Chigoe Flea Eradication Project

Chigoe Flea Eradication Project
Kelly Wright, M.S. Candidate
University of Southern California
Geographic Information Science and Technology
SSCI 591: WebGIS, Dr. Jennifer Swift
Final Project: 03 December, 2015
INTRODUCTION
Tunga penetrans—alsocalledthe sandflea, Chigoeflea,orJigger—isahematophagicinsect whose
gravidfemale parasitizes the skinof itsmammal host. Because itcannotjump as highas a domesticcat
or dog flea,itprimarily infestsitshost’sfeet,livingoff itshost’sbloodandproducingeggswhile
embeddedinsidethe skin.Inadditiontohumans,the Jiggerinfests pigs,dogs,cats,cattle,sheep,
horses,mules,rats, andotherwildanimals.1
Tungiasis isdescribedasanepidermal parasiticskindisease
(EPSD) resultingfrom Chigoe Fleasuperinfestation (Feldmeieretal.2009). Itis a painful, disfiguring,and
debilitatingcondition.While people rarelydie directlyfromaninfestation,itiscommonforthe affected
to sufferfromsecondaryinfectionleadingtogangrene andamputationorlossof fingersand toes. Many
people are unable towalkdue tothe pain associatedwithasuperinfection of T.penetrans.Afflicted
childrenare likelytostopattendingschool due topainfullesions,insomniafromitching,andfearof
persecution andostracism(Njauetal.2012, Heukelbach2005, Feldmeieretal.2002, Feldmeieretal
2014). Removingpurulentmaterial andflearemainswithdirtyneedlesorrazorbladesmayalsoleadto
transmissionof blood-bornepathogenssuchashepatitisBand C virusandHIV (Feldmeieretal.2013).
The purpose of thisprojectis to create a WebGISapplication asto enable userstoexplore and map
social and environmentalriskfactors forChigoe FleasuperinfestationinKenya. Throughsubsequent
applicationdesigns,itisthe author’shope tobe able to map the coverage areas and treatmentefforts
of variousaidgroups,andcollectgeoreferenceddataaboutjiggervictimstobetterunderstandrisk
factors specifictorural Kenya.Esri ArcGIS Serverwill be usedto create thisapp.
Whatbetter use forGIS than improving thelives of millions of people?
STUDY AREA
Firstrecordedbysailorson ChristopherColumbus’ships, T.penetrans isbelievedtohave originatedin
the CaribbeanislandsandCentral America.Through maritimetrade—primarilythe Afro-Caribbeanslave
trade—itwastransportedaroundthe world,where itthrivesinsandy,warmconditions.SouthAmerica,
sub-SaharanAfrica,andtropical regionsof Asiaare the worst afflicted.While T.penetrans isa
worldwide tropical pest,mosthumanitarianaidoccursat the local level. Many studiesandaidprograms
alreadyexistin the vastcountryof Brazil,withsupportfromall administrative levelsof government. Itis
the author’sbelief thatasmallerstudyarea,withdataavailable inEnglish,wouldbe abetterchoice for
thisproject.
1 D.S. Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H. Tungiasis.Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231037-overview

Kenyaisa primarilyEnglish-speakingcountrywhose
decentralizedgovernmentdoesnothave the resourcesor
cooperationathand to effectivelyaddressthe severityof
the Chigoe Fleaproblem—butitdoesalreadyhave over40
Chigoe flea-relatedrelief organizationsoperating
throughoutits47 counties (Feldmeieretal.2013).2,3,4
Kenyaismore politicallystable thanotherwar-tornnations
inthe region,andthe availabilityof dataismuch higher
than itsneighbors. Manyorganizations,NGOsandcharities
inKenyahave embracedthe digital age,andare beginning
to understandthe intrinsicvalue of spatial information.
Approximately4%of Kenya'stotal populationsufferfrom
jiggerinfestation—1.4millionKenyans.The total
populationatrisk—10million—are the veryyoung,elderly,
or physicallyand/ordevelopmentallydisabled. Insome
communities,Jiggerafflictionisbelievedtobe a literal curse andrelativesabandonthe badlyafflicted.
Populationdensitywithinrural areashasincreasedconsiderably inthe lasttwentyyears;coupledwith
the constructionof roads and increasingmobility, thishasledtothe proliferationof uncontrolled
outbreaks(Feldmeieretal.2013).
A NOTE ABOUT KENYA’S ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES:
Figure 2. ArcGIS Desktop showing different administrative boundaries over the last twenty years
2 National Policy Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Jigger Infestations.2014.Division of Environmental
Health, Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya. Retrieved from http://www.jigger-
ahadi.org/National%20Policy%20Guidelines%20for%20Prevention%20and%20Control.pdf
3 Ahadi Kenya Trust. 2011. The jigger menace in Kenya report, vol 2. http://www.ahadi-jigger.org
4 Sole Hope. “What Are Jiggers?” http://www.solehope.org/jiggers/
Figure 1. Kenya, courtesy of Google Maps

