2. Pitjantjatjara (Anangu)
Pitjantjatjara is the name of an Australian Aboriginal group.
The Pitjantjatjara refer to themselves as Anangu.
The original meaning of the word was "human being,
person or human body“.
3. Where do they live?
Central and Western Australian desert.
It is a region in central Australia covering
about 600,000 squeare kilometers.
Including the Gibson desert, the Simpson
desert, the Great Victoria desert, the Great
Sandy and Little Sandy deserts.
4. History and law of Anangu: Tjukurpa
The history and law of Anangu, comes from the
stories of the creation time (Tjukurpa).
When their spirit ancestors arose from the earth
and travelled all over central Australia, creating
mountains and rivers, fighting battles and
hunting for food.
These spirits were sometimes in the form of
animals, birds and human and sometimes
capable of changing from one to the other.
5. This knowledge has been passed down between the generations from grandparents to
grandchildren.
With the knowledge comes responsibilities and obligations to care for the land and each other
in the proper way.
History and law of Anangu: Tjukurpa
“Knowledge held in the head and the heart can never blow
away or be dropped in the dust and lost like a piece of paper.”
6. CULTURE
• Anangu culture is based on the Tjukurpa (sometimes wrongly referred
as the Dreamtime).
• Mala (hare wallaby), Kuniya (woma python) and Liru (poisonous
snake) are considered to be very important ancestors to the region.
This is the ancestral period when
the world was formed.
7. • Before European colonisation, there were about 700 dialects spoken
by Indigenous Australians.
• Many of these languages are no longer used
• There are only 20 to 50 languages still used by children.
Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
Anangu means ‘people’
8. • The grammar and structure are very different to English.
• Non-Pitjantjatjara speakers find difficult.
s, z, v, sh
or th
a, i and u
17 consonants
9. The paintings are of considerable historic and
cultural significance to Anangu, who continue to
ensure their preservation and protection.
Anangu paintings are created for :
-Educational and ceremonial purposes
10. Anangu painted the art found in the caves of Uluru to ilustrate stories they tell
11. SYMBOLS
• The symbols and figures in the
caves at Uluru include geometric
symbols such as:
• Concentric circles
• Figures representing animal tracks
• The outlines of animals.
COLOURS
Anangu make paints from natural mineral substances mixed with water
and sometimes with animal fat. They most commonly use red, yellow,
orange, white, grey and black pigments
12.
13. ULURU
• Is the second largest monolith in the world.
• It is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, 350 km southwest of
Alice Springs
• Uluru means Earth Mother in their language.
• The Anangu believe the story of their origin is written on the rock—
their dream tracks.
14.
15. PRESENT SITUATION
European settlement disrupted the traditional
nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle of the
Anangu, but they have retained their language and
much of their culture in spite of outside influences.
Anangu and Parks Australia staff have worked
together to manage the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National
Park.
They often lead walking tours to inform visitors
about the local flora and fauna, bush foods and
the Aboriginal Dreamtime stories of the area.
16. Today about 4,000 Anangu live in small communities
and outstations across their traditional lands, forming
one of the most successful joint land arrangements in
Australia with Aboriginal Traditional Owners.
PRESENT SITUATION
Editor's Notes
the term they use to refer themselves is anangu.
This way the ancestors created the world as it is now.
The term, Tjukurpa/Wapar, includes many complex but complementary concepts.
This represente de responsabilitis and obligatioin to care for the land and each other.
Anangu life revolves around the Tjukurpa (sometimes wrongly referred to as the Dreamtime). To the Aboriginal people, this is the ancestral period of when the world was being formed.
At Uluru, Mala (hare wallaby), Kuniya (woma python) and Liru (poisonous snake) are considered to be very important ancestors to the region.
The Mala Tjukurpa involves three groups of Mala people who travel from the north to reach Uluru. Two groups then flee south and south-east to sites in South Australia.
Kuniya Tjukurpa tells of the travels of the Woma Python from hundreds of kilometres east of Uluru. The Woma Python lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liri, the poisonous snakes.
These stories and many others have been passed down through thousands of years from generation to generation. The elder people recount, maintain and pass on this knowledge through stories, behaviour, rituals, ceremonies, songs, dances and art. Tjukurpa is therefore the basis of all Anangu knowledge and connects everything in life.
