Histology of humen body.

2. •Connective tissue connect the different
parts of body structuraly and
functionaly.
•These tissue have great amount of
intercellular fluid and cells float in it.
•All connective tissue consist of cells,
fibers and matrix.
•It is the most abundant tissue in body
and present in each part of body.

3. Classification of connective tissue
• Genral connective tissue
• Two types
• Loose connective tissue
• Two types
• Areolar tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Dense connective tissue
• Two types
• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Special connective tissue
• Three types
•Blood
•Cartilage
•Bone

5. •Areolar tissue
• It has large amount of matrix in which different
types of cells float.
• The cells are following types present in areolar tissue.
•Fibroblast- Secete fibers.
•Mesenchymal cells- Can change into any types of cells.
•Macrophges - Phagocytic cells
•Lymphocytes- form antibody.
•Mast cells - Take part in inlammation.

6. •There are three types of fibers present in
areolar tissue.
•Collagen fibers- These fibers form of collagen
protien that unbranched and present in bundles.
•Elastic fibers-Formed of elastin fibers that are
branched and singly present.
•Reticular fibers- Formed of reticuline protien
branched fibers form network.

7. • Ground substance is formed of glycosaminoglycan
and proteioglycan.
• Areolar tissue are present under skin, arround
blood vessels, nerves and mucosa of intestine.
•Adipose tissue
• Along with some cells and matrix there are many
lipid containing cells present in these tissue. These
cells are called Adipocytes Lipids are so great
amount that nucleus is shifted to so the cells
appear as ring.
• Adipose tissue are present under skin as
hypodermis act thermoregulation.

8. •Dense regular
• Collagen fibers are arranged in parallel manner
along with fibroblast. These tissue are present in
tendon and ligaments.
• Ligaments attach bone to bone and tendon
attach muscles to bone.
•Dense irregular
• Fibroblasts and bundles of fibers are scattered
irregularly in the ground substance. These are
present in in dermis of skin.

12. •Plasma protiens
• There are three important plasma protiens
• Albumin
• It is the smallest plasma protien of mollecular weight about
69000 . It maintain colloidal osmotic pressure of blood and also
act as transporter protien.
• Globulin
• It's mollecular weight is about 1.5 lakh. There are alpha, Beta
and Gamma globulin. Alpha and Beta globulin are transporter
protiens and gamma globulin work as antibody.
• Fibrinogen
• It's mollecular weight is about 341000. It changes to fibrin
during clotting.

13. •Blood Corpuscles
• Erythrocytes ar Red blood corpuscles
• RBCs are disc shaped from top view and biconcave from
side as mature RBCs have no nucleus. The RBCs have no
mitochondria so there is partial glucose oxidation takes
place.
• RBCs have structural protien Spectrin and ankyrin.
• Spectrin form a network of protien that is attached
externaly with ankyrin and internaly with substance of
RBCs so cell membrane is protected even RBCs pass
through thin capillaries.
• There is major portion of RBCs is Heamoglobin. It is iron
containing metaloprotien.

15. • Heamoglobin consist of iron containing haem and
protien globin.
• Size of RBCs is 5.5to 8.8micron in flowing blood
and 7.2 micron dried film. Thickness is about 2.2
micron.
• Number of RBCs is about 5 million /cubic mm of
blood in male and 4.5 million / cubic mm female.
• Children have, 6-7 million /cubicmm . Newborn
has 7.8 million/cubicmm
• In first week of life RBCs falls rapidly so there is
great chance of neonatal jaundice.

16. •The life span of RBCs is 120 days.
•Old RBCs are distroyed by spleen. And
hemoglobin is broken to heam and
globin.
•Iron of haem part is restored and
remaining part is changed to bilurubin.
•Funcions of RBCs
•It transport oxygen and CO2 within the
body.

17. •Leukocytes or White blood
corpuscles
•Leukocytes are nucleated cells and their
size is larger than RBCs.
•The life span of leukocytes is shorter than
RBCs.
•Leukocytes may have ameboid movement
and phagocytic in nature.
•These can squeeze out through capilaries
to migrate the site of inlammation it is
called diapadesis.

