7. Climate
Location at the intersection of North America’s semi-arid and humid
subtropical climate zone
Hot summers
Highly variable winters
Low to moderate humidity
Precipitation throughout the year
Average temperature is 54.5 Fahrenheit
High amounts of wind
Receives an annual average amount of 21.6 inches of precipitation
TORNADOS!
8. Site Constraints
Opportunities
Good exposure to sun lighting
for PV
Use the gradient for storm
water collection or drainage
The west side is very wide
Challenges
The site is a triangle
On a slight gradient
Surrounded by buildings
It is very narrow on the east
side
Zoning restrictions
Building can only be 36’ high
9. Challenges
Our Design:
Makes use of the wide west side of
the site
Will use the gradient for a rain
garden and swale
Maximum southern exposure
allows for natural daylighting and
powering our PV array
10. Architectural Responses
The building is set up in a North, North East orientation
This is to maximize sunlight in the classrooms on the south façade
This also allows for our PV array to receive maximum sunlight during
peak hours
Room on the South East side of the site for geothermal wells
We don’t have any rooms without a window
Taking advantage of the wind by using clearstory windows
Opportunity to use a solar chimney
11. Passive HVAC Systems
Geothermal heating and cooling
Window overhangs
Using clearstories and window shelves for
deeper light penetration
Increased insulation
More efficient windows (Double PPG Solarban
XL)
Proposed use of a solar chimney
12. Active HVAC Systems
Package single VAV with DX Coils system with ducted air flow
Our heating is Geothermal so we used the VAV system specifically
for cooling
13. Daylighting
The glass that is used is PPG Solar Ban XL whose Visible Transmittance
is 0.64.
We will use doorways with windows to filter in natural daylight from
the classrooms and labs
After studying the sun position and the climate data as well. 42.6 is
chosen to be the sun angle. This angle matches the 1st of March
which is the med of spring, and 18th of October which is in the Middle
of Fall. So, the building will be shaded from the mid of falls to the mid
of springs.
In daylighting, there are four types of widows that will be used in the
building:
- The first style will includes overhangs, and its highest is 3 feet.
- The second style will include overhangs as well. Its highest is 4 feet.
- A deferent style whose purpose is to light spaces will be located in
the daylight glazing position. This type includes light shelves.
- The last style is just for lighting, and it is used in the restrooms.
1st Floor
2nd Floor
Gym
C C C C C C
CC CCC
C C L L
LLO
M S
S R R
R R
Cafeteria
S/E
S/E
14. South Façade:
Dimension : 175 x 10 = 1,750 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.18
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.18/0.64 = 28.125%
i.e 28.125% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 492 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 8 windows of 4’ x 3’9’’ ft distributed in 4 class rooms, 4 windows
of 14’ x 3’ ft distributed in the gym, 4 Clerestories for the class rooms of 15’ x 1’6’’ ft, and one for
the gum of 65’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows are provided with overhang to eliminate direct sunlight
and shading purpose . Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the depth of daylight in
the classroom and minimize the glaze.
In the second floor, we have used 12 windows of 4’ x 3’9’’ ft distributed in 6 class rooms, 4
windows of 8’6’’’ x 3’ ft distributed in the Cafeteria, 6 Clerestories for the class rooms of 15’ x
1’6’’ ft, and one for the gum of 50’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows are provided with overhang to
eliminate direct sunlight and shading purpose . Light shelves are used for Clerestories to
increase the depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
15. South Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type2
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 3*Tan(90-42.6) = 3’3’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 3’3’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
16. North
Façade:Dimension : 175 x 10 = 1,750 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.20
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 31.25%
i.e 31.25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 546 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 12 windows of 4’ x 3’ ft distributed in 2 labs and an office room,
2 windows of 11’ x 5’ and 2 windows 10’6’’ x 5’ ft distributed in the gym, 3 Clerestories for the
office room and the labs of 20’ x 1’6’’ ft, and one for the gum of 65’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows
don’t include overhang nor Light shelves.
In the second floor, we have used 14 windows of 4’ x 3’ ft distributed in 2 labs and 2 class
rooms, and 4 Clerestories for the class rooms and the labs of 20’ x 1’6’’. The windows don’t
include overhang nor Light shelves.