Rapidand dramaticchangesin administrative boundaries inKenyahave occurred overthe lasttwenty
years.The Ministryof PlanningandNational development,Central Bureauof Statisticsauthoredabrief
historyof the censusinKenya,outliningthe inherentproblems5
inmappingaregioninpolitical flux.The
legacysystemof Provinces,Districts,Divisions,Locations,andsub-locationswascontinuouslyupdated
for overtenyears,meaningthatGIS datasetsproducedinKenyafrom1995-2013 hadwidelyvarying
administrativeboundaries.A variance inenumerationunitsmakesspatialanalysisdifficult;alackof
establishedstandardsindatacollectionoverthisperiodresultedinthe productionof manydatasets
that are nowfunctionallyobsolete. Therefore,itisof the utmost importance todocumentthe datesand
administrativeboundariesinuse when datawascollected.
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
The Web Application6
andWebsite7
forthis
projectwere designedusingaseriesof Esri
programs:
 ArcGIS Desktop10.2 and1.3 were used
for data compilation,editing,and
cartographicdesign.
 ArcGIS Serverwasusedto registerthe
database withArcGISOnline (AGO)
 ArcGIS ServerManagerwas usedto
create a serverenvironmentwithinthe
USC SSCI AGOenvironment.
 Afteranalyzingthe service and
reconcilingpublishingerrorsidentified
by the WNSwizard, the map was
publishedto AGOasa WebMap
Service (WMS).Itwas publishedtothe
USC Spatial SciencesOrganizational Account.8
 In the USC SSCI environment,the webappwas configured usingArcGISWebAppBuilder.The
organizational accountprovidesgreater flexibilityof designandbetterwidgetoptionsthanthe free
AGO account.
 The website, http://www-scf.usc.edu/~kawright/Chigoe/ChigoeEradication.htmlwasdesignedusing
Adobe Creative Cloud’s9
Dreamweaverasthe webeditor.ItcontainsHTML, CSS, JavaScriptand
JQueryelements. Filezilla10
wasusedtouploadfilestothe studentwebserveratUSC.
5 Odhiambo,E.A., Ndilinge,B.M. 2005. Census Cartography:The Kenyan Experience. Ministry of Planningand
National Development, Central Bureau of Statistics.
http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA26/Session%203/ODHIAMBO%20E.A.pdf
6 http://uscssi.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=4563a0de487046eb8c74eccfedc94ba0
7 http://www-scf.usc.edu/~kawright/Chigoe/ChigoeEradication.html
8 http://uscssi.maps.arcgis.com/home/index.html
9 http://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html
10 https://filezilla-project.org/
Build the
Map
Data Discovery
Cartographic Design
Publish
Service to
AGO
Analyze Service
ReconcileErrors
Embed in
Webpage
Test App

