1. “AS THE PURSE IS EMPTIED THE HEART
IS FILLED.”
A Report on the Status of Women in the Economy of the Modern World and the
Success of the Third Sector in Japan
Jun-Ang Ni
August 27th, 2014
1
3. DONATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
• About 95% of all households in the United States donate
money to charities while 89% of all people in the United
States donated their time to volunteer efforts across the
globe
• In 2005, the American people gave away a collective sum of
$199 billion to various chartable funds. Since then, that
number has risen to $229 billion in 2012. (During disaster-
stricken times, that number has risen to as high as $295
billion).
• This money then goes to a variety of recipients, mainly
(but not limited to) colleges/educational institutions,
hospitals and other health-related organizations, human
services such as welfare and disaster relief,
environment/animals, religion, and the arts.
• Most of these donations go to educational institutions and
hospitals, catapulting them to the top of most NPO list
• On average, every household in the United States donates
somewhere around $2,213 each, which each state
contributing varying amounts in correlation to the amount
of people it holds.
3
5. DONATIONS IN JAPAN
• By contrast, donations in Japan are, unless in time of great need such as the
Great East Japan Earthquake aftermath, few and far between.
• For example, Makoto Ohama, a man who was paralyzed from the neck down
after a tackling incident, struggles yearly to raise money for research in spinal
cord surgery. For 3 years, Ohama only managed to acquire ¥3 million (about
$24,000), and currently raises ¥ 21 million with little to no help from personal
donations.
• In North America, however, similar foundations and organizations have
raised over eight times as much money as Ohama manages to get per year.
• According to Hideyuki Yuze, the rich Japanese citizens almost never donate
money because it is not tradition to acknowledge and utilize your wealth. If
one is rich, one hides his money and does not flash it off to the world to see,
the exact opposite of American society.
5
6. DONATIONS IN JAPAN
• Thus, if it is not due to a lack of money, why are the Japanese reluctant to give their money?
• Some say that it is due to the political and social stability of the nation, as opposed to economic
stability.
• In Japan, where there is flourishing national health-care coverage and enormous philanthropic activity
outside of their borders coming in, the people believe that the government is in charge of providing for
these organizations and foundations.
• However, while the U.S. spends 0.83% of its GDP on funding research and such things, Japan only spends 0.67%.
• Another issue in within society itself in regards to philanthropic action is the low rate of awareness
throughout the masses.
• Due to the inherent “shame” that lies with having disease or coming from a low socioeconomic status,
the Japanese people are afraid to come forward and show the rest of the nation and the world that their
issues are real issues.
• No sports icons or celebrities come out with their support of a certain foundation or research area like
those in America do.
• In fact, if a famous icon were to fall ill, in the case of Hisao Niura, a baseball pitcher for the Yomiuri
Giants, they would rather hide their ailment from the world than actively come out and give their
support to those also suffering from the same problem
6
7. “THE 1% CLUB”
• In 1989, the One-Percent Club was founded, which includes both companies and
individuals in the mix.
• The Club promises to donate at least 1% of their after tax income to the benefit of social
causes each year.
• This is both an act that not only provides information for the companies and individuals
involved, but supports the backbone of the Keidanren
• The Keidanren is an economic organization comprised of over 1,300 members (companies and
individuals) that works to create a mutualistic air around the Japanese economy, with
everyone doing their part to support the livelihoods of the Japanese people along with
developing a secure and stable national economy
7
8. TOP 5 CORPORATE DONORS
United States of America
1. Wells Fargo & Company (1.3%)
2. Walmart (4.5%)
3. Chevron Corporation (0.6%)
4. Goldman Sachs Group (3.9%)
5. Exxon Mobil Corporation (0.3%)
Japan
1. Mitsubishi UFJ Financial
2. Toyota Motor
3. Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
4. Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
5. Mizuho Financial
8
Based on total amount of money given
10. WHY THEY WORK
• In America, nonprofits are known for their success and widespread use throughout the nation.
However, when one looks to other countries, this same success is almost nowhere to be seen.
• In order to create a successful nonprofit, one needs to understand that there are 5 myths about
creating a nonprofit:
1. Perfect Management: Not all organizations will have exemplary methods of managing. Rather, they
will have adequate management, ones that get the job done.
