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Social Sciences:
Independent Academic Report Study
By Kirsty Champion
Access to Higher Education Diploma
at City College Southampton
Submitted on ..........................
Lecturer: Andrew Skiller

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Contents Page
Title page Page number
Abstract 3
Introduction 3-5
Methodology 6
Findings and results 6-13
Discussion 13
Conclusion 14
Recommendations 14-15
References 16-17

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Abstract
This report analyses the condition of psychopaths and describes in
depth what the condition is. The report describes reasons as to why
people with this condition behave with ‘abnormal’ and in some cases
‘shocking’ actions. The hypothesis for this report creates the question of
whether our environment is the main cause for this conditionor whether
biologyhas an impact on the individuals with this condition. The
hypothesis, ‘Do psychopaths have an innate personality disorderor are
they nurtured into a state of mind?’ outlines the question of why and how
people with psychopathic tendencies behave the way they do. The
method that was used for this report was extensive second hand
research with literature such as ‘Snakes in Suits’, a full 8 series TV
program called Dexter(about a psychopathserial killer), documentaries
on psychopaths and extensive internet research. The research shows
opinions of criminologists that have studied the condition and supports
the theory of psychopaths.The purpose of this report is to establish what
a psychopathis and reasons for their behaviour. The report concludes
that both nature and nurture are reasons for psychopathic behaviour.
Psychopaths are born with an innate personality disorderthrough some
genetics of the non-activity of the prefrontal cortex, but also the
environment around them can affect the condition. But the genetic
makeup of a psychopath’s brain is more powerful than the environment
the psychopath is brought up in.
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to determine whether psychopaths are
either born with the personality disorderor whether the environment that
psychopaths grow up in, determine their behaviour. The research carried
out in this report explains the reasons behind the psychopathic
behaviour and underlines the differences betweenpsychopaths and
sociopaths.The literature used in this report has given some insight into
how psychopaths behave inside a cooperate company, they may not be
dangerous in the sense of physically harming another person but shows
their abuse towards people in differentways. Due to the nature of
psychopathic personalities,having them in a high paced and competitive

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environment is dangerous for the company and the people who work
within it. According to ProfessorHare, (the author of ‘Snakes in Suits,
when psychopaths go to work’), psychopaths were mostlikely the
reason for the financial crisis. People who made the decisionto borrow
money on top of debt would be typical of psychopathic behaviour. Due to
the lack of remorse and empathy CEO’s of the bank industry had, for the
destruction that borrowing large amounts of money could bring to
millions of people,would be typical of psychopaths characteristics (Cox
2012).
The interest for this topic was introduced when watching the television
series,Dexter. The program was only meant for entertainment, but
sparked the interest of psychopaths.Questions such as, how many
psychopaths are there? Are they all serial killers? How would you know
if someone is a psychopath? The reason for this report was to answer
these questions through researchand analyse documentaries of some
well known serial killers and known psychopaths to see what could
cause this unlawful behaviour.
Throughout this report the hypothesis ‘Do psychopaths have an innate
personality disorderor are they nurtured into a state of mind?’ will be
analysed into sections.In the findings/discussionthe report will explain
firstly, what a psychopath is and why psychopathy is quite often
mistaken for sociopathy. Secondly it will describe how psychopathy is
developedand the reasons behind anti-social behaviour. Lastly this
report will evaluate differenttypes of psychopaths ranging from white
collar crime, to serial killers. The report will conclude with up to date
research in psychopaths and how new technologymay even help
children with signs of psychopathic characteristics to be able to
understand other people’s emotions,which in turn will help their lack of
empathy towards others.
The word psychopathy comes from the Greek words ‘Psyche’ and
‘Pathos’. ‘Psyche’ means mind and ‘Pathos’ means suffering,which
means suffering of the mind or sickness of the mind (Passio 2014).
These words give meaning to what psychopathstands for today. There
are two definitions below that describe what a psychopath is and also
what a sociopathis. The two definitions are very similar but still a great
deal of difference(Floria 2014).