CULTURA
A n vida angu gira alrededor de la Tjukurpa (a veces denominado erróneamente como el Dreamtime). Para los aborígenes, este es el período ancestral de cuando el mundo se estaba formando.
En Ulu r u, Mala (liebre wallaby), Kuniya (woma python) y Liru (serpiente venenosa) se consideran antepasados muy importantes de la región.
El Mala Tjukurpa involucra a tres grupos de personas de Mala que viajan desde el norte para llegar a Ulu r u. Dos grupos huyen hacia el sur y el sudeste hacia sitios en el sur de Australia.
Kuniya Tjukurpa cuenta de los viajes del Woma Python desde cientos de kilómetros al este de Ulu r u. La Woma Python vivió en las rocas en Ulu r u donde luchó contra el Liri, las serpientes venenosas.
Estas historias y muchas otras se han transmitido a través de miles de años de generación en generación. Las personas mayores relatan, mantienen y transmiten este conocimiento a través de historias, comportamientos, rituales, ceremonias, canciones, bailes y arte. Por lo tanto, Tjukurpa es la base de todos los A n conocimiento angu y conecta todo en la vida.
Anangu mainly speak Pitjantjatjara (pronounced as pit-jan-jah-jarra) and Yankunytjatjara (pronounced as yan-kun-ja-jarra) and
some people speak up to six Aboriginal languages.
Anangu means ‘people’ in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara.
The grammar and structure of the Western Desert languages are very different to English. There are 17 consonants, some of which non-Pitjantjatjara speakers find difficult.
There are three vowels, a, i and u, each of which may sound long or short.
Sounds such as s, z, v, sh or th do not exist.
Lenguas aborígenes
Se estima que antes de la colonización europea, había aproximadamente 700 dialectos hablados por indígenas australianos. Estas
los idiomas son tan diferentes y distintos entre sí como el inglés al ruso y el italiano. Muchos de estos idiomas ya no son
utilizado o están bajo amenaza de desaparecer. Se estima que solo hay 20 a 50 idiomas que todavía se describen como "saludables", es decir,
se les habla y solo quedan de 20 a 50 idiomas.
Pitjantjatjara y Yankunytjatjara
Anangu habla principalmente Pitjantjatjara (pronunciado como pit-jan-jah-jarra) y Yankunytjatjara (pronunciado como yan-kun-ja-jarra) y
algunas personas hablan hasta seis idiomas aborígenes. Estos son todos los dialectos del Western Desert Language, el idioma más grande
grupo de aborígenes de Australia. El grupo incluye aproximadamente 4000 oradores, y se extiende al noroeste de Balgo, al oeste de Port Headland,
al sur de Kalgoorlie, Yalata y Oodnadatta y al noreste de Alice Springs.
Pitjantjatjara significa literalmente las personas que usan 'pitjantja' cuando dicen 'venir'. Yankunytjatjara son las personas que usan
'Yankunytja' para decir 'ir'. Anangu significa 'gente' en Pitjantjatjara y Yankunytjatjara. La gramática y la estructura del Oeste
Los idiomas del desierto son muy diferentes al inglés. Hay 17 consonantes, algunas de las cuales los hablantes no Pitjantjatjara encuentran difíciles.
Hay tres vocales, a, i y u, cada una de las cuales puede sonar larga o corta. Sonidos como s, z, v, sh o th no existen. Algunos 'viejos'
las palabras están adaptadas para situaciones nuevas, como la palabra para turistas, 'minga', literalmente significa 'hormigas' porque las líneas de los visitantes
escalar Uluru parece líneas de hormigas. Anangu también incorpora palabras en inglés como 'mutuka' para 'automóvil'.
Pronunciación
Siempre hay estrés en la primera sílaba de las palabras Pitjantjatjara y Yankunytjatjara. Las letras t, n, l y r se pueden escribir con
una línea, llamada retroflex, debajo. Los retroflexos están ahí para recordarle al lector que pronuncie el sonido de cierta manera:
forma diferente a la misma letra sin la línea. Una letra retroflexionada se pronuncia produciendo un sonido al curvar ligeramente
lengua vuelta en la boca. Esto produce un sonido similar a un sonido 'r', por ejemplo 'walpa' se pronuncia 'warlpa'. Un retroflex
en una 'r' nos dice que esto es como el sonido 'r' inglés normal. Una 'r' sin un retroflex tiene un sonido 'rrrr' enrollado, como algunos europeos
idiomas.