There are four widows of 2’ x 2’ ft located in four restrooms, 2 in the first floor and 2 in the
second.
17. East
Façade:Dimension : 80 x 10 = 800 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.16
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 25%
i.e 25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 200 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 4 windows of 4’ x 4’6’’ ft distributed in a lab and a class rooms,
a window of 10’ x 10’ ft located in the stair way, a Clerestory of 30’ x 1’6’’ ft in a classroom, and
a Clerestory of 25’ x 1’6’’ ft in a lab. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the depth
of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
In the second floor, we have used 4 windows of 4’ x 4’6’’ ft distributed in a lab and a class
rooms, a window of 10’ x 10’ ft located in the stair way, a Clerestory of 30’ x 1’6’’ ft in a
classroom, and a Clerestory of 25’ x 1’6’’ ft in a lab. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to
increase the depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
Overhangs are not used in the stairway window because stairs don’t need to be shaded.
18. East Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type2
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 3*Tan(90-42.6) = 3’3’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 3’3’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
19. West
Façade:Dimension : 80 x 10 = 800 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.16
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 25%
i.e 25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 200 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we don’t have widows because the gym already has windows in the South
and North façade. Also, that would allow the building to no loose heat in winter, and keep it
cool in summers.
In the second floor, we have used 3 windows of 4’ x 11’ and a Clerestory of 45’ x 1’6’’ ft. All
of them are located in the Cafeteria. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the
depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
20. West Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
21. Lighting Power Density
Cafeteria
3000 * 1.4 = 4,200 W
Gym
5500 * 1.1 = 6,050 W
Classrooms
12 * 1.2 * 700 = 1,008 W
Labs
4 * 1.2 * 800 = 3,840 W
Office
1 * 1.1 * 800 = 880W
Restrooms
4 * .9 * 200 = 720W
Corridor
.5 * 3,800 = 1,900 W
Lobby
500 * 1.2 = 600 W
Storage
1000 * .5 = 500
Mechanical Room
1000 * .5 = 500
Total Allowable Watts =
20, 198 Watts
22. Electric Lighting
Lighting would be controlled by a dimming and occupancy sensors
to reduce electric lighting use while the rooms are unoccupied or
filled with enough ambient daylight
LED lighting will reduce heat gain and energy use
Our concerns are with the corridors and the north façade
23. Site Harvested Renewable Energy
PV Array & Energy Production
We chose to maximize our PV array by laying our panels horizontally
Roof area: 14,000 sqf
Subtract 10% for walkways (1,400 sqf)
Workable roof area is 12,600 sqf
Individual panel area is 18 sqf
12,600/18 = 700
700 PV panels can fit on our roof
Peak Sun Hours in Dodge City Kansas at latitude: 5.76
(700 panels x 280W x 5.76 x 365 x 0.77)/1000 = 317,294 kWh/yr
24. Site Harvested Renewable Energy
PV Array & Energy Production (cont.)
Design Case Annual Energy Usage: 224,090 kWh
317,294 kWh – 224,090 kWh = 93,204 kWh
If necessary we can fit an additional 90 PV panels on the south
façade overhangs.
With our design strategies and PV array our community center and
school will attain net zero energy and produce an additional 93,204
kWh. Boom!
