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Gd Elementary Pilot theory
- 2. TOPICS COVERED BHPA TRAINING STRUCTURE HOW A PARAGLIDER WORKS WHAT IS A STALL AND HOW TO AVOID IT WHAT IS DRAG ASPECT RATIO AND WING LOADING TYPES OF LIFT AND THE LIFT BUBBLE THE WIND GRADIENT ROTOR AND TURBULENCE WINDSPEED, GROUNDSPEED AND AIRSPEED COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND RIDGE RULES CAA, ANO, AIRSPACE MAPS, STATIC KITING AND TOWING WHAT NEXT AND JOINING A CLUB
- 3. EP COURSE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF PARAGLIDING YOU LEARN ABOUT THE EQUIPMENT YOU COMPLETE YOUR FIRST SOLO FLIGHTS AND LANDINGS CP COURSE MORE IN DEPTH TRAINING ABOUT HOW TO BE A INDEPENDENT PILOT LEARN HOW TO COMPLETE WIND, WEATHER, AND SITE ASSESSMENTS LEARN HOW TO GROUND HANDLE TO COMPLETE FORWARD AND REVERSE LAUNCHES LEARN HOW TO FLY WITH OTHERS WHILST PRACTICING HOW TO SLOPE LAND AND TOP LAND PILOT AND ADVANCE PILOT YOU GAIN AIRTIME IN A CLUB ENVIRONMENT YOU STUDY FOR A BIGGER EXAM TO PREPARE YOURSELF FOR XC FLYING BHPA TRAINING ROUTE
- 4. OUR GLIDERS ARE ALWAYS DESCENDING. ROUGHLY DESCEND AT -1M/S – SINK RATE AIR ENTERS THE GLIDER AT THE LEADING EDGE AND INFLATES THE GLIDER GIVING IT IT’S SHAPE THE GLIDER HAS AN INTERNAL PRESSURE THAT IF MAINTAINED REDUCES THE CHANCES OF DEFLATIONS THE AIR IS DIVIDED WITH SOME AIR MOVING OVER THE UPPER SURFACE AND AIR SOME MOVING UNDERNEATH THE AIR MOVES AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS CAUSING A HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE AREA. THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE CAUSES A LIFTING EFFECT THE RESULTANT FORCE IS AN UPWARD PULL OR LIFT THIS LIFT IS ONLY SMALL AND WON’T SUSTAIN FLIGHT, ONLY EXTEND OUR GLIDE GLIDE RATIO = DISTANCE COVERED / DISTANCE LOST AERODYNAMICS AND HOW A WING FLIES
- 5. HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE THAT EXISTS AROUND THE WING HIGH PRESSURE ALWAYS WANTS TO MOVE TOWARDS THE LOW PRESSURE TO CREATE BALANCE THIS MOVEMENT IS WHAT GIVES US A SMALL AMOUNT OF LIFT IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ABOVE SOME AIR IS BEING DEFLECTED DOWN THIS ALSO GIVES US A LIFTING FORCE HELPING US GLIDE FURTHER THE MORE EFFICIENT THE WING IS THE FURTHER WE CAN GLIDE REMEMBER THAT WE ARE ALWAYS DESCENDING
- 6. CHORD LINE = LINE FROM THE TRAILING EDGE OF THE GLIDER THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE LEADING EDGE A LINE OF RELATIVE AIRFLOW FORMS OUR ANGLE OF ATTACK WHEN WE PULL OUR BRAKES WE CHANGE THE ANGLE WHEN WE PULL OUR BREAKS WE INCREASE THE ANGLE OF ATTACK RELEASES THE BRAKES RETURNS THE ANGLE OF ATTACK TO IT’S NORMAL ANGLE IF WE APPLY SPEEDBAR WE DECREASE THE ANGLE OF ATTACK TOO HIGH ANGLE WE RISK STALLING TOO LOW ANGLE WE RISK FRONTAL DEFLATIONS ANGLE OF ATTACK