Aboriginal languages
It is estimated that prior to European colonisation, there were about 700 dialects spoken by Indigenous Australians. These
languages are as different and distinct from each other as is English to Russian and Italian. Many of these languages are no longer
used or are under threat of disappearing. It is estimated that there are only 20 to 50 languages still described as ‘healthy’, that is,
they are spoken to and used by children.
Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara
Anangu mainly speak Pitjantjatjara (pronounced as pit-jan-jah-jarra) and Yankunytjatjara (pronounced as yan-kun-ja-jarra) and
some people speak up to six Aboriginal languages. These are all dialects of the Western Desert Language, the largest language
group of Aboriginal Australia. The group includes about 4000 speakers, and stretches northwest to Balgo, west to Port Headland,
south to Kalgoorlie, Yalata and Oodnadatta and northeast to Alice Springs.
Pitjantjatjara literally means the people who use ‘pitjantja’ when they say ‘coming’. Yankunytjatjara are the people who use
‘yankunytja’to say ‘going’. Anangu means ‘people’ in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. The grammar and structure of the Western
Desert languages are very different to English. There are 17 consonants, some of which non-Pitjantjatjara speakers find difficult.
There are three vowels, a, i and u, each of which may sound long or short. Sounds such as s, z, v, sh or th do not exist. Some ‘old’
words are adapted for new situations such as the word for tourists, ‘minga’, literally means ‘ants’ because the lines of visitors
climbing Uluru look like lines of ants. Anangu also incorporate English words such as ‘mutuka’ for ‘motor car’.
Pronunciation
There is always stress on the first syllable of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara words. The letters t, n, l and r can be written with
a line, called a retroflex, underneath. The retroflexes are there to remind the reader to pronounce the sound in a certain way - a
different way to the same letter without the line. A retroflexed letter is pronounced by producing a sound by slightly curling the
tongue back in the mouth. This produces a sound similar to an ‘r’ sound, for example ‘walpa’ is pronounced ‘warlpa’. A retroflex
on an ‘r’ tells us this is like the normal English ‘r’ sound. An ‘r’ without a retroflex has a rolled ‘rrrr’ sound, like some European
languages.
For reference
Anangu and non-Anangu linguists have produced a Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary. It is available from Yulara
Newsagency and several bookshops in Alice Springs.
ART
Anangu paintings are created for educational and ceremonial purposes as well as telling of events that have occurred. Several rock shelters at the base of Uluru provide visitors with the opportunity to observe evidence of this ancient tradition. The paintings are of considerable historic and cultural significance to Anangu, who continue to ensure their preservation and protection.
SYMBOLS
The symbols and figures in the caves at Uluru are similar to those found at many sites throughout Central Australia. These include geometric symbols such as concentric circles, figures representing animal tracks, and the outlines of animals. Artists can use these symbols to represent different meanings.
The concentric circles symbol is a good example of how artists often use the same symbol to represent many things. In some paintings, concentric circles may mean a waterhole or a camping place.
In others, the same symbol may indicate a tjala (honey ant) nest, or ili (native fig). The symbol usually represents a site that is a part of an intricate story being recorded and told by the artist. The true meanings of the rock paintings at Uluru rest with the artists and their descendants.
COLOURS
Anangu make paints from natural mineral substances mixed with water and sometimes with animal fat. They most commonly use red, yellow, orange, white, grey and black pigments. Red, yellow and orange pigments are ironstained clays called ochres. Calcite and ash are used to make white pigment and calcite and charcoal are used to make black pigment. Calcite is a chalky mineral which occurs naturally in calcrete deposits common in this area.
ART
Las pinturas de Anangu se crean con fines educativos y ceremoniales, así como para contar los eventos que han ocurrido. Varios refugios rocosos en la base de Uluru brindan a los visitantes la oportunidad de observar evidencias de esta antigua tradición. Las pinturas son de considerable importancia histórica y cultural para Anangu, quienes continúan garantizando su preservación y protección.
SÍMBOLOS
Los símbolos y figuras en las cuevas de Uluru son similares a los encontrados en muchos sitios en toda Australia Central. Estos incluyen símbolos geométricos como círculos concéntricos, figuras que representan huellas de animales y contornos de animales. Los artistas pueden usar estos símbolos para representar diferentes significados.
