Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Presentation final ifpri workshop
1. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Understanding the gendered
control of assets:
Findings from Uganda
Gorettie Nabanoga and Justine Namaalwa
School of Forestry, Environment and Geographical Studies Makerere
University
October 2011
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
2. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Project Goal/Objectives
HOW-
People gain secure access to assets
including land
The patterns differ for women and men
The formal legal frameworks and social
norms, including marital and inheritance
patterns, shape the individual’s access to
land and other assets
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
3. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Uganda- Study districts
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
4. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Study sites
Selection - based on the differences in land tenure
regimes and culture
3 Districts
Sample size (n)
District Male Female Total
Kapchorwa 121 117 238
Kibaale 122 149 271
Luweero 111 150 261
Total 354 416 770
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
5. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
METHODOLOGY
Focus group discussions
[2 per village, separate for
men and women]
Key Informants
[Up to 4 per village]
Surveys
[HH=379; Indv=770]
Primary Respondent
Other individuals (>18 yrs up to 3 pple)
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
6. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Major Assets considered
Major Assets Considerations
Acquistion & Ownership
patterns
• Land & Dwelling Bundles of Rights
Marital and Inheritence
• Livestock Regimes
Fate of Property
• Financial Individual Perceptions
Extra Ordinary Losses and
• Phyical assets Shocks
Conflicts
Assets involved
Parties involved in Resolving
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
7. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Bundles of Rights
• Use rights:
– Access , Withdrawal
• Control rights:
– Exclusion
– Management
– Alienation (transfer/Sell/Bequeath)
• Usufruct (earn income from)
Strengthening someone’s control rights weakens
others’ use rights
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
8. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
The study
Provides empirical evidence of:
• The concept of ownership in the context of
legal pluralism
– Goes beyond legalistic definition & considers
the social/cultural definition
• The importance of the various social &
cultural institutions in asset ownership &
accumulation
– Marriage +++Inheritance regimes
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
9. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Demographics
Marital Regimes
100% Divorced
90%
Widowed
80%
Single
% of Respondents
70%
60% Consensual
50% Statutory&Religiou
40% s
30%
Customary Education
20%
100%
10% 90%
0% 80%
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female 70%
60%
Tertiary
50%
40% A-Level
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
30% O-Level
20% Primary
10% No Education
Male Female 0%
Female
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
Kapchorwa 121 117
Kibaale 122 149
Luwero 111 150 KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
10. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
LAND – Reported Ownership
100% Joint-Other
90% Joint-Spouse
80% Sole Female
70% Sole Male
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Individualistic Joint • Joint Ownership was often
Parcels Parcels reported
Men 110
259 • Individualistic ownership more
Women 94 common in Kibaale and Luweero
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
11. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Land–Mode of Acquistion & Ownership
Individual Female Land Owners Individual Male Land owners
(n=94) (n=110)
Inheritance
Gift/Transfer
Sole Purchase
Joint Purchase
Rent/Lease
Through Spouse
Joint land Owners • Female owners
(n=329) – Mainly inherit & receive gifts/ transfers
– Several purchases
• Male Owners
– More likely - Purchased & Inheritence
• Jointly owned Parcels
– Joint Purchases
– Inheritence & Through spouse = customary
notions
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
12. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Female Land Owners- Source
inherited land & Gifts/Transfers
Gifts/
Marital Status of Women Individual
Kapchorwa Inherited
Transfers Land Owners (n=94)
Respondent’s
mother 5% 4% 4%
Respondent’s father 2 1 15%
Other relative 1
Spouse 5 1 6%
Government 3
Kibaale
Respondent’s
mother 1 1
Respondent’s father 2
Other relative 1 65%
Spouse 5 3
Government 1
Luweero
Respondent’s Customary Statutory/Religious
mother 1 3 Consensual Single/Never Married
Respondent’s
father 5 1 Widowed Divorced/Separated
Other relative 3 3
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Spouse 4 3
13. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
LAND- Ownership Documents
Who owns a given ”Perceived”
parcel of land
Documents Exisiting
• No Documentation = 27%
How was it Acquired • Some Document = 73%
– Sales Receipts/Agreements = 80%
– Registered Deed = 6%
– Other documents e.g will = 15%
Any form of Documentation “Lack of registered deed ≠ imply
insecurity of ownership”
Names
• Individualistic Parcels
Names on the document
– Majority had personal names
• Joint parcels
– Mainly the names of male partner
Legalistic Ownership
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
14. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Any
document Registered
% of men or women in Perceived in own deed in
that district N= Ownership name own name
Kapchorwa Men 113 80% 59% 3%
Kapchorwa Women 125 69% 20% 1%
Kibaale Men 122 67% 57% 3%
Kibaale Women 149 60% 22% 0%
Luweero Men 111 61% 39% 0%
Luweero Women 150 49% 17% 3%
Total 770 63% 34% 2%
Total Men 346 69% 52% 2%
Total Women 424 58% 20% 1%
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
15. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
What Would Qualify ”Ownership”?