25. LEED-Baseline Water Use
Regular School Hours
FTE: 22 Use Students: 200 Use
Transient: 40 Use
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
WaterCloset
Female 3 1.6 11 52.8
Male 1 1.6 11 17.6
Urinal
Male 2 1 11 22
LavatoryFaucet
Duration30sec=0.5 3 0.5 22 16.5
Shower
Duration300sec=5 0.1 2.5 22 27.5
KitchenSink
Duration15sec=0.25 1 2.2 22 12.1
Totaluse/Day 148.5
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 3 1.6 100 480
Male 1 1.6 100 160
Urinal
Male 2 1 100 200
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.5 200 150
Total use/Day 990
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 0.5 1.6 20 16
Male 0.1 1.6 20 3.2
Urinal
Male 0.4 1 20 8
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 0.5 0.5 40 5
Total use/Day 32.2
26. LEED-Baseline Water Use
Summer school Hours
FTE: 12 Use Students: 100 Use
Transients: 20 Use
WaterUse Use/Day FlowRate Occupant DailyUse
WaterCloset
Female 3 1.6 6 28.8
Male 1 1.6 6 9.6
Urinal
Male 2 1 6 12
LavatoryFaucet
Duration30sec=0.5 3 0.5 12 9
Shower
Duration300sec=5 0.1 2.5 12 15
KitchenSink
Duration15sec=0.25 1 2.2 12 6.6
Totaluse/Day 81
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 3 1.6 50 240
Male 1 1.6 50 80
Urinal
Male 2 1 50 100
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.5 100 75
Total use/Day 495
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 0.5 1.6 10 8
Male 0.1 1.6 10 1.6
Urinal
Male 0.4 1 10 4
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 0.5 0.5 20 2.5
Total use/Day 16.1
27. Total Water use/day = 148.5 + 990 + 32.2
(during regular school) = 1170.7 gallons
Total water Use during School year = 252*1170.7
( School open for 252 days ) = 295016.4 gallons/year
Total water use/day = 81 + 495 + 16.1
(during summer school) = 592.1 gallons
Total water use during summer School = 60*592.1
( School open for 60 days ) = 35526 gallons/year
Total Water Use/year = 295016.4 + 33526
( 312 days ) = 330542.4 gallons/year
28. Design case Water Reduction Strategies
Regular school hours
FTE: 22 Use Students: 200 Use
transients: 40 Use
WaterUse Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 11 17.6
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 11 17.6
Male 1 1.1 11 12.1
Urinal
Male 2 0 11 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 3 0.25 22 8.25
Shower
Duration 300sec=5 0.1 0.5 22 5.5
Kitchen Sink
Duration 15sec=0.25 1 0.5 22 2.75
Total use/Day 63.8
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 100 160
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 100 160
Male 1 1.1 100 110
Urinal
Male 2 0 100 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.25 200 75
Total use/Day 505
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (Solid) 0.1 1.6 20 3.2
Female (liquid) 0.4 0.8 20 6.4
Male 0.1 1.1 20 2.2
Urinal
Male 0.4 0 20 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 0.5 0.25 40 2.5
Total use/Day 14.3
29. Design case Water Reduction Strategies
Summer School Hours:
FTE: 12 use Student: 100 use
Transient: 20 use
WaterUse Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
WaterCloset
Female (solid) 1 1.6 6 9.6
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 6 9.6
Male 1 1.1 6 6.6
Urinal
Male 2 0 12 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 3 0.25 12 4.5
Shower
Duration 300sec=5 0.1 0.5 12 3
Kitchen Sink
Duration 15sec=0.25 1 0.5 12 1.5
Total use/Day 34.8
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 50 80
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 50 80
Male 1 1.1 50 55
Urinal
Male 2 0 50 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.25 100 37.5
Total use/Day 252.5
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (Solid) 0.1 1.6 10 1.6
Female (liquid) 0.4 0.8 10 3.2
Male 0.1 1.1 10 1.1
Urinal
Male 0.4 0 10 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 0.5 0.25 20 1.25
Total use/Day 7.15
30. Total Water use/day = 63.8+ 505 + 14.3
(during regular school) = 583.1 gallons
Total water Use during School year = 252*583.1
( School open for 252 days ) = 146941.2 gallons/year
Total water use/day = 34.8 + 252.5 + 7.15
(during summer school) = 294.45 gallons
Total water use during summer School = 60*294.45
( School open for 60 days ) = 17667gallons/year
Total Water Use/year = 146941.2 + 17667
( 312 days ) = 164608.2 gallons/year
31. Design case Water use Strategies
Low flow flush valve in men’s room (1.1 gpf)
Dual flush valve in women’s room (1.6/0.8 gpf)
Waterless Urinals In men’s room
Low flow lavatory faucet (0.25 gpf)
Low flow shower faucet (0.5 gpf)
Low flow Kitchen sink faucet (0.5 gpf)
32. American Standard Clean White
1.6; 0.8-GPF 12-in Rough-In Water Sense
Elongated Dual-Flush 2-Piece Comfort height
1.1 GPF MADERA ADA SYSTEM WITH EVERCLEAN &
SELECTRONIC EXPOSED AC FLUSH VALVE
FLOWISE FLUSH-FREE
WATERLESS URINAL - LARGE
SERIN 1-HANDLE MONOBLOCK VESSEL
BATHROOM FAUCET
American standard- 0.25 gpf
Niagara N2615 Tri-Max 0.5 gpm
Showerhead,
33. Average Monthly rain water Collection
Collected Rainwater (gallons)= Area(Sf) x Rain(in) x (1- Loss Factor) x 1” Rainfall on 1sq.ft area
Eg. 14000 x 0.62 x (1-0.25) x 0.6208 = 4041.40 gallons
34. Average Monthly Water Surplus/Shortfall
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Avg.