2. Brand-Name Awareness: You don’t need to aim to be known by all the people in the country, rather
the people you are focusing to assist
3. A Breakthrough New Idea: Sometimes old ideas with a tiny bit of brain power behind them are the
ones that do the best
4. Perfect Mission Statements: You don’t need to spend all your time and effort constructing a mission
statement ha encompasses every single thing your organization plans to accomplish
5. Large Budgets: Size does not necessarily correlate with impact. As long as the organization knows
what it is doing with its money, the amount does not matter
10
11. Trends in Foundation Establishment in Japan
11
Source: Japan Non-Profit Organization Center
14. TOP 5 NON-PROFIT
ORGANIZATIONS*
United States of America
1. United Way
2. Task Force for Global Health
3. Feeding America
4. Goodwill Industries
International
5. American Cancer Society
Japan
(Data unsufficient for this purpose)
Massachusetts
1. TERI (The Education
Resources Institute)
2. WGBH
3. Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
4. Boston Symphony Orchestra
5. The Trustees of Reservations
14
Based on total assets
15. AVERAGE SALARY OF A NONPROFIT
WORKER
Median Salary by Years Experience - Job:
Executive Director, Non-Profit Organization
(United States)
Median Salary by Employer Type - Job: Program
Manager, Non-Profit Organization (United States)
Median Salary by Years Experience - Job:
Development Manager, Non-Profit Organization
(United States)
15
16. AVERAGE SALARY OF A NONPROFIT
WORKER
Median Salary by Years Experience - Job: Chief
Operating Officer, Non-Profit Organization
(United States)
Median Salary by Years Experience - Job:
Fundraising Director, Non-Profit Organization
(United States)
Median Salary by Years Experience - Job:
Development Supervisor, Non-Profit
Organization (United States)
16
21. 66,401 67,736
71,097 72,477
75,187 75,592 76,000 76,610
81,777
98,788
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
NumberofFoundations
Years
Number of Foundations in the United States
21
Source: National Center for Charitable Statistics
23. TOP 5 PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS
United States of
America
1. Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation
2. Genetech Access To Care
Foundation
3. The Abbvie Patient Assistance
Foundation
4. Lilly Cares Foundation, Inc.
5. GlaxoSmithKline Patient Access
Programs Foundation
Japan
1. Osaka Prefectural Scholarship
Association
2. The Nation Horse Racing
Welfare Foundation
3. Rotary Yoneyama Memorial
Foundation, Inc.
4. Scholarship Foundation for
Orphans
5. Jin Kenyukai
Commonwealth of
Massachusetts
1. Boston Foundation, Inc.
2. Genzyme Charitable Foundation,
Inc.
3. Barr Foundation
4. Citizens Programs Corporation
5. Sumner M. Redstone Charitable
Foundation
23
25. WOMEN IN THE RANKS
• By the end of 2013, only 365 of the top Fortune 500
companies had at least one female on their
executive committees, leaving 135 remaining
companies with all-male executives.
• About 4.2% of these 500 (21 companies) have
female CEOs in place
• Women hold 16.9% of board seats in the largest
companies in the United States, with only 8.1% of
Fortune 500’s top-earning members being female.
• In the past five years, the percentage of women in
executive positions have only risen 1.1%, from 13.5
to 14.6.
• Despite taking leaps and bounds in progress in the
middle-ground of the economy, the amount of
power available to women at the top is relinquished
one grain at a time.
0
5
10
15
20
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Percentage%
Percentage of Women Holding High-
Ranking Seats in American Companies
Board Seats Executive Positions
25
27. WOMENOMICS
• Kathy Matsui, co-head of Economics, Commodities and Strategy
Research in Asia, and Chief Japan equity Strategist for Goldman
Sachs, was t first one to coin the term “Womenomics.”
• In 1999, Matsui published (and has continued to publish) her
research on Womenomics, wherein she explained that the
solution to the dwindling population available for work was not a
flood of immigrants into the nation nor a forced increase of births
per year, but women.
• The nation had huge untapped reserves of women that were not
fulfilling their potential, despite having been educated and of
working-age.
• Her own struggle to the top, coupled with her friends leaving her
side in the corporate jungle, prompted Matsui to begin and
publish her research, which, of course, was dismissed and ignored
for the majority of its existence in the male-run world of Japanese
business.
27
28. WOMENOMICS
• Since 1999, Matsui has published 3 more womenomics-related
research packets, adjusting her views and arguments to the changing
Japanese wave. She has continued to advocate the power of women
in the economy, not just as consumers and investors, but as producers
at the head of companies.
• In addition to the private sector, Matsui has, in recent years, begun to
advocate for women to become active in the government and law-
making bodies in Japan, providing even more power to the purse.
