2. 2
Abstract
The convenient of migration of the population from one to another countries in the globalize
era leading to the complexity of the migration of population including human trafficking. The
changing means in transportation humans from one country to another for the underlying
employment in the night time businesses such as nightclubs, bars, discos, cocktail lounges,
and so on is perceived as a human trafficking relates issue. This kind of problem becomes
an international issue and aware by several international non-government organizations
such as United Nation (U.N), and other Children and Women Associations.
According to the Fellowship Programme sponsored by Japanese Associations of University
Women (JAUW) opens the opportunity for the potential candidates propose the research
topic on the woman and children. The human trafficking problems emphasize on the
underlying employment and businesses subject to interest areas to be studied.
The research methodologies apply to obtain insightful data and information on this topic is
social science research. To gain the most accurate and free from distortion the quantitative
approaches namely ethnography and in-depth will be applied to collect the insightful
information in this sensitive subjects.
ResearchBackground:
Thailand is a country perceived as one of the most critical prostitution problems and as a
hub of human trafficking in Southeast Asia leading to a crime and violence. This problem
becomes an international and more complicated nowadays according to the globalization
paradox and cultural exchanges which easily connecting and interacting to the people
worldwide. The cheaper and more convenient transportation is a key factor of the population
movement from one country to foreign countries. The globalization seems to be a persuasive
migration of Thais, especially, females and males in some regions of Thailand where are
highly perceived involving into the underline businesses. As a result of the globalize era
leading to the more convenient human trafficking to foreign countries such as Malaysia,
Singapore, Japan, German, Bahrain, and so on.
Although, many non-profit organizations, especially, woman and children organizations,
aware of that prostitution is a major problems and difficult to find the right solutions to cope
with it. Therefore, this social research study will help many organizations including
governments to figure out what are core problems, drivers, motivations, and other conditions
lure and stimulate those under privilege males and females entrench into the underlying
including the trafficking businesses. This study will identify the factors of migration which
showed in UNESCO's statistical data of regular migrants annually: 1,050,459 people (56.8%
female) are Thai females move to foreign countries.
Besides, this study will be conducted not only the target Thai migrants those employ by the
underlying businesses such as night clubs, disco clubs, pubs, lounges and so on but the
business owners, managers and traffickers are targeted to participate to this social science
research. This study will covers three (3) key dimensions are migrants or workers,
underlying businesses’ entrepreneur, and social impacts.
3. 3
ProposedResearch Topics:
There are three (3) alternative choices are in the completion as follows:
1. Human Trafficking Business in Japan: Thai Workers/Labor in the Underlying Business in
Japan. (Known as a main study topic)
2. Human Trafficking Business in Singapore: Thai Workers/labors in Underlying Business in
Singapore. (Know as an optional topic study I)
3. The Real Value Behind The Underlying Business and The Women in Sub-Meakong
Region. (Known as an optional topic study II)
ResearchObjectives:
The research aims to study Thai employees who currently working in the underlying
businesses in overseas, this group is called ‘Labor Forces’, and the foreigners’ employers
who operate the legal underlying businesses, this group is called ‘Human Trafficking Relates
Business or The Underlying Business.’ The research objectives of each group are:
Labor Force:
1. To identify the key drivers, motivations, and other dimensions of being migrate to foreign
countries such as Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Bahrain, and so on to working in the
underlying businesses.
2. To understand the paradoxity of the human dignity, expectation, and reality towards the
underlying working conditions.
3. The findings of this study will be proposed to both Non-Profit Organization and Non
Government Organizations (NGOs) focusing on woman and children related
organizations in order to improve quality working life of workers and labors in overseas
and to stimulus the educational policies in the near future.
The Underlying or Human Trafficking Relates Business:
1. To understand the trafficking process of both voluntary and forced labor in the business
perspectives by focusing on a forced commercial exploitation, sexual -industrialize
dimension.
2. Measures the underlying business return of investment (ROI), revenues, costs of
operation, including risks and other related elements in this business types by applying
SWOT analysis, and other business matrixes to figures out all elements subjected to
this topic.
