2. REFRESHER: WHAT IS AN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) in general, uses different types of fuel but the
principle of generating power by burning the fuel is similar to each other.
• Gasoline engine, generates power by burning a volatile liquid fuel (gasoline) with
ignition initiated by an electric spark.
• The ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine itself. The
engine then partially converts the energy from the combustion to work. The engine
consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston.
4. DEFENITION
• A hybrid engine uses more than one means of energy, combining a petrol or diesel
engine with an electric motor, and the two systems work with each other to move
the vehicle.
• a hybrid combines at least one electric motor with a gasoline engine to move the
car, and its system recaptures energy via regenerative braking.
5. DEFENITION
• What is regenerative braking
- Regenerative brakes work by reversing electric motors that propel a car. It works
like a generator and feeds energy back into the hybrid or electric system to help replenish a
little bit of range. These small boosts in battery range can accumulate and improve efficiency
over time when used regularly.
- It aims to recover, store and reuse some of the vehicle's braking energy to
improve fuel efficiency or boost the range of electric and hybrid vehicles ( Full Electric
Vehicle (FEV) / Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) ).
7. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more
electric motors, which uses energy stored in batteries.
• A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is
charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine
• The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for a smaller engine.
The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when stopped. Together,
these features result in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance.
8. KEY COMPONENTS OF A HYBRID
ELECTRIC CAR
• Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides
electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also powers vehicle
accessories.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery
pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the
auxiliary battery.
• Electric generator: Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking,
transferring that energy back to the traction battery pack. Some vehicles use motor
generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
9. KEY COMPONENTS OF A HYBRID
ELECTRIC CAR
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's
wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out through the
tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out emissions within the exhaust system.
• Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is injected into either the
intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is
ignited by the spark from a spark plug.
Note: There are also Hybrid Electric Diesel Engine powered vehicles (SUV’s)
10. KEY COMPONENTS OF A HYBRID
ELECTRIC CAR
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by
the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it
produces.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of
the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
• Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric
traction motor to drive the wheels.
12. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• For example: The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on
a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions. Others, like
the Toyota Prius, have radically different ones, which we'll talk about later.
• You can combine the two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. One way, known as
a parallel hybrid, has a fuel tank that supplies gasoline to the engine and a set of batteries that
supplies power to the electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission
at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.
14. 1. PARALLEL HYBRID
• The most common design, the electric motor(s) and gasoline engine are connected
in a common transmission that blends the two power sources. That transmission can
be an automatic, a manual, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
• both the engine and the electric motor are coupled to the wheels to propel
the vehicle. The engine supplies its power mechanically to the wheels (like in a
conventional vehicle), and the engine is assisted by an electric motor if necessary.
15.
16. 2. SERIES HYBRID
• In this design, the electric motor(s) provides all the thrust, and there is never a physical
mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels. The gasoline engine is just
there to recharge the battery.
• This results in a driving experience that's more indicative of an electric car, with smoother,
powerful acceleration. There's typically less vibration when the gasoline engine engages.
However, that engagement doesn't always happen in concert with what your right foot is
doing (remember, the battery is making the demands), so the engine might be revving up
while the car is cruising at a steady speed.
17.
18. 3. PLUG-IN HYBRID
• A plug-in hybrid enhances the conventional hybrid concept with a much larger
battery pack that, like an electric car's, must be fully recharged using an external
electricity source.
• This greater amount of energy storage is like a larger gas tank: It allows for
extended all-electric driving (between 15 and 55 miles depending on the model)
and can significantly reduce fuel consumption.