• She continues to push for diversity quotas to be set in place, and
raise those quotas to approach true equality in the workplace. Matsui
also asks businesses, the government, and even society itself to
loosen their views on the tradition of Japan and open their eyes to
the infinite possibilities of gender equality and what it can do for their
beloved nation.
• However, she does acknowledge the strides the Japanese people
have taken since her initial report, and seeing that her efforts have
been taken into account by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, has a much
more optimistic outlook on the future of women.
28
29. HONEST ABE
• Japan is currently in a strange yet fascinating
predicament. The amount of people currently
living in Japan who are 65 years and older is
nearly double that of the population below the
age of 15. Thus, by the year 2035, a third of all
the people in Japan will be elderly, leaving an
enormous debt unable to be paid.
• This then leads to the problem of breaking red
with the Japanese economy. Without anyone to
work, there will be no revenue coming in, no
money to be given to taxes, and a debt that just
continues to grow infinitely.
• This, however, could be prevented with the
equality of the genders in the Japanese work
force. If 80% of women in Japan were to be
employed (the same amount as men), then the
GDP of the nation would raise nearly 14%.
• Japan’s Prime Minister, Abe Shinzo, has spoken
out on his push for “womenomics” as a key player
in the success of his “Abenomics.”
29
30. HONEST ABE
• Recently, Abe has set the goal of increasing the number of female executives in the nation to
30% by the year 2020, along with making it mandatory that Japanese companies have at
least one female executive employee
• Writing in the op-ed section of the Wall Street Journal, Abe explained that he wishes to see
Japan have a 2% increase in productivity over the next ten years, and a 3% growth in the
nations GDP. In order to accomplish this, he has decided that Japan needs to increase the
population of women in the workforce from 68% to 73%, and that they “must bridge this
equality gap,” referring to the difference in pay and wage between the two genders.
• By focusing on the health, medical, and familial fears that women across the globe have to
face, Abe has begun to pave a path for women to have access to work and higher-paying
jobs without having the burden of worry about their personal lives.
• Child care, contraceptives, and various other factors have been provided/eliminated in the past
few years in order to create a healthy environment for both womenomics and Abenomics.
• This, actually, did not sit very well with the conservative Japanese people, who believed that traditional
values and such were being broken by these new ideals (though Abe paid hem no mind)
• By flooding the lower levels with women, Abe hopes to have them flow upwards towards the
higher ranks, though he is not outwardly or actively trying to resolve the issues starting at the
top. Instead, he is relying on companies, who have followed suit and obeyed, to create their
own quotas to fulfill the coming age of womenomics.
• However, without actively encouraging women to strive for the top ranks, the women in the
workforce tend to spread far and thin, many leaving their jobs to pursue other “traditionally”
female duties like marriage or childbirth.
30
31. 女三人寄れば姦しい
• Although the prospects in America are quite dim
already, in Japan, the percentage of women holding
executive roles in public companies falls to a sad 1.6%.
• Only 15% of companies have at least one female
executive, as opposed to their American counterparts,
who hold a 73% majority in this aspect
• For 8 years, the percentage of women holding board
seats has remained below 17%, despite pushes for the
more gender-diverse work environment for women
across Japan.
• In finance business, a mere 0.3% of all companies are
headed by women, and only 3.3% in private industry
• In the middle-range company level, about 11% of all
companies have female managers
On'nasan'nin'yorebakashimashī
31
33. 女三人寄れば姦しい
• Teiko Kuda, a newly announced female Executive Director in Japan’s
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, was once discriminated
against in her first days with the company, where she was brushed
aside via phone call for her male coworkers just because she was a
woman.
• Similarly, Yuko Kawamoto became the first woman on the board of
executives for Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc., Japan’s largest
money lender
• However, when asked about whether or not women will truly become
integrated into the senior ranks of the companies, the phone lines all
went silent.
• According to The Global Gender Gap Report in 2013, America ranks
83 places above Japan, who stands 105th out of 136, in terms of
gender equality politically, educationally, healthily, and economically.
• China ranks 69th in the world, while First, Second, and Third places
were taken by Iceland, Finland, and Norway, respectively.
33
34. MAKING THE COMMON MARKET
COMMON GROUND
• In the European Union (EU), only 4.4% of
companies are chaired by a woman, and
2.7% have a woman actually sitting as
CEO.
• In 2008, Norway decreed that all public
companies in the nation were required
to have at least 2/5 of their boards
composed of female members
• Spain, France, and Sweden have all
followed suit, setting gender-related
leadership quotas in their own countries
• Even when their countries are not
complying, individual companies and
businesses have begun to set these same
goals, attempting to create a significant
change in the area of gender equality in
the workforce.