Monthly
Water Use
12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 9197.5 6167.5 6167.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 131580
Collected
rain water
(gallons)
4041.40 4302.14 11993.85 14666.4 19555.2 20532.96 20663.32 17795.23 11081.28 9451.68 6583.58 5019.16 145686
Surplus /
Shortfall
8186.1 7925.36 233.65 2438.9 7327.7 11335.46 14495.82 11627.73 1146.22 2775.82 5643.92 7208.34 80345.02
35. Water Collectors
DoubleTorus Carat
(20,000 gallons) (1000 gallons)
RainSub is largest unitary underground tank, a horizontal ribbed fiberglass cylinder with
standard capacities of 20,000 gallons (10’d x 38’l). A large-diameter accessway provides easy
access into the tank. A threaded top port directs incoming water to an internal diffuser and a
second threaded top port is provided for venting. Water overflows through an internal trap
and out through a tangential end pipe.
Carat is a sophisticated two-piece tank with a full access system. A dome on top of the tank
swivels in any direction and has sufficient space for an internal filter and controls. A telescopic
extension with a sturdy lid slides into the dome and provides height adjustment. This tank is
strong enough to be suitable for use under residential driveways and parking areas. It stocks
1000 gallon (90”l x 69”w x 63”h) .
36. Occupants
We used two separate HVAC systems to operate for the split
schedule of our building
From September 1st to June 15th both the school and community
center operate in tandem each with a separate HVAC system
During the summer break from June 16th to August 31st only the
community center which includes the gym, locker room, and lobby
is open with half the occupancy of the normal school year. Hence
the water usage is reduced by a considerable amount
Provide dimming controls in all rooms in order to minimize energy
usage and allow occupants to choose their own comfortable light
level
37. Why did we do it?
(a lesson in ethics)
We decided to use the strategies implemented because
We didn’t want to rely on two sources of energy (i.e. electric and gas)
hence the use of our geothermal HVAC system
We wanted to implement efficient energy building modifications to
reduce the impact on the earth such as daylighting strategies, high
efficiency lighting
We wanted to reduce waste in the case of rainwater harvesting
We wanted to produce net zero energy and then some so we used the
maximum amount of PV panels on our rooftop
We attempted to use as many passive systems as possible within the
constraints of our building design and climate
Because we think the earth is great, and we don’t want to ruin it. We
think that’s pretty ethical.
39. Design Case Energy Strategies
Replacing existing windows with Double PPG Solarban XL on
Starphire/Air/Clear 6mm
Installing a high efficiency lighting system
Reducing all lighting to .75 W/SqFt (unless it is already under .75)
Daylight Dimming Controls
Increasing the building insulation
Roof: 6 in. polyisocyanurate (R-42) and additional R-3 batt, no rad
barrier
Above Grade Walls: R-21 batt
Extending window overhangs to 4.3 ft. on the South, East, and West
facade
Using two separate Geothermal HVAC systems for both the
community center and the school
Using only electric energy reliant on our PV array
45. Geothermal Well Depth
School
School area: 22,000 sqf
22,000/300 =73.3 tons
73.3 x 150 = 10,995
10,995/24 = 458.125
Well depth for school is
458.125 feet
Community Center
Community Center area: 6,000
sqf
6,000/300 = 20 tons
20 x 150 = 3000
3000/24 = 125
Well depth for community
center is 125 feet
