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Diabetes mellitus in children.pptx
1. DIABETES MELLITUS,
MANAGEMENT BEYOND
THE NORMS IN
CHILDREN
Dr Oluwayemi Isaac Oludare
Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist
Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti
MBBS, FWACP, FESPE
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Epidemiology
Classification
Local experience
Childhood Type 1 DM
Childhood Type 2 DM
Type1 vs Type 2 DM
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Management of Type 1 DM
Insulin regimen
Sick day rule
Conclusion
3. WHAT IS DIABETES?
Diabetes mellitus is a group of
metabolic diseases characterized
by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action or both.
4. INTRODUCTION
DM: known to mankind since ancient times
Diabetes means “flowing through”
Mellitus means “sweet as honey”
In the past DM was diagnosed by tasting the urine!
Before insulin was discovered, type 1 DM always
resulted in death
1st human treated with insulin: Leonard Thomson,
14yr/M, Canada, 1922
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Number of people with DM varies in countries
Worldwide, 430,000 children & adolescents aged ≤
14yrs have DM
Each year, 77,000 children aged ≤ 14yrs and 119,000
aged ≥ 15yrs are found to have DM
In the US, ≈ 13,000 new cases of DM are diagnosed in
children every year
In EKSUTH, 1 new case/yr of DM diagnosed in
children(2010-2016), 5 in 2017, and 6 in 2018 (1 T2DM,
others T1DM);
Finland has the highest incidence of childhood &
adolescent diabetes
Childhood & adolescent type 1 DM is very uncommon in
Japan
Reason for differences not known ?culture & environ
8. CLASSIFICATION
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune ß cell destruction causing absolute insulin
deficiency
Type 2 diabetes
Caused by either insulin resistance or due to secretory
defects of insulin
Other types
Genetic defects (e.g neonatal diabetes, MODY),
diseases of the pancreas, drug induced
9. LOCAL EXPERIENCE
age sex Year/ place
of
diagnosis
Type Therapy outcome
? 5
years
M 2009
EKSUTH
1 Insulin LAMA
9 years M 2011
LTH
Osogbo
1 Insulin Dead
2014
14 years M 2012
EKSUTH
1 Insulin LAMA
9 years F 2014
EKSUTH
1 Insulin Alive &
well
12 years F 2015
Private
hosp(LSH)
2 Metformin & Daonil Alive &
well
15 years M 2015
EKSUTH
1 Insulin Alive &
well
10. CHILDHOOD TYPE 1 DIABETES
Accounts for 97% of childhood diabetes
Incidence:
40.2 per 100,000 in Finland (highest worldwide)
15.7 – 17.6 per 100,000 in UK
1.5 per 100,000 in Tanzania
10.1 per 100,000 in Sudan
20 per 100,000 in Morocco
Prevalence:
209 per 100,000 in England
0.33 per 1000 in Nigeria
0.95 per 1000 in Sudan
Incidence rising at 3.4% per year especially in under 5 yr
11. TYPE 1 DM, EPIDEMIOLOGY
Age:
Peak incidence between 10-14 years
Sex:
Slightly more common in boys
Some studies in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Libya have
suggested it to be more common in girls
Race:
More in Caucasians
Season:
More in winter
13. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DKA
Most common mode of presentation in Africa (>85%)
25% or less present with DKA in UK
Presentation in DKA represents delayed diagnosis
Other patients with type 1 DM will present with:
Polyuria or secondary nocturnal enuresis
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Lethargy
Recurrent infection: candida
DKA misdiagnosed as:
Meningitis
Cerebral malaria
Pneumonia
Mortality from DKA very high
(42.5% in Sudan)
14. DIAGNOSIS
RBG > 11.1mmol/L if child has symptoms
FBG > 7.0 mmol/L
Plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L following an OGTT
To reduce DKA in newly diagnosed children
Refer on the basis of urinalysis or bedside RBG
Refer by telephone on the day of suspicion
Do not arrange FBG
15. CHILDHOOD TYPE 2 DM
Only recognized in the last decade
Previously thought to occur only in adults
Prevalence:
England: 3/ 100,000
Japan: 13.5/ 100,000
Taiwan: 15.9/ 100,000
USA: 7.2/ 100,000
UK: 0.53/ 100,000
16. CHILDREN AT RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DM
Obese
Family history of type 2 DM
Signs of insulin resistance