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The definition of a psychopathis:
“A person with a psychopathicpersonality,which manifestsas a moral
and antisocialbehaviour, lack of abilityto love or establish
meaningful personal relationships,extremeegocentricity, failure to
learn from experience”
The definition of a sociopathis:
“A person with a psychopathicpersonality whose behaviour is
antisocial,often criminal,and who lacks a senseof moral
responsibility or socialconscience (Houghton Mifflin Company 2005).
The highlighted words representthe differences betweenthe two
personality disorders.Psychopaths have no choice in having emotional
connections with people.They are incompetentto love or establish
relationships and are usually unable to learn emotions.On the other
hand, sociopaths understand emotions and can establish relationships
with people.The main differencesare that psychopaths are incapable of
feeling emotions but sociopaths do feelguilt and love but both disorders
lack remorse for other people,more so with psychopaths. Sociopaths
must have had an early dramatic experience in their childhood that
would affecttheir behaviour, for example being sexually abused as a
child. This could cause the personality disorderas an adult. They can
feelfear in situations and know right from wrong but choose to do wrong
without remorse for it. In recent studies of psychopaths,there have been
results that show psychopaths are born with a lesion on the amygdala (a
part of the brain that controls emotions,such as fear and judgement).
Psychopaths are fearless and have no empathy for others. This is the
dangerous part of the psychopathcharacteristics because without
empathy or fear there is little or no control over the actions of these
specificpeople,without these emotions eventually psychopaths will
stand out in societywith antisocial behaviour (Weller2014).

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Methodology
The methodologyused in this report is extensive second hand research,
using books,TV shows and documentaries on well known psychopaths.
The report shows work from professors who have been studying the
anti-social behaviour for over thirty years such as, Dr RobertHare
University Professor in Canada who developedthe Hare Psychopathy
Checklist, Paul.J.Frick.Ph.D University professorand chair of the
department of psychologyin New Orleans and Essi Viding Professorof
Developmental Psychopathologyat the UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences
in Londonalso Dr James Fallon a neuroscientist who discovered why
psychopaths behave the way they do. There was an attempt to gain
primary research for this projectby e-mailing Dr RobertHare, to gain
insight of his personal opinion on the subject. The e-mail consisted of a
series of questions asking ProfessorHare, his opinion on psychopaths
and whether today’s society will be able to cope with the anti-social
behaviour of psychopathy, also whether he believed there could be help
for children diagnosed with psychopathy. But unfortunately, assumption
due to Dr Hare’s schedule,there was no reply to the e-mail sent.
Therefore due to the nature of the project, the research gained is all
second hand.
Findings/Results
The interest of this subjectfor the report came from watching an eight
series television programme called Dexter,which was developed around
a character who was a psychopathic serial killer. The programme was
written in the view of the character Dexter showing his two lives that he
lived. In the day he was blood analyst Dexter Morgan, an awkward yet
charming personworking within a police department. By night he was a
blood thirsty killer hunting down people just like him to take away the
urges he felt. In light of this programme,an interest was sparked for the
subjectof this report. The main writer of the programme,James Manos,
created the character Dexter with textbook characteristics of a
psychopath, callous, manipulative, egocentric, emotionally disconnected
and violent etc. These are only some of the characteristics of a typical
psychopath. Throughout the programme these characteristics were

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evident and gave the viewer entertainment. Overall the programme was
purely for a personalenjoyment but gave an insight to what a
psychopath is and does,opening up many other questions behind why a
psychopath may act this way. Is it to do with their childhood or a
dramatic event in the person’s life to cause the personality disorder? Is
this behaviour learnt from others? Or can a psychopath be born with
these traits? This report will give explanations to these questions.From
the explanation of psychopaths in the introduction some of these
questions were answered.
Evidence of supportfor the condition of psychopaths,can be found in
the work of ProfessorDr RobertHare, a psychologistforover thirty years
analysing prisoners with psychopathy. Hare was founderof the revised
PCL – checklist (psychopathy checklist), used to define whether a
personis a psychopathor sociopath,even to this day. Psychopaths are
not easily defined and it is a group of specific characteristics that can
determine whether someone is a psychopath or not. Some of these
characteristics are as follows;emotionally disconnected,uncaring,
shallow emotions, narrow attention, selfishness,violence, insincere
speech,no sense of ethics and manipulation etc. The original checklist
was founded by Hervey Cleckley in 1941,an American psychologistin
the field of psychopathy. According to the checklist psychopaths are only
able to be recognised using the list. The checklist is scored from 1-40,
normal scores would range from 1-5 for the average personbut
psychopaths and sociopaths will range from 36-40, 40 being at the more
dangerous end of the scale. The high scores are most likely the people
responsible formurder and violent crimes (Hirstein 2013).
Proponents of psychopaths have also suggested that there are more
psychopaths amongst societyand co-operations than first believed.
When you think of a psychopath you think of a person who is dangerous
in a white restraint jacket concealed in a room full of padding and bar
windows, but in reality psychopaths are very good at disguising
themselves in society. Psychopaths are estimated to be 1% of the
population, which is the potential of 640,000 psychopaths in the UK.
There is an estimate of 20% of prison populations of which are known
psychopaths (Chivers 2014).

