harvesting of trees for
use as an energy source especially for poor communities in Asia and Africa, this
uncontrolled situation may lead the world to natural disasters. This paper discusses
the possibility of awareness to the poor communities about the importance of the
forest, trying to find the right alternative that can be used as an energy source, this
alternative source called agricultural waste which exist in huge quantities may cause
environmental problems sometimes, and agricultural waste from the sugar industry in
Sudan enough to protect large spaces of forest. This paper responds to the question
of how we can use agricultural waste to protect forests from the unjust and
unregulated pieces in order to reach a useful experience for the world.
Key words: Forest Protection, Agricultural Waste Management

62
FRUSKA GORA FOREST HAMMAM SPA KITCHEN ELEMENTS
Jovana Pejaković, Gorana Isailović1
1
Health College Belgrade, Serbia
goga.isailovic@gmail.com
isailovic.gorana@gmail.com
Abstract: Forest medicine is a new approach in the field of public health and health
tourism. Forest hammams are an authentic Forest bathing program of the Balkan
countries. Forest hammams of Fruska Gora are among the most important in Serbia
and Vojvodina. In the present work we select six different forest hammam programs
with various energetic demands. We present Menu of authentic dishes and
beverages from the Fruska Gora wild plants that correspond to the energetic and
nutritive demands of the Forest bathing participants: soups from wild plants,
mushrooms, herbal tea, juices, desserts, main dishes, salads, smoothies… Nutritive,
energetic and ecological values of the Menu are calculated for different Fruska Gora
Forest hammam programs.
Key words: Forest hammams, wild plants, SPA kitchen, ecotourism

66
Conference was supported by:
Public Enterprise „Vojvodinašume“ National Park „Fruška gora“
The Association of Forestry Engineers National Tourism Organisation of Serbia
and Technicians of Serbia
Private Company „Black and White“

67
Print of Book of Abstracts is provided by:
Hunting Association of Serbia Public Enterprise „Srbijašume“

68
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
630(497.11)(048)(0.034.2)
INTERNATIONAL Forestry Student Conference (1 ; 2015 ; Goč)
Challenges and Threats to Contemporary Forestry [Elektronski izvor] :
new powers : book of abstracts / First International Forestry Student
Conference [FIFSCIS 2015], Special Nature Reserve Goč - Gvozdac, September
2015 ; [organized by Forestry Student's Research Club ... [et al.] ; chief
editors Milan Medarević, Marko Kelember]. - Belgrade : University, Faculty
of Forestry, Students Association of the Faculty of Forestry, 2015. - 1
elektronski optički disk (CD-ROM) tekst ; 12 cm
Sistemski zahtevi: Nisu navedeni. - Nasl. sa naslovne strane dokumenta. -
Tiraž 100.
ISBN 978-86-7299-235-9
a) Шумaрство - Србија - Апстракти b) Шуме - Заштита - Србија -
Апстракти
COBISS.SR-ID 219737612

Book of abstracts fifscis 2015

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