Form of Acquisition Some proof of
Ownership
OWN AN ASSET
• Individually
• Jointly = Prior
consultations
Control Rights Use Rights
•Exclusion • Access
•Management • WIthdrawal
•Alienation (transfer)
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
16. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
BUNDLES OF RIGHTS
Perceived Sell Bequeath Rent Rent out
Owner-ship Sell alone Bequeath alone out alone
Kapchorwa M 80% 57% 2% 64% 3% 57% 4%
Kapchorwa W 69% 42% 2% 42% 2% 42% 3%
Kibaale M 67% 39% 4% 47% 5% 45% 3%
Kibaale W 60% 19% 4% 19% 5% 28% 6%
Luweero M 61% 28% 5% 38% 18% 33% 7%
Luweero W 49% 15% 5% 16% 9% 20% 6%
Total 63% 32% 4% 36% 7% 36% 5%
Total Men 69% 41% 4% 49% 8% 45% 5%
Total Women 58% 25% 4% 25% 5% 29% 5%
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
17. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Sources of Land Insecurity
35
Any Other Reasons
30
Illness of myself
No. of Insecure Respondents
25 Death of HH head
Eviction_Political person
20
Eviction_extended family
15
Eviction_landlord
10
5
0
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Sex of Respondent by District
• Evictions by Extended family and/Death of HH head
• Customary norms prevailing
• Resettled/immigrant communities
– Evictions by landlord; Situations of Bibanja holders = Absentee landlords
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
18. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Phyical assets & Consumer durables
• Luweero and Kibaale-highest no. physical assets
• Rural people accumulate less of the luxurious assets
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
19. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Shocks & Assets Sold/Pawned
45
• Respondents were
40
35
asked if they had
experienced a shock
No. Cases
30
25
and how they had
20
15
coped
10
5
0 • One response to
Illness_P
Illness _Other
Death HH_member
Death HH_member
Death HH_member
Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters
Iillness _ HH member
Iillness _ HH member
Personal illness
Personal illness
shocks is to sell assets
Robbery
Robbery
Robbery
• Although patterns differ
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
by district, the most
Major Shock common asset to sell in
response to shocks is
Livestock, Land, other assets & dwelling
livestock
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
20. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
CONFLICTS
• Most of the Conflicts
were related to land
– Ownership rights
• Most conflicts have Role Players Kapchorwa Kibaale Luweero
been or were under
resolution Community leader
(clan/elder) 59% 31% 27%
Local
• Kapchorwa = Active Court/Official 14% 25% 35%
Paralegals who worked Family 23% 34% 30%
in hand with traditional
leaders Other 4% 9% 8%
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
21. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
PERCEPTIONS- INHERITANCE REGIMES
Equal Right to Inherit a House/Land Right for Wives to Inherit a
Land/House
100%
100%
80%
80%
60%
60%
40% 40% Don't know
20%
Yes
20%
No
0%
0%
Female
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
Female
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Right for Women to Claim House upon
Divorce
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
22. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Key Messages
1. Socio-cultural meaning/perception of property
(esp. land) ownership is different from the
legalistic definition
2. Land is one of the most important assets
– Productive resource after which accumulation of other
assets is facilitated
• Use of land to manage other resources e.g. livestock
• Use of the proceedings from the land-based activities
e.g.cultivation to purchase other assets
• Land as collateral
– This implies that secure access to and/or ownership of
land would greatly enhance
• economic wellbeing, choice of livelihood, social status,
empowerment, asset accumulation for all individuals in
the community and more specifically the women
23. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Key Messages cont’d
3. We need to devise ways of securing women’s
existing property rights
– Women’s access to assets depends on different
stages of their life cycle (Daughter, wife, widow)
4. Even though rural communities would aspire to
register their land rights (titling), the process has
not benefitted rural communities
5. Our findings challenge the western notion of
ownership
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
24. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011