1. The
Joint
Effect
of
Exercise
and
Environment
on
Perceived
Restora7on,
Health-­‐related
A=tudes,
and
Health-­‐related
Behaviors:
Con7nued
Inves7ga7on
Kathleen
Fuegen,
Kimberly
Breitenbecher,
Nicole
Sofranko,
Alexandra
Morgan,
Kayla
Vires,
Jessica
Sharkey
Northern
Kentucky
University
Background
§ Working
intensely
on
a
project
can
result
in
mental
fa7gue.
Spending
7me
in
nature
can
restore
depleted
resources.
Exposure
to
nature
significantly
improves
aSen7on
and
mood
(Berman,
Jonides,
&
Kaplan,
2008).
The
rich
s7mula7on
that
nature
provides
allows
one
to
rely
on
involuntary
aSen7on,
which
is
effortless,
giving
directed,
effor[ul
aSen7on
the
chance
to
restore
itself
(Kaplan,
1995).
§ Walking
for
as
liSle
as
10
minutes
can
improve
mood
and
increase
energy
(Ekkekakis,
Hall,
VanLanduyt,
&
Petruzzello,
2000).
A
15-­‐minute
bout
of
brisk
walking
may
suppress
appe7te
and
reduce
urges
of
sugar
snacking
(Taylor
and
Oliver,
2009).
§ Research
has
not
yet
inves7gated
the
combined
effects
of
exercise
and
nature
on
aSen7on,
mood,
perceived
restora7on,
and
dietary
behavior.
Based
on
previous
literature,
expected
that
outcomes
will
be
the
most
favorable
when
par7cipants
exercise
in
nature.
Method
Par$cipants
§ The
sample
included
107
(59.1%)
women,
73
(40.3%)
men,
and
1
(.6%)
unknown.
Par7cipants
iden7fied
as
Caucasian
(79%),
African
American
or
Black
(9.4%),
mul7racial
(3.3%),
Asian/Pacific
Islander
(2.8%),
and
Middle
Eastern
(2.2%).
The
average
age
was
21.59
years
(SD
=
7.69).
Measures
§ Perceived
Restora.veness
for
Ac.vi.es
Scale
(PRAS;
Norling,
Sibthorp,
&
Ruddell,
2008)
is
a
measure
of
perceived
restora7on
following
physical
ac7vity.
The
PRAS
has
four
subscales:
§ Being
away
(e.g.,
Par7cipa7ng
in
this
ac7vity
helps
me
get
away
from
it
all)
§ Fascina7on
(e.g.,
For
me,
this
ac7vity
has
many
fascina7ng
quali7es)
§ Extent
(e.g.,
Par7cipa7ng
in
this
ac7vity
will
sustain
my
interest)
§ Compa7bility
(e.g.,
This
ac7vity
matches
my
fitness
and
training
objec7ves)
§ A4tudes
toward
the
task:
To
assess
a=tudes
toward
the
ac7vity
engaged
in
by
par7cipants,
we
asked
them
to
indicate
1)
how
likely
they
would
be
to
sign-­‐up
for
another
study
session
and
2)
how
likely
they
would
be
to
recommend
that
a
friend
par7cipate
in
the
study.
§ Snack
and
beverage
choices:
At
the
end
of
the
study,
par7cipants
were
offered
one
beverage
and
one
snack.
The
snack
items
include
both
healthy
(e.g.,
raisins,
pretzels,
baked
potato
chips)
and
unhealthy
(candy,
regular
potato
chips)
op7ons.
The
beverages
include
both
healthy
(water,
diet
soda)
and
unhealthy
(non-­‐caffeinated
soda)
op7ons.
Procedure
§
The
researcher
greeted
the
par7cipants
and
obtained
informed
consent.
§
Par7cipants
unscrambled
words
for
five
minutes
in
an
effort
to
deplete
aSen7on.
§ Par7cipants
completed
measures
of
aSen7on
and
mood
(for
details,
see
“The
Joint
Effects
of
Exercise
and
Environment
on
Emo7on
and
Cogni7on:
Con7nued
Inves7ga7on”)
§
Par7cipants
were
randomly
assigned
to
one
of
four
experimental
condi7ons:
indoor
exercise,
outdoor
exercise,
indoor
rest,
or
outdoor
rest.
