Presentation for anxiety and depression.

1. Anxiety and Depression
Jeremiah Edward A. Bohol, MA CP, RPsy

2. Psychological Disorders
 A behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions
that are unexpected in their cultural context and
associated with present distress and impairment in
functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or
impairment (DSM-5).
 The criteria: psychological dysfunction, personal
distress, and atypical or not culturally expected.
 It could be determined through clinical interview,
psychological tests, and self-observation.
 As a continuum, it is divided into mild, moderate, and
severe.

3. How does it develop?
 The multidimensional model of understanding
psychological disorders.
 Behavioral, biological, emotional or cognitive, and social
influences.
 Diathesis-stress model
 Inheritance of tendencies paired with certain environment
events.
 Gene-environment model
 The role of genes in the creation or experience of stressful
life events.

4. Diathesis-stress model
Gene-environment model

5. Anxiety
 Anxiety is a negative mood state characterized by bodily
symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension
about the future (American Psychiatric Association,
2013).
 Normal anxiety is adaptive. It is an inborn response to
threat or to the absence of people or objects that signify
safety can result in cognitive (worry) and somatic (racing
heart, sweating, shaking, freezing, etc.) symptoms.
 Pathologic anxiety is anxiety that is excessive, impairs
function.

6. Primary versus Secondary
Anxiety
 Anxiety may be due to one of the primary anxiety
disorders.
 It could also be secondary; substance abuse
(Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder), a medical
condition (Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical
Condition), another psychiatric condition, or psychosocial
stressors (Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety).
The differential diagnosis of anxiety. Psychiatric and Medical disorders.
Psychiatric Clinical North America 1985 Mar; 8(1):3-23

7. Anxiety disorders
 Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)
 Specific phobia
 Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
 Panic disorder (PD)
 Agoraphobia
 Anxiety Disorder due to a
General Medical Condition
 Substance-Induced Anxiety
Disorder
 Anxiety Disorder NOS

8. Depression
 Depression is the feelings of loneliness, apathy, and
disinterest to activities. This is the absence of manic
and hypomanic episodes.
 Major depressive disorder is the most commonly
diagnosed and severe form of depression.
 DSM-5 describes it as extremely depressed mood
state lasting at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive
symptoms and disturbed physical functions.

9. Important Concepts in
Depression
 Recurrence: the experience of depressive episodes and
separated by at least 2 months.
 Chronicity: the persistence of depressive mood or symptoms
over long periods of time.
 Clinicians use eight specifiers for depressive disorders:
 Psychotic features
 Anxious distress
 Mixed features
 Melancholic features
 Catatonic features
 Peripartum onset
 Seasonal pattern

10. Some Final Thoughts
 Everyone has the vulnerability to develop
psychological disorders.
 It is important to be aware of who you are, where
you are and what you can do.
 Observe proper mental hygiene.
 The PERMA model by Dr. Martin Seligman.

11. What you can do for
yourself
 Develop self-awareness
 Educate yourself
 Talk about your feelings
 Be active and eat well
 Keep in touch
 Ask for help
 Take a break
 Do something you’re good at

12. What you can do for others
 Develop self-awareness
 Encourage others to speak about their feelings
 Avoid conversational Narcissism
 Take people seriously (self perspective and reality model)
 Educate others
 Be supportive
 Show care, love and compassion
 Refer them to proper professionals