34
35. LEAN IN
• In 2013, Sheryl Sandberg, the chief operating officer of
Facebook and longtime friend of the social media
mogul himself, Mark Zuckerberg, published a book
presenting her research into the issue of women being
held back and holding themselves back when it comes
to their opportunities in life.
• Ranking among the most powerful women in the
world, Sandberg has advocated for women to stop
standing to the side in this male-run world, but rather
“sit at the table” and voice their own opinions.
• From this book, websites and numerous campaigns
have been set forth, providing inspiration, education,
and collaboration for women everywhere in their
pursuits
35
36. WOMEN IN THE THIRD SECTOR
• In the nonprofit world, women are also striving to take full advantage of their
potential, with 57% of women who are not already CEOs claiming that they dream
of someday achieving this goal
• 44% of women in nonprofit organizations believe that their employers prefer men over
equally qualified women for leadership roles
• Yet, since women are the largest and most loyal donors, this decision is almost
certainly a mistake.
• However, there is logic behind the all-male boards of organizations. Instead of hiring
people with the credentials to support their work, boards will instead hire people they
believe fit their “profile,” which most of the time means people just like them (men).
36
37. TOP REASONS WOMEN GO INTO
NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
1. In nonprofit organizations, the idea of the Flexible Schedule” is not merely a myth. With
their busy schedules, many-a-time juggling a family and a job, a flexible schedule is just
what many women need
2. Since the pay is slightly lower, men do not flock to fill the positions. However, this leaves
more room for women to test out the waters and even score higher ranking positions than
those of their male counterparts.
3. In such a social area of work, women tend to excel with their natural ability to collaborate
and reach a consensus evenly and equally.
4. Women are not pushed aside when they ask for assistance, and being a fresh face is
something nonprofits seek, rather than experienced and rough-and-tumble workers
5. Although nonprofits tend to pay less, women tend to be more readily prepared for pay
cuts and other unforeseen circumstances
37
Source: Forbes.com, Kerry Hannon, 2010
39. THE FIRST ACT ON THE NPO STAGE
• On January 17th, 1995, The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake struck the Kobe area, leaving
devastation in its wake. Over one million volunteers came to the aid of Kobe within two months
of the disaster.
• People used to believe that there was no need for volunteerism nor a nonprofit sector in Japan, saying
that the government would take care of all their troubles.
• Soon after the earthquake, in fact, the Japanese government began to publically support the
volunteer effort
• Thus began talks of new bills and laws for small civil groups to incorporate and begin work, something
that was unheard of earlier. (In fact, there was no legal framework for such activity)
• Before this, nonprofits and public benefit corporations (公益法人) were less like the Western-style
nonprofits, and more like smaller government-run programs
• There are five types of corporations in Japan:
公益法人 koeki hojin – Public Benefit Corporations
学校法人 gakko hojin – School Corporations
社会福祉法人 shakai fukushi hojin – Social Welfare Corporations
厚生保護法人 kosei hogo hojin – Readjustment Relief Corporations
宗教法人 shukyo hojin – Religious Corporations
39
40. THE NPO LAW 1998
• According to the 1998 NPO Law, unless a nonprofit organization has been approved
by the prefectural governor or the Cabinet Office, there is no way to become an
incorporated NPO
• If a NPO is incorporated, donors have the option to write off their donations to be
tax deductible. However, due to the severity of the process, only a little over 200 of
the 90,000 NPOs in Japan have been incorporated.
• The organizations must meet stringent guidelines and fit the perfect mold in order to be
considered for incorporation
• Thus, NPOs in Japan are suffering due to the unwillingness of people to donate their
money, mainly due to the fact that there, unlike America, is no incentive to give to
charity such as tax deductions.
40
41. GIVE OR TAKE
• Supposedly, the NPO Law was put in place in order to prevent the laundering of money, but
many people have started to disagree with this set up
• Due to Japan’s economic collapse in the 90s, a policy has been established where all banks
support a low interest rate, causing a decrease in the incomes of the people and, as a result,
the funds of NPOs.
• With less money, nonprofits are forced to cut departments and programs and shrink in size
to accommodate the shrinking economy
• Usually, Japanese citizens can have up to 25% of their income deducted from their taxes if
they donate to the designated and sanctioned nonprofits in the country
• Yet, in times of trouble, such as the months following the Tohoku Earthquake, the
government eased a tiny bit, allowing donations to be 50% tax-deductible as opposed to the
normal 10%.
41
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