§ Outside
exercise
par7cipants
walked
for
15
minutes
around
a
lake
on
campus
§ Inside
exercise
par7cipants
walked
for
15
minutes
on
a
treadmill
in
a
laboratory
§ Outside
rest
par7cipants
sat
on
a
bench
for
15
minutes
adjacent
to
the
lake
§ Inside
rest
par7cipants
sat
for
15
minutes
at
a
desk
inside
a
laboratory
§ Inside
exercise
par7cipants
watched
either
a
slide
show
or
a
video
of
a
path
around
the
campus
lake
§ Inside
rest
par7cipants
watched
either
a
slide
show
or
a
video
of
campus
from
a
bench
adjacent
to
the
lake
§ Following
the
assigned
task,
par7cipants
again
completed
measures
of
aSen7on
and
mood.
They
also
completed
the
PRAS
and
the
a=tudes
toward
the
task
measure.
Lastly,
par7cipants
were
offered
a
snack
and
a
beverage..
Results
Perceived
Restora$veness
for
Ac$vi$es
Scale
(PRAS)
§ A
2
(Ac7vity:
exercise
or
rest)
X
2
(Loca7on:
indoors
or
outdoors)
ANOVA
conducted
on
the
PRAS
revealed
a
main
effect
of
Ac7vity,
F(1,
170)
=
11.74,
p
=
.001,
a
main
effect
of
Loca7on,
F(1,
170)
=
21.39,
p
=
.000,
and
a
significant
interac7on,
F(1,
170)
=
10.54,
p
=
.001.
Par7cipants
who
rested
indoors
reported
significantly
less
restora7on
than
par7cipants
who
rested
outdoors,
par7cipants
who
exercised
indoors,
and
par7cipants
who
exercised
outdoors,
ps
<
.05.
ANOVAs
on
each
subscale
also
revealed
significant
interac7ons
(see
graphs
below):
A9tudes
toward
the
task
§ A
2x2
ANOVA
was
conducted
on
each
of
the
a=tude
items.
The
analysis
of
the
first
item
was
not
significant.
The
analysis
of
the
second
a=tude
item
revealed
a
significant
main
effect
of
Loca7on,
F(1,177)
=
4.03,
p
=
.046
(see
graph).
Snack
and
beverage
choices
§ We
conducted
Ac7vity
X
Loca7on
ANOVAs
on
the
number
of
calories
associated
with
the
snack
and
beverage
par7cipants
chose
before
leaving.
If
par7cipants
chose
no
snack,
then
calories
equaled
zero.
The
analysis
revealed
no
significant
effects
for
snack,
ps
>
.46
nor
for
beverage,
ps
>
.13.
Nevertheless,
the
paSern
of
means
for
beverage
choice
was
intriguing:
par7cipants
who
exercised
outdoors
consumed
fewer
calories
on
average
(M
=
23.90)
than
par7cipants
who
exercised
indoors
(M
=
43.08),
rested
outdoors
(M
=
43.75)
or
rested
indoors
(M
=
35.00).
Discussion
§ The
results
show
that
exercise
promotes
feelings
of
restora7on.
§ Being
outdoors
promotes
restora7on
whether
a
person
is
exercising
or
simply
res7ng.
§ Res7ng
indoors
is
detrimental
to
restora7on,
even
while
viewing
photos
or
a
video
of
the
outdoors.
§ Being
outdoors,
whether
res7ng
or
exercising,
leads
to
more
favorable
a=tudes
than
being
indoors.
§ The
effects
of
exercise
and
environment
on
dietary
choice
are
inconclusive.
§ Future
research
involves
examining
whether
environmental
condi7ons
(e.g.,
weather)
affect
perceived
restora7on,
a=tudes,
and
behaviors.
This
project
was
par.ally
funded
by
a
Northern
Kentucky
University
College
of
Arts
and
Sciences
Collabora.ve
Faculty-­‐Student
Project
Award
and
a
Northern
Kentucky
University
Undergraduate
Research
Council
Award.
0
1
2
3
4
indoor
exercise
indoor
rest
outdoor
exercise
outdoor
rest
Being
Away
0
1
2
3
4
indoor
exercise
indoor
rest
outdoor
exercise
outdoor
rest
Extent
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
indoors
outdoors
Willingness
to
Recommend
to
a
Friend
0
1
2
3
4
indoor
exercise
indoor
rest
outdoor
exercise
outdoor
rest
Fascina=on
0
1
2
3
4
indoor
exercise
indoor
rest
outdoor
exercise
outdoor
rest
Compa=bility
Indoor
rest
with
video
Indoor
exercise
with
video
Outdoor
rest
Outdoor
exercise