18. According to nature of cytoplasm Leukocytes are
classified into two groups.
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Their cytoplasm has many granules. According to
staining properties of granule these are further
divided into three groups.
Neutrophil
Acidophil
Basophil

19. Neutrophil
The size of neutrophil is about 12 to 15
micron.The life span is about 15hours to 5days.
Their nucleus is 3 to 7 lobed so appear in many
form so called polymorph.
The cytoplasmic granules stained in neutral
stain leishmania in voilet colour.
The neutrophils are ameboid and phagocytic in
nature.

20. •Acidophil
• The size of acidophil is 10 to, 20 micron
•The nucleus is bilobed.
•The cytoplasmic granules stain in acidic
stain called eosine in red colour so
called eosinophil.
•The life span is about, 2 to5 days.
•These are ameboid but not phagocytic.
•These move in sense of any allegic

21. •Basophil
•These are 12-15 micron cells. These have
S shaped nucleus. The granules of
cytoplasm stain in basic stain in blue
colour.
•These cells form Histamine ,Heparin and
5HT
•Heparin inhibit coagulation of blood
within blood vessels.
•Histamine for allergic response and 5HT
take part in inflammation

22. •Lymphocytes
• These cells have large nucleus that occupies
great portion of cytoplasm leaving a brim of
it.
• The cytoplasm is smooth. These cells may
smaller lymphocytes 7-8 micron and larger
lymphocytes of 12-15 micron in size.
• Smaller lymphocytes includes T and B
lymphocytes
• Larger lymphocytes are Natural killer cell.

24. • B lymphocytes named after first
development seen in bone marrow of a
bird called Bursa fabricius.
• B lymphocytes in response to cytokines
released from helper T cells changes in
plasma cell to form antiboddy. The antibody
attach to antigen on the surface of invader
and inactivate it.
• Some B lymphocytes become memory cells
to response against rexposure of some
invader.

25. •T lymphocytes
•These cells may be Helper T cells, Cytotoxic
T cells, Regulatory cells, Memory T cells and
Natural killer cells.
•Helper T cells mature in thymus. These cells
activate other immune cells
•Regulatory T cells mature in thymus and
supress the immune cells when needed
• Cytotoxic Tcell kill some infected and cancer
cells.

26. •Memory T cells are the cells
thal live for long time and
response to rexposure of
pathogen.
•Natural killer cells kill the
inffected cells and cancer cells

27. •Monocytes
•The size of monocytes is 16-22 micron. The
cytoplasm is smooth. Nucleus is large kidney
shaped.
•The life span of monocytes is few hours to a
day.
•These cells changes into macrophages and
dendritic cells.
•Macrophges are phagocytic and Dendritic
cells are antigen binding cells.

28. •TLC
•Total Leukocytes Count
•It is about 4000 -8000 /cubicmm of
blood.
•TLC> 11000/ cubicmm is called
leukocytosis that indicate any
infection in body.
•TLC<4000/ cubicmm is called
leukopenia

29. •DLC
•Deferenciate lekocyte count
•It is the percentage of Individual
leukocytes
•Netrophil 55-70%
•Eosinophil 1-3%
•Basophil .5-1%
•Lymphocytes 20-35%
•Monocytes 3-8%

30. •Raised Neutrophil indicate
any acute infection
•Raised lymphocytes indicate
any Chronic infection.
•Raised Eosinophil indicate
presence of any allergen or
worm infestation.

31. •Platelets
• The cells are rounde or oval with protoplasmic out
growth . The nucleus is absent. The cytoplasm is
divided into outer Hyalomere and inner
Chromatmere.
• Hyalomere has microtubule and microfilaments that
make cells ontractile.
• Chromatmere consist of cell orgalles. The size is
2micron and life span is 7-10 days.
• The count of platelet is 150000-400000/cubicmm of
blood.
• These cells have role in blood clotting and
endothelium regenration.