 MicrosoftWindows10 was usedwithnoissue. VMWare,11
inconjunctionwithCisco AnyConnect
Secure MobilityClient,wasusedtoaccessremote virtual machinesinstalledwithArcGISServer.
 The site and app were testedinthe followingbrowsers:Chrome Version46.0.2490.86 m, Microsoft
Edge Version20.10240.16384.0, OperaVersion 33.0.1990.115, and Firefox Version40.0.3.
DATA
The followingsiteswere indispensable forthisproject:
 GeoNetwork - FoodandAgriculture Organizationof the UnitedNations12
 Global Land CoverNetwork –AFRICOVERProject13
 OpenData for AfricaWebGIS– Kenya14
 KenyaOpenData WebGIS15
 Virtual KenyaWebGIS16
 WorldResourcesInstitute –KenyaGISData17
GISDATA SOURCES:
Title Multipurpose Landcover Database for Kenya - AFRICOVER
Originator Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations,Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
Abstract The full resolution land cover has been produced from visual interpretation of digitally enhanced high-res
LANDSAT TM images (Bands 4,3,2) acquired mainly in theyear 1995. The land cover classes havebeen
developed usingthe FAO/UNEP international standard LCCS classification system.
Publication Date 04 April 2002 Format Esri Shapefile
Link http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=38098&currTab=simple
Title Towns and Urban Centers
Originator Digitized by International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, GIS group from Kenya topographic sheets scale
1:250,000 for Northern Kenya and 1:50,000 for rest of Kenya from Survey of Kenya
Abstract The coverage shows the towns and urban centres in Kenya derived from the Kenya topographic sheets of scale,
1:250,000 for Northern Kenya and 1:50,000 for the rest of Kenya. There are approximately 1620 towns and
urban centres captured in this layer. Town_id: Unique identification for each town class.Thetowns have been
classified into 6 categories namely: (1) Municipality;(2) Township/Town; (3) Tradingcentre; (4) Market centre;
(6) Lodges/camps; (11) City.
Publication Date August 2000 Format Esri Shapefile
Link http://192.156.137.110/gis/search.asp?id=280
Title Annual Rainfall
Originator Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Water Master Plan,Kenya
Abstract This coverage shows the annual rainfall distribution in millimeters per year for Kenya. It was done by the
Japanese International Co-operation Agency (JICA), National Water Master Plan, Kenya. Classification codefor
areas with similar rainfall amounts as follows (2) <200 (3) 200-400 (4) 400-600 (5) 600-800 (6) 800-1200
(7) 1200-1600 (8) 1600-2000 (9) 2000-2400 (10) >2400. Hosted by International Livestock Research Institute.
Publication Date Not Listed Format Esri Shapefile
11 http://www.vmware.com/
12 http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.search?title=africover
13 http://www.glcn.org/activities/africover_en.jsp
14 http://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/
15 https://www.opendata.go.ke/en/
16 http://www.virtualkenya.org/
17 http://www.wri.org/resources/data-sets/kenya-gis-data

