The blood product

1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Human Blood
Products

2. Intoduction.
 The most important indications of transfusions are to
restore blood volume and treat shock following acute
blood loss, and to provide RBCs to maintain blood Hb
level.
 Individual blood components such as RBCs,
platelets, WBC, whole plasma, or specific plasma
proteins may be used effectively instead of whole
blood.
 The standard blood donation is 450 ml, taken into a
plastic bag that contains adenine supplemented cit-
phosphate-dextrose (CPDA-1) blood maybe stored for
35 days. Stored whole blood differs considerably from
circulating blood.

3. Screening of blood
 A number of laboratory tests must be
completed before blood or blood products can
be transfused:
I. Determination of the blood type with a
crossmatch.
II. Screening for antibodies that may produce
adverse effects if transfused.
III. Screening for possible infectious agents that
could be transmitted with transfusion.

4.  The following tests are manadatory on all units of blood
collected for transfusion:
(1) ABO group and Rh type
(2) Screening for blood-group antibodies
(3) Serologic test for syphilis
(4) Serologic tests for human retroviruses including: HIV-1
antibody, HIV-2 antibody, HIV p24 antigen, HTLV I antibodies
(5) Serologic tests for hepatitis including hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) and
hepatitis C antibody.
 Plasmodium species (agents of malaria).
 Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas’ disease)

5.  NOTE..
 If all of these markers are negative can blood
be conveyed to the Blood Bank for storage
until usage.
 Postive results for some of these tests may
prevent further donation by that person. A
person with such a test result will be notified
by the donor center.

6. Human Blood Products
1. RBCs: In case of chronic anemia
 Packed RBCs
 Red cells suspended in an appropriate
solution.
 Leukocyte poor RBCs
 Saline washed RBCs
 Reconstituted frozen RBCs

7. 2. Platelet Transfusion
 Platelt transfusion used to stop bleeding in case of
hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia (< 20000/ L. It is more
useful in cases of inadequate production as hypoplastic
pancytopenia and leukemia than into peripheral
hyperdestruction as ITP:
 Fresh platelet rich plasma
 Platelet concentrates
 Pooled platelets (from multiple donors)
 ABO and Rh compatible platelets are usually used. HLA
compatible platelets are superior as they evoke no antibody
response and give a more satisfactory platelet survival.
 “One platelet unit increases the count by 10000/ L in adult‖

8. Granulocytes Transfusions
It is of limited therapeutic use, due to short half-
life and technical difficulties.
Granulocytes are collected by cytopheresis and
given within 24 h of harvest.
It is indicated in(1) Leukopenic patient with
gram-negative sepsis and (2) Febrile patients
with neutropenia resulting from cancer
chemotherapy, or bone marrow
transplantation.

9. 4. Plasma and Plasma Components
a. Whole plasma: Plasma components
used to restore plasma volume in case
of acute dehydration are:
 Fresh plasma
 Fresh frozen plasma
 Dried lyophilized plasma.
b. Human salt free albumin: in case of
hypoproteinemia

10. c. Clotting factors
 Factors VIII preparations indicated for
treatment of Hemophilia and VW disease
 Proplex or Konyne (factor II,VII,IX,XI) is
indicated for treatment of hemophilia B
 Human fibrinogen.
d. Immunoglobulin: Human Gamma
globulin preparations: used by IM
injections.
 Recently, intravenous Gamma Globulin is
used.

11. APHERESIS
 The process of apheresis involves removal of whole blood
from a patient or donor.
 Within an instrument that is essentially designed as a
centrifuge, the components of whole blood are separated.
 One of the separated portions is then withdrawn and the
remaining components are retransfused into the patient or
donor.
The components which are separated and withdrawn include:
 1. Plasma (plasmapheresis)
 2. Platelets (plateletpheresis)
 3. Leukocytes (leukapheresis)