El símbolo de círculos concéntricos es un buen ejemplo de cómo los artistas a menudo usan el mismo símbolo para representar muchas cosas. En algunas pinturas, los círculos concéntricos pueden significar una charca o un lugar para acampar.
En otros, el mismo símbolo puede indicar un nido de tjala (hormiga de miel) o ili (higo nativo). El símbolo generalmente representa un sitio que es parte de una historia intrincada que el artista registra y cuenta. Los verdaderos significados de las pinturas rupestres en Uluru descansan con los artistas y sus descendientes.
COLORES
Anangu hace pinturas de sustancias minerales naturales mezcladas con agua y algunas veces con grasa animal. Comúnmente usan pigmentos rojos, amarillos, naranjas, blancos, grises y negros. Los pigmentos rojos, amarillos y naranjas son arcillas teñidas con hierro llamadas ocres. La calcita y la ceniza se usan para hacer pigmentos blancos y la calcita y el carbón se usan para hacer pigmentos negros. La calcita es un mineral calcáreo que se encuentra naturalmente en depósitos de calcreto comunes en esta área.
Uluru is a massive sandstone rock in central Australia that is sacred to the Aborigines of the area, who are known as the Anangu. In recent years, Uluru has also become important for New Age practitioners.
Believed to have been formed by the activities of ancestral beings in creation time (or Dreamtime), the beautiful site includes many caves, waterholes, and ancient rock paintings. Uluru is the traditional name for the rock, Ayers Rock is the name given by European explorers, and Uluru/Ayers Rock is the official name.
History of Uluru
Australia's native people believe themselves to be direct descendents of these ancestral beings, and continue to carry on the rituals and responsibilities associated with their ancestral land.
The aboriginals of western and central Australia call themselves Anangu, a word that originally meant simply "human being" but has come to refer to aboriginals (especially in western and central Australia) as opposed to Australia's European descendents. The Uluru-area Anangu include two different language groups, the Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara.
The beginning of human settlement in the Uluru region has not been determined, but archaeological findings to the east and west indicate a date more than 10,000 years ago. In October 1872, the explorer Ernest Giles was the first non-native person to see the rock formation. He saw it only from a distance, prevented by a lake from approaching closer.
On July 19, 1873, the surveyor William Gosse visited the rock and named it Ayers Rock in honor of the Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers.
The Aboriginal name was first recorded by the Wills expedition in 1903. Since 1903, both names for the site have been used, although Ayers Rock was the most common name used by outsiders until recently.
In December 1993, the site was officially renamed “Ayers Rock/Uluru.” The order of the names was officially reversed to “Uluru/Ayers Rock” in November 2002, following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs.
On October 26, 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines, with one of the conditions being that the Anangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed. The rock and the surrounding park were designated a World Heritage Site in 1987.
Myth and Mystery
The Aboriginal inhabitants of Australia, the Anangu, believe the Central Australian landscape was created at the beginning of time by ancestral beings. According to Aboriginal myth, the world was unformed and featureless until ancestral beings emerged from the void and journeyed across the land, creating all living species and the features of the desert landscape. Uluru is regarded as spectacular physical evidence of the ancestors' activities during the creation period.
The record of Dreamtime can be found in the rock itself, its fissures, cliffs and caves. The main path up to the summit of the rock is the traditional route taken by aboriginal ancestors upon their arrival at Uluru in the creation time. Various outcrops represent different ancestral spirits, and by touching the rock, an Aborigine can invoke the spirits for blessings and communicate with Dreamtime.
According to one Aboriginal myth, two tribes of ancestral spirits were invited to a feast in the area, but became distracted by beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and dallied at a waterhole. Angry at being stood up, the waiting hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo, a wild dog that has been known to carry off babies. There was a terrible slaughter followed by a great battle, which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes. The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed—and this is Uluru.
Uluru remains sacred to several Aboriginal tribes in the area, who still use it for rituals and leave paintings in its caves. The meanings of the rock's features are passed on to youth in songs at initiation ceremonies conducted in the caves along the base of Uluru. The rock is also sacred to New Age practitioners, some of whom have adopted Dreamtime into their beliefs.
What to See at Uluru
Uluru is an isolated sandstone rock (not technically a monolith) that stands 346 meters high and more than 8 km (5 miles) around. Roughly triangular in shape, it stretches for over 2 miles in length and nearly 2 miles in width. It has a harder exterior than most other rock formations, which allows for the unusually steep rock faces all the way to ground level.