Title Health Centersin Kenya
Originator Kenya Medical Research Institute KEMRI/Welcome TrustCollaborativeProgramme, TALA Research Group,
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Ministry of Health and Centre for Tropical Medicine
Abstract This is a coverage showinghealth serviceproviders for Kenya. It shows the relativelocation of health service
providers for Kenya categorised by type and supportingagency.
Publication Date 01 July 2007 Format Esri Shapefile
Title Malaria Endemicity – Zones
Originator PIBHMC, CRED, PIFSC, NMFS, NOAA
Abstract This coverage shows the classification of malarial endemicity in Kenya done at districtlevel by Welcome Trust.
Publication Date 2000 Format Esri Shapefile
Title Census 2009: Population by Sex, Household, Area, Density and District
Originator Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Abstract Census 2009: Population by Sex, Household,Area, Density and District
Publication Date 29 August 2011 Format Excel Spreadsheet XLSX (Exported)
Link https://www.opendata.go.ke/Population/Summary-Population-Distribution-by-District/3pt4-nkga
Title Primary Schools in Kenya
Originator School MappingDatabase,Ministry of Education, Kenya Open Data, Socrata
Abstract This databasedocuments Primary Schools in Kenya from a 2007 study. Attributes: Name of School,
Level of Education, Status of School, Sponsor of School,Institution Type_1 (Girls Only,Boys Only,Mixed),
Institution Type_2 (Day Only, Day and Boarding,BoardingOnly),Institution Type_3 (Ordinary,Integrated),
Pupil Teacher Ratio,Pupil ClassroomRatio,Pupil ToiletRatio,Total Number of Classrooms,Boys Toilets,
Girls Toilets,Teachers Toilets,Total Boys, Total Girls,Total Enrollment,GOK TSC Male, GOK TSC Female,
Local Authority Male, Local Authority Female, PTA BOG Male, PTA BOG Female, Other Male, Others Female,
Non-Teaching Staff Male, Non-teaching Staff Female, Province,County, District,Division,Location,
Constituency, Latitude, Longitude
Publication Date 2007 Format Database(exported as .xlsx)
Link https://dev.socrata.com/foundry/#/www.opendata.go.ke/ud2q-hvhq
Title 2009 Administrative Boundaries of Kenya
Originator DIVA GIS: University of California,Davis
Abstract This is a shapefileof boundaries in the year 2009.See note on Kenya Administrativeboundaries above.
Publication Date 01 July 2007 Format Esri Shapefile
Link http://www.diva-gis.org/gdata
Title Kenya Poverty Map 1999
Originator International Livestock Research Instituteand the Central Bureau of Statistics,Ministry of Planningand
National Development
Abstract Attributes: Loc_type: Type of location whether rural or urban.Pop_1999:Population accordingto 1999
population and housingcensus.No_poor99: No of poor people 1999 (Individual headcountpoverty).
Pov_dens99: Density of poor people 1999 (poverty density). Pov_rate99: Proportions of poor people below
the poverty line.1999 Pov_gap99: Percentage gap to bridge for the poor to reach the poverty line1999.
Publication Date 2001 Format Esri Shapefile

WEB PAGE DESIGN
Simplicityandease-of-usewere the twodrivingfactorsforthis WebGIS. Most usersdo not have a
backgroundinGIS and may notunderstandthe purpose orfunctionof an app.It is forthisreasonthat a
detailedHelpFile wasincludedinthe app(see RESULTS section). The appitselfwasdesignedtokeepall
relatedWidgetstogetheronthe leftof the screen.Map Controlswere onlyinone spot.All iconswere
keptto the leftside of the app.Too many webapplicationsuse vague,stylizediconsthatare not
intuitive tothe average user.
While agreat deal of writteninformationregardingthe projecthasbeendeveloped,itisoverwhelming
to see itdisplayedonacomputerscreen—the large blocksof scientifictextandscholarlycitationsare
off-puttingtomany,andthe overall pointof thisprojectistomake people aware of whata menace the
Chigofleais,notto make themexperts.Forthisreason,backgroundinformationonthe Chigoe fleawas
limitedtoone paragraphat the top of the webpage.
The applicationitselfshouldbe immediatelyseen—it,afterall,isthe maincomponentof thisproject.
However,onthe webpage ithasbeenconstrainedtoasmallercontainerthanfull-screen.The AGOapp
automaticallyresizesondifferentdevices,andwastestedonaniPadAirand an iPhone 4S.
In anotherattempttolimitvisibleinformation,aJQueryscriptwasembedded,calledAccordion18
butat
the time of publishanerror existedinthe JQuerylibrarythat preventingthe accordioncontainerfrom
resizingitscontents.This leaveslarge openspacesonthe webpage and requires the usertoscroll up
and downto see content.Workaroundsare continuingtobe explored.
RESULTS
At the time of publish,the following subsections were atthe website:
 What isa Chigoe Flea?
 ApplyingGeographicInformationSystemstoStrategicallyManage
the Eradicationof the Chigoe FleainKenya
 WebGIS:ExploringRiskFactorsforChigoe FleaInfestation
(embeddedWebGISapplication)
 GIS Data Sources
 Ecological andClinical Presentation
 MappingRiskFactors
 DistributingAid,Preventative Treatment,andEducation
 Organizingthe Fight
 The Powerof VolunteeredGeographicInformation(VGI) and
Mobilizingthe Masses
 RelatedWebsites
 What are NeglectedTropical Diseases?
 How Can I Help?(alistof Chigoe Flea-relatedcharities)
18 https://api.jqueryui.com/accordion/
Figure 3. iPhone 4s WebApp