Puberty
18. NATURAL HISTORY OF TYPE 2 DM
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Type 2 Diabetes
Normal Glucose tolerance
19. PROFILE OF SANDWELL CHILDREN WITH TYPE 2
DIABETES
• All obese
• Mean age at presentation : 12yrs
• 70% have acanthosis nigricans
• 53% of south Asian, 30% Caucasian, 7% Afro-Caribbean
• 84% Family history
• 30% persistent microalbuminuria
• 30% dyslipidaemia
20. LONG TERM OUTLOOK
• 14 times more risk of myocardial infarction
• In Canadian cohort of 51, by the age of 33 years:
4 had died
3 on dialysis
1 had toe amputated
1 was blind
21. Type 1 Type 2
Age of onset Any age Pubertal or older
Symptoms at onset DKA
Polyuria, polyphagia,
polydipsia, weight loss etc
Many are asymptomatic
but can present with 3P’s
etc. DKA rare but can
occur
BMI Normal but can be high Usually obese
Family History 2-4% 80%
Autoimmunity 85% isletcell/GAD
Thyroid dysfunction,
celiac disease associated
Not associated
TYPE 1 VS TYPE 2
22. Maturity onset diabetes of the
young (MODY)
• MODY describes dominantly inherited,
monogenic defects of insulin secretion
occurring at any age AND no longer
includes any forms of type 2 diabetes
• Many mutations identified
23. Clues to suspecting MODY
• Mild to moderate hyperglycemia (7-14 mmol/l)
discovered before 30 years of age.
• A first degree relative with a similar degree of
diabetes.
• Absence of positive antibodies or other
autoimmunity (e.g., thyroid disease) in patient
and family.
• Persistence of a low insulin requirement (e.g.,
less than 0.5 u/kg/day) past the usual
"honeymoon" period.
24. MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1
DIABETES
NICE guideline states that children and young
people should be offered ongoing integrated
Package of care by a Multidisciplinary Paediatric
Diabetes team.
Team should consist of Consultant Paediatric
Diabetologist, dietician, Paediatric diabetic nurse,
Child Psychologist.
Patients must have access to ophthalmology and
podiatry.
25.
26. THERAPEUTIC GOALS FOR ALL CHILDREN
WITH DIABETES
Optimal metabolic Control
Normal physical development
Normal Psychosocial development
Optimal quality of Life
27. MANAGEMENT
Initiate insulin treatment usually basal bolus.
Dietetic advise
Structured Education
Ongoing surveillance, annual reviews
Psychosocial support
Transition
24 hour Telephone contact
Self management is the main principle of care
28. TARGETS
HBA1c <7.5%
Pre meal Blood glucose 4-8mmol/l
Post meal BG Target less than 10mmol/l
Healthy , well adjusted child
32. TWICE DAILY REGIME
Starting dose: 0.5U/kg 2/3rd am, 1/3rd pm
Routine: meal times fixed
Meals: 3 main meals and 3 snacks
Insulin administered 30 mins before meals
33. Twice daily regimens
Target blood glucose is 4-8mmol/l in teens and 4-10mmol/l in
younger ones
Pre breakfast blood glucose reflect pre evening meal insulin dose
and vice versa
Use pattern recognition (3 DAYS ) to adjust insulin dose
34. SICK DAY RULES
Never omit insulin
Drink plenty of fluids
More frequent blood sugar monitoring
Check for ketones (e.g use of ß-ketone strips)
Use of correction doses of short acting insulin
Early contact with Diabetes team
35. MANAGEMENT (TYPE 2 DIABETES)
Healthy eating and Regular exercise
Drugs : Metformin, insulin
Surveillance and treatment of complications
36. CONCLUSION
Type 1 diabetes is the commonest type of
childhood diabetes
Refer promptly by phone
Childhood T2D is an emerging problem
Transition to adult services needs to be
planned/improved
37. NO CHILD SHOULD DIE OF DIABETES!
In resuscitating diabetic patients
ABC should be followed by
Don’t
Ever
Forget
Glucose
Sandwell is a metropolitan borough in the West Mainlands of England
NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
CSII uses a small battery powered syringe driver or insulin pump and a short acting insulin (or insulin analogue). The pump is worn 24 hours a day and insulin delivered via a subcutaneous needle sited in the abdominal wall or thigh. The pump hold sufficient insulin for 2 to 3 daysafter which the pump is refilled and he subcutaneous needle resited. The pump can be programmed to infuse insulin continuously