3. A result of the human trafficking related business will indicates to the prevention,
suppression, violent and crime deduction, including improving the quality of working life
of both forced and voluntary Thai labors in the foreign countries.
4. 4
ProblemsStatement:
It is obviously seen that Asia and the Pacific region is the main continent having of the
human trafficking problems higher than other continents in the rest of the world as showed in
the table I that there were 1,400,000 people or 56% trafficked to other countries. There are
161 countries reported to be affected by human trafficking by being sources, transit, and
destination. The majority of victims are trafficked in the labor force aged between 18 – 24
years of age, whom 56% are women and girls. Most of the victims are experienced physical
and sexual violence (95%). As the statistical data identify the severe of this problems but it
seems careless or ignored by the governments. What/why several governments that human
trafficking occurred causing the ignorance or careless of this problems? There are plenty
accuses come up from them. Or it is maybe because of the huge amount of incomes and
profits in this kind of the underlying businesses itself (shown in Figure II). This research will
help figures out all important factors affect all elements associated to the human trafficking
and the underlying employment.
Table I: The Figure of the Global Human Trafficking by Region
Region
Row (n), (%)
Total
Asian &
the Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Middle
East & N.
Africa
Sub-
Saharan
Countries
Industrialize
Countries
Countries
in
Transition
Number of
people (n)
2,500,000 1,400,000 250,000 230,000 130,000 270,000 200,000
Percentage
(%)
100.0 56.0 10.0 9.2 5.2 10.8 8.0
According to the U.N.’s reported on the sweet and luring estimated profits of the human
trafficking and underlying businesses worldwide in 2006 are as follows:
Table II: Estimated Profits Made From Exploitation and Trafficking
Region
Row (n), (%)
Total
Industrialize
economies
Asia and
the Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Sub-
Saharan
Countries
Middle East
& N. Africa
Profit
(in US$ billions)
31.6 15.5 9.7 1.3 1.6 1.5
Percentage
(%)
100.0 49.0 30.6 4.1 5.0 4.7
The Relationship Model of The Labor Forces, The Underlying Business, and
Social Impacts
Impact
- Lookingfora better
life inoverseas.
- I can make a lotof
money.
- Etc.
Society and Community
Underlying Thai
labor in
overseas
- I can generate high
income fromcheap
humanproducts.
- Fraud,cheat,lies,
lendthemmoneyare
my tricksin
recruitment.
- Etc.
The underlying
Businesses such
as nightclubs,
bars, and so on.
5. 5
ResearchDesign and Methodology
ResearchDesign:
According to the social science research purposes, the two qualitative approaches called
ethnography and in-depth interview are accounted to this research paradigm. In theory, the
breadth of social science research coherent with both quantitative and qualitative, but in this
study topic will adopts non-experimental studies to test for causal relationships of the
particular factors called “quasi-experimental” technique (Campbell and Standley (1963),
Campbell (1962), and Cook and Campbell (1979)) design to emphasize that they offer less
rigorous tests than experimental design. The quasi-experimental technique appropriates to
this research topic is qualitative approaches namely ethnographic and in-depth interview
approach.
The main reasons why this approach apply this research topic is because it emphasize
understanding of social phenomena though direct observation, communication with both
targeted individuals and groups, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over
generality. To comprehend the dynamic Thai migrants, ethnographical approach will be used
to evaluate the Thai labor forces along with indirectly observed the characteristics and
behaviors of the specific areas in the underlying business management.
The second main approach is an in-depth interview, or called one-to-one interview, designed
to gather the rich information from two (2) main groups; labor forces and the underlying
business. This method will use the normative questionnaire to obtain consistent and
accurate data.
These research methodologies will incorporate with two (2) key dimensions; rational and
emotive response which interfere in analyze conformable contents of each groups in
association with the concept of contemporary social science research which is rigorous,
innovative, creative empirical research.
Key Analyzed Conformable Contents
Labor forces and victims Human trafficking relates business
a. Background and education of target
respondents.
