Controlled vocabularies are lists of standardized terms used to facilitate data transfer and discovery. They are available directly from websites like the NERC Vocabulary Server or "served" through that server. Examples of controlled vocabularies include platform types, units, instruments, and sea areas. The document provides URLs for vocabularies like SeaDataNet, EPSG, and MSBIAS and instructs users to contact a governance group to propose adding new terms. It includes practical exercises to familiarize users with finding terms from different controlled vocabularies.