- 7. WHEN WE PULL OUR BRAKES WE INCREASE THE ANGLE OF ATTACK IF WE CONTINUE TO PULL MORE AND HOLD THEM ON THEN WE RISK A STALL WE DISRUPT THE SMOOTH AIR FLOW OVER THE WING AND OUR GLIDER STALLS NEVER STALL YOUR GLIDER
- 8. DRAG WHEN ANYTHING PASSES THROUGH AN AIRMASS IS CAUSES DRAG. DRAG IS DRAG IS A FORCE THAT PULLS IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TWO TYPES OF DRAG: PARASITIC & FORM PARASITIC DRAG IS THE RESISTANCE CAUSED AS THE SURFACE OF AN OBJECT HITS THE AIR IT IS TRYING TO PASS THROUGH LARGE FLAT OBJECTS CREATE LOTS OF PARASITIC DRAG SMALLER MORE AERODYNAMIC SHAPES CAUSE LESS PARASITIC DRAG FORM DRAG IS CREATED AS THE AIR LOSES CONTACT WITH THE OBJECT AND ACTS LIKE A PULLING FORCE SLOWING THE OBJECT DOWN FORM DRAG CAN BE FOUND AT THE TRAILING EDGE AND WING TIPS VORTICES FORM AND SLOW US DOWN BY PULLING US BACKWARDS PARASITIC + FORM DRAG = TOTAL DRAG
- 9. HOW DRAG CHANGES WITH SPEED IF WE FLY OUR PARAGLIDER FASTER THE TWO TYPES OF DRAG CHANGE PARASITIC DRAG INCREASES WITH SPEED FORM DRAG DEGREASES WITH SPEED IF WE PLOT A GRAPH OF THE TWO DRAG FORCES WE CAN SEE WHAT THE BEST SPEED TO FLY AT IS TO GET THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF TOTAL DRAG FOR NOW THIS IS AS GEEKY AS WE NEED TO GET
- 10. ASPECT RATIO SPAN DIVIDED BY THE CHORD = GLIDER ASPECT RATIO GLIDER LOW ASPECT IS SAFE = SCHOOL GLIDER HIGHER ASPECT IS LESS SAFE = XC AND COMPETITION WING LOADING AND WEIGHT RANGE ONLY FLY A GLIDER WITHIN THE WEIGHT RANGE OVER WEIGHT = HIGHER SINK RATE AND A VERY DYNAMIC WIND. UNDER WEIGHT = LESS RESPONSIVE AND NO PENETRATION UNKNOWN DEFLATION RECOVERY – OUT OF CERTIFICATION
- 11. TYPES OF LIFT WE HAVE TWO TYPES OF LIFT DYNAMIC = RIDGE LIFT AND WAVE THERMIC = THERMALS THERE ARE MANY SUBSECTIONS AND VARIATIONS OF THE ABOVE RIDGE LIFT WHEN WIND BLOWS UP THE FACE OF A RIDGE OR HILL SOME OF IT IS DEFLECTED UP BEFORE BEING BLOWN OVER THE TOP THIS CREATES A LIFT BAND MADE OF RISING AIR OR LIFT IF THE RISING AIR IS EQUAL TO OUR SINK RATE THEN WE CAN HOVER AT THIS LEVEL AND SUSTAIN OUR HEIGHT IF THE RISING AIR IS GREATER THAN OUR SINK RATE WE CAN CLIMB HIGHER THAN TAKE OFF THE FLYING ENVIRONMENT
- 12. WIND GRADIENT WITH HEIGHT A RAPID DECREASE IN WIND SPEED CAN MAKE OUR GLIDERS PITCH FORWARD WIND GUSTS MAKES IT PITCH BACKWARDS WE EXPECT THE WIND SPEED TO INCREASE WITH HEIGHT – GROUND FRICTION THE HIGHER WE GET THE STRONGER THE WIND MAY BE SO BE CAREFUL! AS WE DESCEND WE WOULD EXPECT THE WIND TO DECREASE – BUT THINK VALLEYS! THIS MAY MAKE OUR GLIDER PITCH FORWARD TO GAIN LOST AIRSPEED FIELD SURROUNDED BY TALL TREES EXPECT A STRONG WIND GRADIENT