- Costs and revenues of the business such as
operation costs, monthly income.
b. Working condition, criteria, environment,
and income.
- Recruitment labors, staffs including
traffickers.
c. Living aboard. - Dealing with laws, legal and illegal issues.
d. Motivations, attitudes, perceptions,
perspectives, values, and cultures.
- Immigration support and assistance such as
work permit, visa, and airfares.
e. Sexual abuse and drug usage. - Overall operating and managing business.
f. Expectation and hope. - Customer groups.
g. NGOs perspectives towards those
workers.
- Sustainability and competitive advantage in
the particular industry.
h. Governmental policies and suppression
law related issues.
- Welfare provided and social insurance such
as health care and medical check- up service.
i. Other related issues - Other related issues
Regarding to the contextual analysis interfered to the emotive and rationale responses
where they are overlapped in some areas between the two key groups in this study. The
examples of the emotive responses and rationale responses are as follows:
6. 6
“I’m uncomfortable with a drunken customer at that table, he's rude and nasty.”
Thai labor, Female 21 years old.
“Last night a customer gave me extra money 10,000 Yen, I will save it for my family.”
Thai labor, Female 28 years old.
“Those labors make me sick, they are always absent from work.”
Night Club Manager, Area X
“An accountant reported me a monthly income statement with high net income of March.”
Night Club Manager, Area X1
ResearchMethodology:
In general, there are two major research techniques are used conducting in the general
business research: (1) Quantitative techniques are those statistical and operation research,
or programming technique, techniques which help in the decision making process especially
concerning business and industry. These techniques involve the introduction of the elements
of quantities i.e. they involve the use of numbers, symbols and other mathematical
expressions. (2) Qualitative approach is a method of inquiry employed in many different
academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and
further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human
behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates
the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but
focused samples are more often needed than large samples.
In the conventional view, qualitative methods produce information only on the particular
cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only propositions (informed
assertions). Quantitative methods can then be used to seek empirical support for such
research hypotheses. This view has been disputed by Oxford University professor Bent
Flyvbjerg, who argues that qualitative methods and case study research may be used both
for hypotheses-testing and for generalizing beyond the particular cases studied.
In order to accomplish the research objectives, there are two approaches taking into
accounts in this research topic are ethnographical method is the main approach in studying
labor forces and victims. And in-depth interview method is used to conduct the human
trafficking relates businesses including selected labor forces.
Ethnographical approach is a branch of social science research employed as a key
methodology in studying the labor forces and victims in underlying businesses. This
research protocol provides more accuracy of the empirical observation according to the
scientific model. The selected representative group of respondents will be tapping, VDO
recording, then recording in the proper templates such as in excel sheet or word format.
This methodology allows researcher or social scientist closely observe their behaviors,
characteristics, attitudes, cross-culture adaption, routine activities, working life and other
sensitive issues during fieldwork period.
In the data gathering process, the observers will disguise themselves as a labor and behave
as a general staff in order to interact with the target group naturally without any bias. So that
the observers will rigorously follow the observed patterns and use the proper stimuli(s) to
gain the most accurate information which response to key stated attributes.
7. 7
Observation Patterns:
Pattern A: Individualism Pattern B: Interaction among group
Stimuli(s) Stimuli(s)
Pattern C: Interaction between group Pattern D: Interaction to customer
Group A Group B
With/Without Stimuli(s) With/Without Stimuli(s)
is defined as direct interaction of the target group
is defined as indirect interaction of the target group
Where:
A-E = the individuals are observed within the interest group.
Z = the group of individuals are observed within their group
C = the customer who visits to the specific sampling unit
Stimuli are the experimental materials used such as award/gift, story-telling, and so on to
stimulate or drive the behavior and attitudes of the interest respondents.
In-depth interview or it is called “a one-to-one interview” will be applied both target groups,
human trafficking relates (underlying) businesses and labor forces, of this study to obtaining
insightful and validated data and information in the subjective areas. Depth interview is
suitable for the more diverse and diffuse topics, so this method is appropriated to obtain
sufficient data from individuals in the selected interest groups.