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In light of the above there is an explanation as to why psychopaths
behave in such callous ways. The prefrontal cortex of the brain controls
our impulses,emotions,empathy, judgement, insight and focus.All of
which a psychopathdoes not develop through childhood. But instead
learns to act the controls and with their great skill of manipulation, can
convince people around them that they are normal people who feel and
care for others. From doing this psychopaths can be perceived as a
normal, loving, and thoughtful person. But in reality they are putting on a
mask to disguise who and what their real intentions are (Paramapoonya
1999).
Psychopaths use their personality traits to their advantage, which is why
they are so successfulin society,convincing people around them that
they are not an outcast, ‘You could have one for a colleague, a friend or
a spouse’,they blend in extremely well to society,until found guilty of a
crime or becomedeviant in their behaviour (Wayne 2010).
(Prefrontal cortex) (Psychopath disguising who they really are)
Psychologistsacross the world have tried to understand why
psychopaths do not have any empathy and are unable to understand
emotion. Dr, James Fallon, a neuroscientistwho diagnosed himself as a
borderline psychopath, analysed people’s brain activity across a wide
range of people (Including Dr Fallon’s brain activity). Some of the
participants were diagnosed as psychopaths and some were of a
healthy state of mind. It was by mistake that Dr Fallon found the pattern
of the non activity in the prefrontal cortex within the psychopaths’brains.
He only later recognised this pattern, by looking at his own activity within
the patterns of psychopaths,believing it was a mistake that his activity
was in this pile. But in fact recognised the distinguished patterns and

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could not deny that his brain had no activity in the prefrontal cortex.
When measuring the brain activity the participants had to shout out what
type of emotion the pictures were showing on a screen.Whilst they were
doing this the prefrontal cortex that controls emotion was being
measured.The results were astonishing, showing a normal person’s
brain activity compared to a psychopath’s brain activity, (people who
scored highly on the PCL – checklist), that the amygdala (the part of the
brain that reacts to a dramatic event signalling to the body to respond
with either aggression,guilt, envy or shame) was showing a great deal
of activity compared to psychopaths.The activity in the psychopaths’
brains had no activity where emotions were supposed to be signalled
(Fallon 2014). This experiment gave greater understanding to
psychopaths and their behaviours’, giving reason to the callous and
vicious personality traits that they portray.
Psychopaths are extremely unpredictable and dangerous, whether they
work in a bank, are in relationships, in a business or kill people fortheir
own advantages, all of these situations can bring them satisfactionand
control of their surroundings. This may leave the people around them or
possiblyfamilies open to fraud, compulsive lying, negative atmospheres,
grieving and a state of despair. In which a psychopath will not have any
empathy for. Thankfully not all psychopaths are violent but still capable
of harm in other ways. ProfessorRobertHare, co-writer of ‘Snakes in
suits when psychopaths go to work’, explains how psychopaths are like
hunters, using their skill of manipulation, charm, and compulsive lying to
convince and trick people into believing they are trustworthy and worth a
risk. In the book there is a character called ‘Dave’ who is a psychopath,
and without any hassle works his way up in a company owned franchise
business,earning large amounts of money. Throughout the book the
character is described with cunning and callous behaviour, preying on
the CEO’s of the company convincing them of his talent to improve the
company’s profits, his bossesbelieving that he is a hard working
individual and will give the company a good name. All the while Dave is
stealing from them and managing the co-workers with harsh behaviour
causing chaos and destructioneverywhere he went. But the bosses
were so convinced of Dave’s great personality that they did not see what
was going on. Eventually Dave becomes aco-operate boss himself,by
manipulating his way to the top and managing to replace his old boss,