- 13. WIND GRADIENT CAN LEAD TO US BEING BLOWN BACK OVER THE TOP OF A RIDGE IF WE TAKE OFF IN STRONG WINDS AND GET HIGHER WE CAN NO LONGER PENETRATE WE END UP OVER THE BACK & IN THE ROTOR IF IT IS TOO STRONG AT THE TOP DO NOT FLY DO NOT WALK LOWER AND TAKE OFF! WIND GRADIENT ON LANDING CAN MAKE US OVER SHOOT OUR LANDING FIELD WE MAY THINK WE WILL LAND FURTHER DOWNWIND AS THE WIND DECREASES OUR GROUND SPEED INCREASES ALWAYS ALLOW YOURSELF LARGE MARGINS OF ERROR WHEN LANDING
- 14. ROTOR & TURBULENCE AS AIR MOVES PAST, OVER AND AROUND AN OBJECT IT CAN CREATE ROTOR THIS ROTOR CAN BE VER MILD OR IT CAN BE VERY STRONG OUR INFLATABLE FABRIC FLYING MACHINES DO NOT LIKE TO FLY IN ROTOR NEVER FLY IN THE LEESIDE OF ANY HILLS OR OBJECTS THE STRONGER THE WIND GETS THE WORSE THE ROTOR BECOMES AND THE FURTHER BACK IT TRAVELS THINK OF A STREAM AND WHERE YOU FIND EDDIES OR WHIRL POOLS THIS IS WHERE ROTOR WILL BE
- 15. DIFFERENT SHAPED RIDGES OR HILLS CAUSE DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF ROTOR SMOOTH TOPPED RIDGES WITH GENTLE DECLINES BEHIND THEM SELDOM CREATE ROTOR SHAPER EDGES CREATE MORE ROTOR SO BE CAREFUL WHEN FLYING CLIFFS OR SPINE BACK RIDGES THE LEESIDE OF THESE CAN BE DEADLY SO AVOID THEM AT ALL COSTS DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE HOW FAR BACK THE ROTOR WILL TRAVEL. THE HIGHER THE WIND THE MORE ROTOR AND THE MORE LIKELY YOU MAY END UP THERE IF YOU CAN’T PENETRATE FORWARDS USE YOUR SPEED BAR AND LAND DOWN DO NOT TRY TO TOP LAND IN STRONG WINDS BECAUSE YOU DO NOT WANT TO WALK BACK UP FROM THE BOTTOM NEVER FLY IN THE LEE OF ANYTHING
- 16. ROTOR ON SPINBACK RIDGES SEVERE ROTOR CAN BE FOUND IN THE LEE OF SPINE BACK RIDGES. BE VERY CAREFUL WHEN FLYING IN THE MOUNTAINS OR IN STRONG WINDS THE ROTOR CAN STRETCH FAR BEHIND THEM SO DO NOT FLY CLOSE TO THEM IF YOU ARE IN THE LEE ROTOR BEHIND OBJECTS BEHIND ANY OBJECT EXPECT TO FIND ROTOR IF THERE IS WIND IF THE WIND INCREASES THE ROTOR INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY TRY TO NEVER LAND DOWNWIND OF AN OBJECT VENTURI ANY CONSTRICTION OF AN AIR MASS RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN SPEED THE SAME VOLUME OF AIR HAS TO PASS THROUGH A SMALLER SPACE, SPEEDING UP TO DO SO TOPS OF HILLS VALLEYS AND ROUND CONICAL HILLS
- 17. QUESTIONS CAN YOU LOCATE A HAZARD? WILL THERE BE ROTOR? TAKE OFF FROM A OR B? WOULD THERE BE VENTURI? IF SO WHERE WOULD IT BE? MORE OR LESS WIND ON LANDING?
- 18. AIR SPEED AND GROUND SPEED OUR GLIDERS HAVE A SET AIR SPEED = TRIM SPEED AIRSPEED IS A CONSTANT UNLESS WE ACT ON THE GLIDER AIR SPEED IS VERY DIFFERENT TO GROUND SPEED SO DO NOT CONFUSE THE TWO! WIND SPEED AFFECTS OUR GROUND SPEED BUT NOT AIRSPEED OUR AIRSPEED IS THE WIND YOU CAN FEEL ON YOUR FACE NOT FEELING ANY WIND ON YOUR FACE SHOULD WARN YOU THAT SOMETHING IS NOT RIGHT ALWAYS FLY WITH A HIGH AIRSPEED EXCEPT WHEN LANDING NEVER STALL YOUR GLIDER BY FLYING TOO SLOWLY LOTS OF PILOTS SPIN OR STALL BECAUSE THEY MISTAKE THEIR GROUND SPEED FOR AIRSPEED FLYING TOO SLOWLY IS VERY DANGEROUS!