Not only face-to-face interview according to the normative discussion guide, the projective
techniques such as the use of pictures, self-completion, psychological questions, and so on
will be applied to the sensitive areas in the questionnaire instead of the honest questions
which causing uncomfortable feeling to answer. There is slightly different conducting in-
depth interviewing between the two interest groups as follow:
1. Labor forces: Depth interview will be started conducting at the interim of ethnographical
method observed period. The interest representatives will be invited for interviewing.
2. Human trafficking relates (underlying) businesses: According to the human trafficking
relates businesses are more distinguish than other businesses due to its significant
difference in the nature of the business structure which the core products are human
being, it is definitely in the labor forces aged 18 – 24 years, market to the target
customers. So in-depth interview technique is appropriated method to obtain rich
information from this interest group. The selected samples are the managers,
managements, including the traffickers will be invited participating to one-to-one
interview.
A B C
D E
Z Z
Z Z
A B C
D E
A B C
D E
A
B
C
C
8. 8
It is crucial to take the financial aspects into account on this social research analysis in order
to comprehend the attractiveness behind the businesses. Therefore, the statistical analysis
will be used to assess the aggregate financial statement including forecasting and projection.
The most popular statistical modeling approaches in business forecasting is the linear
(straight-line) technique including the standard deviation errors will be applied in the financial
analysis. The following statistical equation is an example of the straight-line method:
Linear regression technique: ŷ = a+bx
Where:
Ŷ = computed value of the variable to be predicted (dependent (y-axis) variable such as
sales)
a = y-axis intercept
b = slope of the regression line (the rate of change in y for given change in x)
x = the independent variable such as time
Equation: b = ∑xy-n x̅ ӯ
∑x2
- n x̅ 2
Y– intercept: a = ӯ-b x̅
Note: the sales and other financial projection will be calculated in excel sheet and illustrated
only the graphics in the report.
Sampling and Sample Composition:
Sampling Frame:
As the key research objective of this study will be conducted in Tokyo or Singapore as an
alternative as it is specified in the scholarship’s conditions. And the target respondents are
designed earlier. Consequently, the stratified sampling technique is appropriately applied to
gather the proportional information from the population recruiting into each homogenous
stratum (sub-group). And the researcher should draws enough variables for the increasing
homogeneity strata (both labor forces and human trafficking relates businesses). Meaning
that, there is enough samples represents to each group.
Tokyo, Japan
Singapore (Alternative choice)
Sample Composition:
In the hypothesis, the sample size distribution, in general, draws systematically statistical
process derive from the total size of the population in the sampling selection areas with the
confidence level and standard error. But the qualitative approach randomly selects the
represent samples by non-statistical method according to the sampling distribution technique
used. There are slightly different in the sample distribution process between labor forces and
human trafficking relates businesses.
Labor Forces:
9. 9
The samples for the labor forces are randomly selected during the observation period. Thus,
the researcher uses a judgment sampling is a non-probability sampling technique in which
an experienced individual selects the sample based on his or her judgment. In the
meantime, a quota sampling method can be applied align with the judgment sampling to
control the number of respondents and classify age, gender and other criteria needed. The
sample size for this group requires 30-50 depth–interviews.
Example of the soft quota for the labor forces
Age Categories
Female Male
n % n %
18 - 24 years 25 55.6 10 66.7
25 - 30 years 10 22.2 2 13.3
31 - 35 years 5 11.1 2 13.3
35 years and above 5 11.1 1 6.7
Total 45 100.0 15 100.0
The Underlying Business:
The recruiting population proportionally allocated for this sub-group is called simple random
sample technique. This method incorporate with the stratified sampling distribution which
can be easily draws and selects the samples within the sampling. The pull variables draws
for this stratum are managers, managements, or traffickers. The sample size for the
underlying businesses usually requires 30 – 50 depth-interviews to cover the social science
research.
