These slides focus upon the modern investigative technique known as "polygraph: Lie detector test". Moreover, its working, medico legal aspects and admissibility is discussed through case laws in Pakistan. Famous incidents such as Zainub Qatal case, Qandeel Murder Case are also discussed in terms of polygraphic relevancy.

1. Modern Investigation Techniques:
Polygraph and its Admissibility
in Court of Law

2. Practices in sub-continent
 Vedic Age (Chenkya Kautaliya’s Arthashasthra)
 Mughal time period
 Thugs of Hindustan (depredations by kotwaals)
Efforts by United Nations (UN)
 ICCPR
 CAT
Present day scenario
 Third degree methods (mock executions, violent beatings and pharmacological
torture etc)
 Massive Human rights violation (inherent dignity, freedom from torture, right
to life and curtailing liberty etc)

3. Under
apprehension
Emotional
fear
Sympathetic
nervous
system
Physiological
responses

4. Arm cuff (Blood
pressure and
pulse)
Chest belt
(Respiration
and breathing
Electrode
connection
(galvanic skin
reaction)

5. Benefits Use
1. Time saving Hiring and selecting potential
employees
2. Exonerate innocents Surveillance of employees
working on sensitive positions
3. No third degree methods Detection and deterrence of
spying in military and intelligence
communities
4. Evaluation of truthfulness Domestic disputes e.g cheating
and infidelity
5. Establish credibility of witness Disputes over property and
business matters
6. Efficiency of system Corporate sector (employee theft,
collusion with vendors and
suppliers)

6. ASPECTS
1. Guilt classification up to 75-97% accuracy
2. Probability of false positive and false negative
3. Cannot be treated as sole arbiter of innocence
4. Evidence extracted are not universally admissible in courts

7. • Ghulam Abbas v. The State 2013 P Cr. L J
Lahore 1402
• Muhammad Asif v. The State 2008 M L D
Lahore 1385
• Story of Mubeen: A six years old boy
• Mufti abdul Qavi Case
• Zainub qatal Case
• Nawaz trial

9. • Consent of individual
• Freedom from self incrimination
• Presumption of innocence
• Right of silencer
• Involuntary and forced confessions
• Mental stress causing false submissions
• Right of fair trial
• Right of mental privacy/ encroachment of
personal property

10. • section 510 of Criminal Procedure Code
• article 59 of Qanoon-e-Shahadat
• Under Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act,
2007
• Punjab Forensic Science Agency