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which is what his intentions were in the first place (Babiak and Hare
2006).Psychopaths are extremely selfishand will do and say anything
for their own personal reward, without thinking twice about the
consequences forother people.
From the research that has been carried out until now, psychopaths
have shown that they are born with the personality disorder and may or
may not have had a good upbringing. But there are still debates to
whether or not nature or nurture could affectthe condition. There are
well known serial killers of the past, such as Ted Bundy that have had a
very normal upbringing, with loving parents and a stable Christian home.
Exceptthat Bundy’s mother gave birth to him out of wedlock, causing his
grandparents to bring him up as their own child and his mother as an
older sister. Later on Bundy found out that his ‘older sister’ was actually
his mother. This may have been some reasoning behind such horrific
crimes.Bundy turned out to be the mostnotorious serial killer in
Americas’ history, killing over 30 women in horrendous and vicious
ways. He was so successfulover twenty years of murdering these
women due to his charm and manipulation that had people believe he
was not a monster. Bundy was adored by young women even at his
trials and conviction he had women admirers in the stands, truely
believing he was innocent. There was mass evidence to show that Ted
Bundy was responsibleforat least 30 of the women murdered over a
twenty year period of which he was suspectof murdering and torturing
up to 50 women. He was extremely intelligent with a great skill at
manipulation and a master of deceptionwhich he was able to use to
disguise who he really was. By using these skills he gained trust and
respectfrom others. One of Bundy’s quotes was ‘I’m the most cold-
hearted son of a bitch you will ever meet’, which shows that he
understood his actions but did not care how it affected anyone but
himself (Kam 2013). Even on his last interview before his execution in
1978,(One that Bundy had requested,and specificallyasked for
Reverend James Dobson).Bundy tried blaming his crimes on hardcore
pornography, in which he sheds a small tear. But that was one last act of
trying to portray to the public his ‘innocence’. Bundy did not feelguilty for
his crimes because to be a psychopath you have no empathy for anyone
but yourself, he was truely a great manipulator (Titan 2008). There are
other gruesome serial killers that were famous for the lack of empathy

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especiallyJeffreyDahmer (The Milwaukee Cannibal) who raped,
murdered and disassembled seventeenmen and boys between 1978
and 1991 involving necrophilia and cannibalism. He was diagnosed as a
borderline psychopath and was of sound mind at his trial. Dahmer’s
background involved his mother being mentally ill, and demanded much
of his father’s time looking after his mother. As a young child Dahmer
was fascinated by dead animal carcasses and would collectroad kill and
later on dismantle the carcasses in the wood behind his home. Dahmer
claimed there was a lot of tension in the family home as a child. This
could be the trigger that caused him to commitsuch horrific crimes
(Hitchmoe 2013). There have been many cases of serial killers that have
shocked the world and psychologistsdue to the capabilities of these
psychopaths.Each of the serial killers have had similar skills and
characteristics that give them an advantage over the rest of us, they
have no empathy, they have no remorse or guilt for any action they
undertake and are extremely skilled at manipulation and targeting
vulnerable people.Dr Hare describes the selectionprocesslike a
predator hunting its prey. Psychopaths are like a lion selecting the
weakest antelope from a group, ensuring their attack is easy, fast and
successful.This would be true of any psychopath who may commit white
collar crimes,work their way through a company or commitmass
murders, this would still be the selectionprocess that takes place due to
the egocentric personality traits that psychopaths possess (Orr 2013).
Recentresearch on psychopaths has shown that there can be early
detectionof psychopathy in children as young as three years old.
Psychologist, Paul.J.Frick.Ph.D University professorand chair of the
department of psychologyin New Orleans, has developed a child
psychopathic test using exams and family scales on a child’s behaviour.
Included in the examination is the introduction of Callous-unemotional
traits (C.U. Traits), produced by Waschbusch.The process detects
‘those who exhibit a distinctive lack of affection,remorse or empathy and
who are consideredat risk of becoming psychopaths as adults’ (Kahn
2012).Frick and a growing number of psychologists believe that
psychopathy, like autism, is a distinct neurological condition. Through
the process of analysing children the C.U. traits distinguish between
normal conduct disorders and the above normal of C.U traits this will
then place children as at risk of becoming psychopaths when they are

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older. On the other hand some psychologists disagree with the
diagnosis. Laurence Steinberg, a psychologistat Temple University,
does not believe you can diagnose a child with having psychopathy
accurately due to the fact that a child’s brain is still developing.Another
psychologist,John Edens does not wish to spend money on research to
develop this cause as he believes that there will be no support.A mother
whose child has autism will have support compared to a mother with a
child who is a psychopath. Mark Dadds a psychologistat the University
of New South Wales, states that no one would be comfortable labelling a
5 year old a psychopath. But ignoring these diagnoses may be worse
than trying to help children with psychopathy (Kahn 2012).
In light of this research and understanding of the condition,
psychologistsand therapists may be able to teach young children, who
have beendiagnosed as psychopaths,the ability to understand
emotions.If the children are able to be taught how to feelpeople’s
emotions or learn emotions through consistentteaching, it may help
them at later stage in their lives, which in turn will help society and
prevent unimaginable crimes.
“A high-scoring psychopathviewsthe world in a very differentway,” says
Hare. “It’s like colour-blind peopletrying to understand the colourred,
but in this case ‘red’ is other people’semotions.”(Chivers 2006).
This shows that people understand the condition of psychopathy and
psychologistshave approached a possible solution to the problem using
the C.U. traits conduct analysis.
Furthermore, from the work that was carried out by Frick et al from 1994-
2014,other psychologists have developed this analysis further to help
distinguish the condition of psychopathy. According to EssiViding,
(Professorof DevelopmentalPsychopathologyat the UCL Faculty of
Brain Sciences in London), psychopathic traits in children can be
measured with regards to conduct problems suchas A.D.H.D, autism
and other behavioural conditions.But what sets apart the conditionof
psychopathic characteristics to normal disruptive behaviour are the
following; lack of remorse and guilt, lack of empathy, shallow affection,
manipulation of others for own gain and a sense of being more important
than others. These characteristics are measured with regards to C.U.