Example of the simple random sample for the human trafficking relates businesses:
Human Trafficking Relates Business No. of Sample Percentage (%)
Nightclub 20 40.0
Bar 10 20.0
Karaoke 10 20.0
Massage parlor 5 10.0
Restaurant 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Data Collection:
Typically, the fieldwork period for qualitative approach for this study will be executing from
Tuesday to Saturday and two day off within each week until the due day of the scheduled
timeframe for the ethnographical method. The table show the working day and day off each
week since the fieldwork kicking off. Ethnography is an empirical observation that the
researcher or observer will record the detail and information obtain from the sampling unit on
daily basis. MP3, VDO recorder, and other devices are the main materials used in
observation the interest individuals and groups.
Day Off
10. 10
Working Day
Repeated Schedule …
Note: Working day and day off can be change subject to Japan’s national holidays.
And in - depth interview will be promptly conducted according to the appointment between
interviewer and respondent are made. The materials use in interviewing are the same as
ethnographical methods, except the transcripts will be written after each single interview
completed.
Example of the Questionnaire:
Ethnography: A consistent observations and experiments employ to this empirical
methodology, so the observed patterns are the crucial guideline in gathering data during
fieldwork period.
In-depth Interview:This method will use the normative discussion guide with a different
series of questionnaire for each individual group employed to this survey. The example
discussion guide for each group is as follow:
In-Depth Discuss Guide for Thai Labors
Introduction: Good morning/ Good afternoon. My name is………. an interviewer from
University and JAUW are conducting in-depth interview. So I appreciate your spare time
participate to a valuable research……..
1. Please introduce yourself; your name, background, and past experience.
Probe: Social status such as H/H income, family, educational level (if applicable),
past experience and so on.
2. Could you please share with me about what factors, motivations, or drivers to come
to Japan/Singapore?
Probe: Recommended, assisted by whom. Documental preparation such as visa, air
ticket. Any sponsors?
3. How you could pass the immigration and please share the immigration process?
Stimuli I: Show the prepared pictures randomly. Then ask the RD select one picture and
permit her to explain….
4. Which pictures best describe your current situation? Why?
5. …………….
The depth discuss guide for the human trafficking relates business is in the same
templates but the representative will be asked a series of questionnaires contains the
questions about business, management, operation management, recruitment, customers,
revenues, and so on.
Note: The in-depth discussion guide will be designed prior to the fieldwork execution period.
Limitations of Social Science Research:
Although in the theory determine the explore research, both ethnography and in-depth
interview approach, greatest strengths is the validity of the data obtained from individuals
which sufficient detail for the results to be taken as true, correct, complete and believable
11. 11
reports of their views and experiences. But in execution social science research by applying
‘quasi-experimental’ method contains several limitations as follows:
It does not provide a complete account or explanation and may includes self-
justification reports if the researcher or observer interprets the communication
incorrectly, bias judgment, social desirable judgment, and so on.
The findings, reports or even the research techniques can be rejected or denied by
others because it has small number of samples (cannot taken as representative).
A distortion of measurement resulting from the cognitive behavior or actions of the
witnessing observer or researcher is called observer/researcher bias.
Accuracy may suffer if the observer or researcher does not record every detail that
describes the persons, objects, and events in a given situation.
The pace of events, the observer’s and researcher’s memory and writing speed and
other factors will limit the amount of detail that can be recorded.
In some subjective areas may influence the interplay between interviewer, observer,
and researcher and respondent such as the subject’s age or sex.
The observer and researcher may obtain inaccuracy behavior, characteristics,
attitude if the respondents are asked for permission conducting the survey.
The ethical issues in the hidden observation of humans can raise the respondent’s
right privacy including research ethical dilemma.
Timeline:
Ethnography: Fieldwork will be conducting at the selected site(s) around 1.5 months in
order to recruit the interest respondents for the in-depth interview. The aggregate timeline for
this research topic is no longer than 5 months. And the in-depth interview of the labor forces
will starts at the final week of the observation period which is probably not reveal the
observation at the sampling unit.