Uluru is a completely bare rock without the least bit of vegetation, which only adds to its stark and mysterious beauty. By great contrast, however, the base of the rock is nourished by rain runoff from Uluru and is a fertile oasis of water pools, rich greenery and a variety of wildlife. It is thus an ideal ceremonial site for the Aborigines, who camp in the caves and are sustained by the water and available food.
Aside from its imposing size the most impressive feature of Uluru, beloved by Aborigines and visitors alike, is its beautiful range of changing colors throughout the day and year. Sunrise and sunset are particularly remarkable, with the rock glowing a deep rusty red. The rock derives its rust colour from oxidation, and the glowing effect at sunrise and sunset is due to the arkosic sandstone of the rock, which contains reflective minerals and changes color according to the attitude of the sun.
Ayers Rock contains a variety of interesting cracks, canyons, caves and natural formations, all of which the Anangu attribute to the activities of ancestral beings at the creation time. The shallow cavesat the base of the rock contain ancient carvings and paintings. But unlike the Lascaux Caves and other cave art sites, the Uluru rock drawings are just not artifacts of some distant culture — they are still being created by the Anangu.
At Uluru, the old cave drawings are simply painted over with new ones, and the paint is made largely of water and is therefore quite delicate. For these reasons, the rock art in these caves is impossible to date with any certainty. The rock art includes figures like boomerangs, human beings, waterholes and abstract symbols.
The base walk around the perimeter of Uluru is 9.4 km long. There is also a Mala Walk (2 km) and Mutitjulu walk (1 km). Guided walking tours are available from park rangers and by the Anangu themselves. These are popular activities and are encouraged by the Anangu. However, the most popular thing to do at Uluru is to climb it (see Making the Climb, below).
About 25 km from Uluru is another sacred rock formation known as Kata Tjuta (“many heads”) or the Olgas (named for Queen Olga of Württemberg in 1872). Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk. The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park also includes a Cultural Center, where you can learn more about Aboriginal culture and the sacredness of Uluru.
The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu (pop. approx. 300) is near the western end of Uluru. From Uluru it is 17 km by road to the tourist town of Yulara (pop. 3,000), which is situated just outside of the National Park. Ayers Rock Resort just outside the park has accommodation for a wide range of budgets. The buildings of the tourist resort are colored to blend in with the surrounding desert.
Making the Climb
The Anangu do not climb Uluru because of its great sacredness, and they request that visitors refrain from climbing it. A sign at the base of Uluru posted by the Aborigines specifically requests visitors not to climb their sacred rock. It reads in part:
However, since Uluru is currently leased to Australia as a national park (see History, above), visitors are free to climb the rock and there is a marked path with chain handhold provided to make it a little safer. Many tourists climb the rock each year, but as the sign above points out, the climb is no easy task and some have even died in the attempt.
The steep climb to the top of Ayers Rock takes over an hour in hot desert conditions. A reasonable level of fitness, proper clothing, and plenty of water are necessary. There are emergency radio alarms at various points around the base of Uluru in case of injury or health problems. See full safety advice.
Getting There
The most common journey to Ayers Rock begins at Alice Springs, from which it is 280 miles (450 km) southwest by road to the site. You can drive yourself, take a bus or join a tour from Alice Springs. See map below.
Flights depart daily from most capital cities to Connellan Airport, which is located just outside the Park. Contact a travel agent for further details. Car hire is available from the airport and is best arranged through a travel agent before arrival.
Our tour partner Viator offers a variety of tours, walks, transportation options, night shows and workshops that you can book ahead in your own currency. View the tours here.
Uluru is the second largest monolith in the world. It is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, 350 km southwest of Alice Springs. Uluru is much more than a giant sandstone rock in the center of Australia’s Outback. It’s the sacred monolith of the Anangu people. Uluru means Earth Mother in their language. The Anangu believe the story of their origin is written on the rock—their dream tracks. The caves inside the rock are covered with Aboriginal paintings that date back more than 10,000 years.
Because it is sacred, the local indigenous community requests that visitors respect the sacred status of Uluru by not climbing the rock. Take heed because some believe that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune. A better choice is to join both natives and tourists in the lovely modern-day tradition of sipping champagne while watching the rainbow of colors that transforms Uluru as the sun sets.
The climb will shut October 26, 2019 — the 34th anniversary of when Uluru and Kata Tjuta were handed back to the Anangu.