33. •Cartilage
• These are connective tissue softer than bone and harder
than blood.
• Cartilages ges are formed of matrix fibers and cells.
• Cells are called Chandroblast that secrete the matrix and
fibroblast secreting fibers.
• Chondroblast are surrounded by matrix and are
enclosed in air filled space called lacuna. The cells in
lacuna are called Chondrocytes.
• The cartilages are externaly surrounded by fibroblast
and fiber that is called Perichondrium.

34. •Some lacunae may have more
than on cell it is called cell nest.
•Matrix is formed of
chondromucoid and
chondroalbuminoid.
•Fibers may be collagen and
elastic.

35. •Classifcation of cartilages
•Cartilages are three types
•Hyaline Cartilages
•Fibrous cartilages
•Elastic cartilages

37. •Hyaline Cartilages
•These carlilages have great amount of
matrix and leat fibers.
•These are smooth and transluscent.
•Present at articular surfaces of long
bones.
•They reduce friction during joint
movement.

38. •Fibrous cartilages
• These carlilage have greater amount of
collagen fibers distrebuted in matrix.
• Perichondrium can not be distinguished.
• These are present as intervertebral disc and
in Public Symphysis.
• It work as cushions to reduce compression
force at joints.

39. •Elastic cartilages
•These cartilages have elastic
fibers along with matrix.
•These cartilages are elastic in
nature and are present in ear
auricle and tip of nose

40. •Bone
• These are the hardest connectiive tissue. These
consist of cells, matrix and fibers.
• The cells in bone are Osteoblast, Osteocytes,
Osteoclast and Fibroblast
• Osteoblast cells secrete matrix. These cell are
surrounded by matrix secreted by itself in air filled
space called lacunae.
• The cells enclosed in lacunae are called
Osteocytes. Lacunae are interconnected to each
other by canalculae

41. • Osteocytes in lacunae are also
interconnected to each other by
protoplasmic growth.
• Osteoclast cells are multinucleate cells
formed by fusion of many osteocytes. These
are present in large lacuna called Howships
lacuna.
• These cell decalcify the bone for
remodelling.
• Fibroblast form fibers and surrounds the
bone all around called Periosteum.

42. •Matrix of bone
•Matrix of bone consist of inorganic and
organic substances.
•Inorganic substances form about 65% of
bone matrix. It consist of Calcium
Hydroxyappatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 . It
form bone hard and non compressible..
•Carbonates of Na, K Mg are also present.

43. •Bone has 85% of body Ca.
•Organic matter of bone is called
Osteoid. It form 35% of bone matrix. It
consist of collagen
fibers,glycosaminoglycan , proteoglycan
and glycoprotien.
•Collagen fiber crosslinked together to
resist torision and tensile stength.
These fibers also attached to
hydroxyapatite crystals to make bone
hard.

44. •Glycosaminoglycan and
Proteoglycan draw water to
create osmotic gradient in
osteoid to make bone
incompressible.
•Glycoprotien bind the organic
matter with inorganic matter.

45. •On the basis of structure bones are two
types.
•Compact bones
•Spongy bones
•Compact bones
•These bone are present in shaft of
long bones and outer surface of flat
bones. These bones have tightly
packed tissue material.

47. •There are many longitudnal canals present
along the length of bone called Haversian
canal that are interconnected to each other
by Volkman's canal.
• In each haversian canal there is artry vein
and nerve run within bone. Each Haversian
canal is surounded by many layers of matrix
called Lamellae.
• Between the two layers of lamellae there is a
layer of lacunae are present along with
osteocytes.

48. •Lacunae along osteocytes
interconnected to each other's.
•Haversian canal, lacune with
osteocytes is called Haversian system
or Osteon.
•Osteons are sepperated to each other
by cementing line of ebner.
•There are some lamellae in between
Osteon are called intersritial lamellae.

49. • There are some some periosteal lemellae under
periosteum and endosteal lemellae arround endosteum.
•Spongy Bones
• These bones are present at ends of long bones
and middle part of flat bones. There are spicules
of matrix grow and entangle to each other to
form trabecular network. The cells present in
lecunae embeded in matrix. The empty space
between trabeculae is filled with red bone
marrow. These bones are shock absorber.Threfore
surrounds the important organs like hear, lungs
and brain

50. •Thank you