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traits in children. There have been longitudinal studies showing that
children who show signs of C.U traits can go on to becoming violent,
antisocial adolescenceand adults. This is a generalised result, not all
diagnosed children become antisocialadults, which may be due to the
environment that has surrounded the child whilst developing into
adolescence to adulthood. Antisocial behaviour in children is called
conduct problems, in a majority of children who are diagnosed with
conduct problems there is 25-50% of the children who have high levels
of C.U traits. The difference betweenthe children who have low C.U
traits is those who have high levels is that the children who have high
levels of C.U traits; have planned acts of aggression, low levels of
anxiety, they lack recognition to other people’semotions and have less
response to punishment (Viding 2014). The correlation that occurs in
these observations is that children with higher C.U traits have less
amygdala activity, (the emotional stimuli that alert us to other people’s
emotions).This concludes that it may be possible to prevent a child who
has been diagnosed as a psychopath or with high levels of C.U traits to
be trained into recognising emotion.In turn could prevent adult
psychopathy behaviour.
Discussion
Having considered the second hand research undergone in this report, it
is clear to say that there has been great progress analysing the
complicated condition of psychopathy. From past, present to the future
the research is gradually being recognised as influential. Psychologists
have studied the condition over many years and have helped today’s
society understand the reasons behind such horrific crimes. The
technology that is available today has revolutionised science. They can
diagnose conditions and analyse brain activity through laboratory
screening tests, genetic testing, neurological examination, X-rays,
Fluoroscopy,CT scans and Electroencephalographyetc. These can give
accurate results, which can save lives from cancers and life threatening
diseases (Officeof Communications and Public Liaison 2012). From this
technology, neuroscientists have detected brain activity that has helped
diagnose psychopaths or potential psychopaths.

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Conclusion
Overall, through the research of Hare, Viding, Frick et al, Fallon, each
one of the researchers have given similar results in their work analysing
the condition of psychopaths.The hypothesis question ‘Do psychopaths
have an innate personality disorderor are nurtured in to a state of
mind?’ has beenanswered. The environment and genetics are factors
influencing the psychopathpersonality disorder.The research has
shown differentlevels of psychopaths that exist in today’s societyand
the impact that these individuals can have on a family, a business and
relationships. The conductdisorderstrategy has helped develop greater
understanding of children who might become a psychopath later on in
adulthood. This could have the potential to stop the negative impacts to
societylater on. The environment in which a psychopathic is brought up
in will not affect how their brain will work. They will still think like a
psychopath because of the condition of the brain at birth. But from Frick
et al recognising that children can learn to adapt their brain, to
understanding certain emotions,can adapt a child’s behaviour to fit into
society. Therefore there is still a chance for future psychopaths to
become sociallyaccepted into society.
Recomendation
The purpose of this report was to understand what a psychopath is and
how they behave. The research throughout this report has described
both what a psychopathis and typical characteristics of them. It has
analysed studies and researchers of the topic to gain insight into the
developmentof the condition. The report provides reasoning of both
nature and nurture possibilities that could affectthe condition. It has also
provided a history of the condition, mentioning serial killers and the
reaction societyhas to psychopaths.The weaknesses of this report was
that no primary research was undertaken, which could have given
recognition to previous studies done. Therefore there were limited
results and confirmed data to provide. The strength of this report was the
extent of the second hand research undergone, resulting in a large
range of topics and studies that have been carried out over thirty years.
The improvement that would be carried out for further research would be
to do a longitudinal study on a group of children who have been

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diagnosed as having high levels of C.U traits. Developing the child’s
understanding of emotion and analysing the children’s adulthood
behaviour. To try and recognise any environmental factors that could
affectthe behaviour of adult psychopathy and possiblymake a
differenceto the future of psychopathy.

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