Banning the climb would help to preserve that value, he said.
The climb is not prohibited but we ask you to respect our law and culture by not climbing Uluru.
We have a responsibility to teach and safeguard visitors to our land. The climb can be dangerous. Too many people have died while attempting to climb Uluru. Many others have been injured while climbing. We feel great sadness when a person dies or is hurt on our land. We worry about you and we worry about your family. Our traditional law teaches us the proper way to behave.
The climb is physically demanding. Do not attempt it if you have high or low blood pressure, heart problems, breathing problems, a fear of heights or if you are not fit.
Los MOST Territorians no apoyan el cierre polémico de la subida de Uluru, según una encuesta de NT News .
Los turistas aún son bienvenidos a experimentar Uluru, pero no podrán escalar el famoso monolito.
Talkback radio y las redes sociales se iluminaron con personas opuestas a la decisión de cerrar el ascenso desde octubre de 2019, realizado el miércoles por el consejo de administración de Uluru-Kata Tjuta.
RELACIONADO> ULURU CLIMB BANNED: TEN TU DICEN
Una encuesta en línea de NT News mostró que el 63 por ciento de los encuestados no respaldaba la prohibición.
Pero la industria del turismo y el gobierno de NT creen que lo superarán.
El director ejecutivo de Tourism Central Australia, Stephen Schwer, dijo que no estaba sorprendido por la reacción negativa, pero confiaba en que no se traduciría en algo más que un "pequeño error" en el número de visitantes.
Schwer dijo que la mayoría de las quejas de los visitantes internacionales al parque provenían de la perspectiva opuesta.
SUSCRÍBETE A LA PÁGINA WEB DE NOTICIAS DE NT POR SOLO 50c AL DÍA
"Durante varios años, han dicho 'cómo te atreves a mantener la escalada abierta', mientras que a nivel nacional, es un mensaje diferente", dijo Schwer.
"(Los australianos) tienen una conexión emocional con Uluru, y algunas personas sienten que es su derecho escalar. Pero hay muchas otras maneras de experimentar la roca “Dijo que había un montón de otras maneras para que los visitantes experimenten Uluru -. De caminatas a vuelos panorámicos, segway y autobuses de dos pisos. Se anunciarán más iniciativas de turismo en los próximos dos años, dijo.
Anangu, propietario tradicional y presidente de la junta directiva, Sammy Wilson, dijo que los australianos deberían estar orgullosos de la decisión de cerrar la escalada.
"Esta decisión es para ambos Anangu y no Anangu juntos para sentirse orgullosos; darse cuenta, por supuesto, es lo correcto cerrarlo ", dijo.
"La tierra tiene ley y cultura. Damos la bienvenida a los turistas aquí. Cerrar el ascenso no es algo por lo que sentirse molesto sino un motivo de celebración ".
Le dijo a la junta que los custodios de Uluru habían sido "intimidados" para mantenerlo abierto.
"A lo largo de los años, Anangu ha sentido una sensación de intimidación, como si alguien estuviera sosteniendo un arma en la cabeza para mantenerla abierta", dijo.
La escalada se cerrará el 26 de octubre de 2019, el 34º aniversario de la devolución de Uluru y Kata Tjuta a Anangu.
Bajo los términos del último acuerdo de gestión del parque, la escalada se cerraría permanentemente cuando la proporción de escaladores caiga por debajo del 20 por ciento.
Solo el 16 por ciento de los visitantes de Uluru en los días en que la escalada estuvo abierta entre 2011 y 2015 eligió hacer la caminata.
El primer ministro Michael Gunner dijo que el valor de Uluru proviene de su carácter sagrado.
Prohibir la escalada ayudaría a preservar ese valor, dijo.
"Siempre ha habido mucha controversia en torno a la escalada, pero creo que la evidencia muestra que la cantidad de personas que quieren escalar ha disminuido significativamente, pero al mismo tiempo hemos visto que la cantidad de visitantes reales aumenta desde que Indigenous Lands Corporation invirtió en Yulara ", dijo. .
"Nuestra ventaja competitiva como nación en el mercado turístico global es de 60,000 años de cultura viva continua. Eso solo es valioso cuando lo respetas. Los propietarios tradicionales han dejado muy claro lo que quieren que suceda ".
Dijo que el personal del Departamento de Turismo trabajaría con los operadores turísticos de Australia Central para ayudarlos a prepararse para la transición.