The website canbe viewedat http://www-scf.usc.edu/~kawright/Chigoe/ChigoeEradication.html.
Basic Map Controlsare in the upperleft-handcornerof the map:
 Zoom inand out to see more layers,usingthe +/- buttonor the mouse scroll wheel.Asyou
zoomin,differentlayersbecome visible.
 The Home icon zoomsthe map outto its full extent.
 The Basemap Gallery(four-panesquare) allowsyoutochoose differentmaptypes.National
Geographicisthe default.
 The Search bar isjustthat, a search bar.
Figure 4. Full-screen Web App at ArcGIS Online
The black borderon the leftcontainsfive icons,or Widgets.Whenanyof the iconsisclicked,apanel
slidesopentodisplaythe associated application.Eachopenwidgetshowsasafolder"tab"at the top of
the panel:
 The Legendonlyshowslayersvisibleatthe currentscale--asyouzoominon the map,different
layerswill appear.
 The Layer List (lookslike astackof papers) displays alldataassociatedwiththe webapplication,
includinglayersthatare currentlyturnedoff.Turna layeronor off by checkingor unchecking
the box nextto it.(Remember,some layersare onlyvisiblewhenzoomedin!)
 The Query Attribute tool (lookslike afunnel) canbe usedto displayrecordsthatmatcha
specificvalue--explore areaswhere lessthan50mmof rain fallsperyear,or see schoolsthatlack
a toiletbyviewingpre-setqueries.

 The Measure tool (lookslike aruler) allowsyoutotake an approximate measurementof a
line oran area. Create a line orshape on the map witha start and endmouse click.The default
measure isinkilometers.
 The Help feature iswhatyouare readingrightnow!Be sure to visitthe website!
 The Analysis tool (lookslike acircle withdotsinit) isa special tool thatperformsvarious
location-basedqueries.Itallowsyoutoquerythe datausingspatial constraints,orproximityto
otherfeatures.Itislocatedonthe map,underthe search bar (See Figure3).The following
Analysistoolsare enabledinthe Widget:
o Calculate Density
o Create Buffers
o Derive NewLocations
o Extract Data
o FindExistingLocations
o FindNearest
o Merge Layers
o OverlayLayers
 To easilyviewall Attribute Tables,clickonthe arrow inthe middle of the bottomborderof the
map.Attribute tablesare navigatedastabs.
Figure 5. Web App with Legend and Operational Layers

CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING FORWARD
The goal of thisWebGISwas to enable userstoexplore differentsocial andenvironmental riskfactors
that contribute toTungiasisinKenya.While the datasetsare oldandof differentadministrative
boundaries,the ideaissound.Itishopedthatmore recentGIS data pertinenttothisprojectwill soon
become available,andthroughoutthe publicationprocessotherdatasetswere found,butnot
integrateddue tolackof time. Thisprojectisintendedtobe the firstof three WebGISappsbuilttohelp
combat the Chigoe Flea:
 Compile adirectoryof charities,NGOs,andgovernmentagenciesthatprovide publicservice
withregardsto Jiggereradication;designagatewayforregisteringanorganizationwiththe web
service,includingcoverage areaandneeds.Estimatedtime of completion:January2016.
 Compile aPPGIS/VGI(potentiallyoffline) componenttothe webappallowingVGItobe
contributedbythe registeredorganizationstobetterorganize andprioritize locationsin
greatestneed.VGIwouldexplore:
o (While patientprivacymustbe of the utmostimportance,individual,) geolocated
patientinformation (Age,sex,education,HIV status,familystatus,time afflicted,repeat
infestations,shelterfloortype,cohabitationwithlivestock,presence of shoes,accessto
water,frequencyof bathing) will be invaluable toresearchersandaidworkersalike.
o GIS trackingthe number, types,anddates of shoesdistributed/needed
o GIS trackingpesticide/repellantdistributed/neededand/ordate applied19
o GIS trackingthe locationsof homesitesinneedof concrete orplasterforfloors
o GIS trackingthe locationsof homesiteswherelivestockcohabitwithresidents
o GIS providingaidworkerswithnearbyareasinneedof humanitarianormedical aid
It isthisauthor’s sinceresthope thatbycombiningthe latestgeo-spatial technologywithprovenfeet-
on-the-groundmethods,thatthe Chigoe fleawill somedaybe referredtointhe past tense. Tobe sure,
in1986 JimmyCarter didn’tbelievethatinonlythirtyyears,Guineawormdisease wouldbe poised to
become the secondhumandisease inhistorytobe eradicated. Withthisand otherglobal andlocal
efforts,maybe the same will be saidof the Jiggerin2045!
REFERENCES
CaumesE, Carrière J,GuermonprezG,Bricaire F,Danis M, Gentilini M. (1995) Dermatosesassociated
withtravel totropical countries:a prospective studyof the diagnosisandmanagementof 269 patients
presentingtoatropical disease unit. Clin InfectDis. Mar. 20(3):542-8.
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biology,epidemiology,pathologyand control of Tunga penetransinBrazil:IV.Clinical and
histopathology. ParasitolRes.Oct. 94(4):275-282.
Feldmeier,H.,Heukelbach,J.(2009) Epidermal parasiticskindiseases:aneglectedcategoryof poverty-
associatedplagues.Bulletin of theWorld Health Organization.87:152-159. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.047308
19 http://www.who.int/whopes/questions/en/