The human trafficking relates business is conducted by only in-depth interview method, so
the fieldwork can be kicking off at the second week of the project start month. Please see the
schedule tables below for further detail.
Labor Forces
Detail Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5
Ethnography
Fieldwork Observation
Depth Interview
Fieldwork
Topline Report
Progress Report
Quality Control
Analysis
Outline Report & Presentation
Human Trafficking Relates Businesses/The Underlying Business
12. 12
Detail Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5
Depth Interview
Fieldwork
Topline Report
Progress Report
Quality Control
Analysis
Outline Report & Presentation
Deliverables:
The sponsors of the fellowship program me will receive both soft and hard copies of the
finding altogether with the materials, evidences, and proof occurring during the study. And
the presentation will demonstrate at the end of the final month scheduled in the timeline. The
reports, transcripts and presentations will illustrate in English. The deliverables consist of the
following:
(i) The transcripts
(ii) MP3 and Video recorders
(iii) Other evident during study period such as photos, receipts and others.
(iv) Soft and hard copies of the reports in English
(v) Presentation in English
Example of The Analysis:
Labor Forces:
Example of the Contextual Analysis
Background
Motivation and
Persuasiveness
Expectation
Against Business
Hopes and
Dreams
Text Text Text Text
Text Text Text Text
Text Text Text Text
Conclusions and Recommendations
Prevention
Text
Text
Text
Law Suppression
Text
Text
Text
Governmental Policies Proposition
Text
Text
Text
The Underlying Business:
Dummy
13. 13
Example of SWOT Matrix
Internal Environment External Environment
Strengths (S) Strengths and Opportunity (SO)
Text Text
Text Text
Text Text
Weaknesses (W) Weakness and Threats (WT)
Text Text
Text Text
Text Text
Example of Important Factors Analysis:
Example of the Financial Projection or Forecast
Nightclub in C1 area: 5 Years Sales and Costs Projection (in ¥ million)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Sales
Costs
Dealingwith legal issues
- Text
- Text
Financial Controls
- Text
- Text
Financial Controls
- Text
- Text
Recruitingstaffs and labors
- Text
- Text
High
Importa
nt
Low High
Year
¥
14. 14
Budgeting:
The budget for the combination of ‘quasi-experimental’ techniques with five months timeline
is including the following items:
Transportation costs
Recruitment fieldwork team
Respondent’s fee
Accommodation costs
Professional fee
Miscellaneous
This project expected budget is 100% awards by sponsors.
Note:Thisisno subjectto VATexceptthe termsandconditionsof the
fellowship programme.
Biography:
Miss Kesinee Lamduan has been working in a Marketing Research
field for 7 years. Before she starts working as a Researcher, she
started her first career as a Customer Service Agent at Advanced
Info Services Public Company Limited. Then as here aspiration in
marketing field, Kesinee finally fulfilled her dream job as a Marketing
Officer at a very good international transportation firm namely Hanjin
Thailand where she gained value experience in shipping line
company. Although she satisfied with the working environment here
but she’s looking for more challenging job which she could step
forward in the career path.
When the fortune came to, she granted the great opportunity
exploring in the marketing research at Market Insights Sdn. Bhd.,
Malaysia as an Executive Researcher. Since the beginning step at overseas until the
present, Kesinee have been participated to several challenging locally and globally projects
such as Caltex, Chevron, “Shell Oil Packaging Study” as a moderator, IKEA, Ministry of
Health, Mind Share Advertising Agency, Subway, Mahasarakam University, PTT, KBANK,
Bangchak Petroleum, Commart, Brand Veta. Not only quantitative and qualitative approach
she has experience with, but Social Research, Tsunami Affected in the Southern Part of
Thailand – Revolving Fund” with Rak Thai Foundation and Care Organization and Mystery
Shopping she has conducted.
Kesinee graduated B.B.A. from Ramkhamheang University, majoring in General
Management. She obtained a certificate from Thammasat Business School, and MBA
international program from Institute of International Study Ramkhamheang University.