- 19. COLLISON AVOIDANCE & RIDGE RULES HEAD ON IN OPEN AIRSPACE BOTH PILOTS TURN RIGHT AND NO ONE HAS RIGHT OF WAY REMEMBER THAT IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF ALL PILOTS TO AVOID A COLLISION CONVERGING COURSE IN OPEN AIRSPACE THE PILOT ON THE RIGHT HAS RIGHT OF WAY THE PILOT ON THE LEFT (ORANGE) HAS TO ALTER COURSE TO AVOID THE COLLISION HEAD ON WHEN RIDGE SOARING IF YOU HAVE THE RIDGE ON YOUR RIGHT HAND SIDE THEN YOU HAVE RIGHT OF WAY THE OTHER PILOT SHOULD MOVE TO THE RIGHT TO LET YOU PASS DO NOT RELY ON THIS AND BE PREPARED TO SAVE YOURSELF!
- 20. OVERTAKING ON RIDGE YOU CAN OVERTAKE ON BOTH SIDES BUT BETTER TO OVERTAKE ON THE RIDGE SIDE THE OTHER PILOT WILL ALWAYS WANT TO TURN AWAY FROM RIDGE / SHOULD YOU OVERTAKE? BOTTOM LANDING AND TOP LANDING A TOP LANDING PILOT ALWAYS HAS RIGHT OF WAY OVER A PILOT TAKING OFF WHEN LANDING, THE LOWER PILOT HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY JOINING A THERMAL ALWAYS FLY IN THE SAME DIRECTION (RIGHT IF 1000FT) JOIN IN A WAY THAT DOESN’T CAUSE OTHER PILOTS TO CHANGE COURSE THEY MAY HAVE PREVENTED YOU FROM LANDING!
- 21. CAA & AIR NAVIGATION ORDER THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY CONTROLS ALL AIR ACTIVITY WITHIN THE UK. WE ARE SUBJECT TO THE LAWS AND ARE CLASSED AS FOOT LAUNCH AIRCRAFT THE AIR NAVIGATION ORDER IS THE PUBLICATION THAT CONTAINS ALL OF THE RULES OF THE AIR AIR MAPS AND AIRSPACE THE CAA PRODUCES AIR MAPS OF THE UK AND THEY COME IN TWO SIZES: HALF MILLION AND QUARTER MILLION THEY SHOW ALL THE AIRSPACE RESTRICTIONS WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT WHEN WE FLY AND FLY XC FLIGHTS LOTS OF TYPES OF AIRSPACE – WE MAINLY FLY IN G AIRSPACE STATIC KITING AND TOWING STATIC KITING IS ILLEGAL AND DANGEROUS IN STRONG WINDS PEOPLE TIE THEMSELVES TO HEAVY OBJECTS AND KITE THEMSELVES INTO THE AIR – GOOD PLAN? TOWING IS ALLOWED UP TO 60M WITHOUT LICENCE
- 22. SO WHAT’S NEXT? THE EP COURSE IS LIKE A LEARNER PLATE ON YOUR CAR GET YOURSELF FULLY QUALIFIED BY COMPLETING THE CLUB PILOT COURSE AND YOU CAN FLY ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD BUY YOURSELF SOME GEAR AND JOIN THE SOUTHERN CLUB TO ACCESS THE CLUB SITES HAVE AN INDUCTION & MEET OTHER RED RIBBON PILOTS WORKING TOWARDS THEIR FIRST 10 HOURS OF AIRTIME GET HELP FROM THE FRIENDLY CLUB COACHES WHO VOLUNTEER THEIR TIME TO HELP YOU PROGRESS SAFELY IN THE CLUB DO AN SIV COURSE WITHIN YOUR FIRST YEAR TO STAY SAFE BY LEARNING HOW TO DEAL WITH INCIDENTS IN FLIGHT GO ON PARAGLIDING HOLIDAYS, MEET PEOPLE AND MAKE LIFELONG FRIENDS ENJOY PARAGLIDING AND STAY SAFE BY STAYING CURRENT!
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