Feldmeier,H.,Heukelbach,J.,Eisele,M.,Sousa,A. Q.,Barbosa, L. M. M. and Carvalho,C.B. M. (2002)
Bacterial superinfectioninhumantungiasis. TropicalMedicine& InternationalHealth,7: 559–564. doi:
10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00904.x
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DATA REFERENCES
ke_landcover_ge.shp.2002. [shapefile] Multipurpose LandcoverDatabase forKenya.Foodand
Agriculture Organizationof the UnitedNations.

http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=38098&currTab=simple (06November
2015)
HealthFacilities.2007. Ministryof Health,KenyaNational Bureauof Statistics.KenyaOpenData.
https://www.opendata.go.ke/Health/Health-Facilities/89zb-g69r(08 November2015)
KenyaPrimarySchools.2007. School MappingDatabase,Ministryof Education.KenyaOpenData.
https://www.opendata.go.ke/Education/Kenya-Primary-Schools/p452-xb7c(08November2015)
Water PointMappinginKisumu,Busia,Kajiado,KiambyCounties.2013. Ministryof Environment,Water
and Natural Resources(MEWNR),SNV-Netherlands,andTWAWEZA.KenyaOpenData.
https://www.opendata.go.ke/dataset/Water-Point-Mapping-in-Kisumu-Busia-Kajiado-Kiambu/s63d-ajgd
(12 November2015)
kenya_all_towns.shp.[shapefile] InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute (ILRI).
http://192.156.137.110/gis/search.asp?id=280 (16 October2015)
kenya_rainfall_distribution.shp.[shapefile] Rainfall inKenya(inmillimeters). International Livestock
ResearchInstitute (ILRI). http://192.156.137.110/gis/search.asp?id=318(16 October2015)
kenya_health.shp.[shapefile] HealthFacilitiesinKeyna. International LivestockResearchInstitute(ILRI).
kenya_malaria_zones.shp.[shapefile] MalariaEndemicityinKenya. International LivestockResearch
Institute (ILRI). http://192.156.137.110/gis/search.asp?id=342(16 October2015)
kenya_rivers.shp[shapefile]Riversof Kenya. International LivestockResearchInstitute (ILRI).
kenya_poverty_1999.shp.[shapefile] KenyaPoverty1999. International LivestockResearchInstitute
(ILRI). http://192.156.137.110/gis/search.asp?id=428 (16 October2015)
kenya_soils.shp[shapefile] KenyaSoilsSurvey.International LivestockResearchInstitute(ILRI).
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CommunicationTechnologyAuthority (ICT),Ministryof InformationCommunicationandTechnology,
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KEN_adm.zip[shapefiles] Administrative Areas.DIVA GIS.Universityof CaliforniaatDavis.
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