Four Goals Of Psychology Essay

Four Goals of Psychology Essay
Four Goals of Psychology
Amanda K Farias
12/17/2010
Four Goals of Psychology What are the four goals of psychology? To understand the four goals of psychology, you must first understand that
psychology is based off of its findings from scientific research and critical thinking. The four goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict,
and control behavior and the mental process. These goals were set to help psychologists to better understand what factors cause different types of
behavior and why. In order for these goals to be successful, information must be obtained from direct observation of the patient. Do these goals help
humanity? Do these goals hurt humanity? These questions will be answered in the essay below....show more content...
The psychologists, tries to predict under what conditions the event or behavior is likely to occur.
Control behavior The final step in psychology is to control behavior. Psychologists try to help the patient understand behavior and the reasons the
patient is doing or acting the way he or she is. Psychologists try to influence the behavior. How is the principle applied or what change in condition is
necessary to prevent unwanted occurrence or to bring about a desired outcome. Once the psychologists see what the unhealthy behavior is, he or she
can influence the patient change their behavior to healthy behavior. They can influence the behavior in many ways from counseling to medication. The
four goals of psychology take time to be processed. With psychologists doing studies everyday on different situations, it is getting easier to help
patients. I feel that the four goals of psychology help humanity in the long run. With psychologists doing research and studying patients and the data
collected can help psychologists better predict and even treat future patients. Science has made medications to help with Parkinson disease,
schizophrenia, ADD, ADHD and many more. Some disorders are because there are not enough neurotransmitters. Diseases such as Parkinson's disease
and Alzheimer's disease are caused from the brain not having enough neurotransmitters; these are two examples of how the four goals of psychology
have helped
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Positive Psychology Essay
Positive psychology is a relatively new, yet rapidly expanding field of study. It is the study of the positive facets of humanity focused heavily around
well–being and happiness. Through the studies of positive psychology researchers are attempting to find ways to continuously improve quality of life
and flourish as a society. Traditionalpsychology is obviously very complex and diverse. It is commonly accepted and referred to as the study of the
mind and the subsequent behaviour and functions it carries out. Traditional psychology is an over–arching discipline and encompasses numerous
different sub–sections such as human development, social behaviour, cognitive processes and health to name a few (McLeod. S., 2011). Positive
psychology is another...show more content...
The essence of gratitude is acknowledging and appreciating the good in your life and doing so surfaces endless benefits that contribute to well–being.
While this hypothesis seems rather indisputable there is evidence and research to further convince the sceptics. Emmons and McCullough garnered
their conclusions through an experiment in which different groups documented their lives in different manners. Through daily and weekly journals the
participants were asked to record negative occurrences, neutral events, or things they were grateful for respectively. The findings were conclusive; the
group that kept tabs on things they were grateful for consistently reported a greater sense of well–being (Sansone and Sansone, 18–22). The methods
Emmons and McCullough used to conduct this experiment were very professional and free of any bias. By tailoring the experiment to allow for as
much participant control as possible there is little room for influence on their part. Additional research from Froh and Sefick in partnership with
Emmons echoes these sentiments. The trio conducted a study in which 221 adolescents were tracked and those who routinely counted their blessings
experienced enhanced life satisfaction and overall well–being. (Froh, J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. 2008). In a very in depth study conducted at
the University of California, Riverside by psychologists Sonja Lyubomirsky, Rene

Perspectives of Psychology
Perspectives of Psychology Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat,
2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to
understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a
multidimensional approach. Carter & Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectives that are used to study people's behavior, and mental processes.
These perspectives are the biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, and the sociocultural perspective. Biological
perspective The...show more content...
The biological perspective, examines biological and environmental factors that shape how we learned. This perspective does not focus on subject
experiences, but objectives behaviors. Behavioral scientists are interested in how we learn from the things around us. The Humanistic perspective This
perspective assumes that we all thrive for personality growth, through mental processes and behaviors.. This perspective is different in its methodology
compare to the biological approach, and the psychodynamic approach. Both these perspectives assume that human beings are controlled by internal or
external forces. There are deterministic in nature. The humanistic perspective, promotes free will, and people can be, whatever, they envision
themselves. This perspective was influence by humanists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who emphasizes on the importance of individual
potentials. The Cognitive perspective The cognitive and biological perspective, studies how the brain influence people's behavior. To differentiate the
two, we must look at which function the brain is being studied. The biological perspective looks at physiological responses from a biological
standpoint, factors such as genes and neurotransmitters. The cognitive perspective examines, how information is being

Essay about the human brain
In this paper one will learn the different parts of the brain and their functions. Although the brain isn't the largest organ of the human body it is the most
complex and controlling organ. It is amazing how complicated the brain is. The brain controls every action within and out of your body. The brain has
main areas that contain different areas that have specific functions. For instance the basal ganglia holds the lentiform and the caudate.
The brain isn't just "THE BRAIN" it is actually a group of many parts. They help to inform the brain on the things going on with the human body. The
brain is split in to two main parts, the left and the right hemisphere. The left hemisphere has about the same areas as the right hemisphere. The only
...show more content...
The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres. The area that passes and processes information concerning touch, pain,
temperature, and pressure on skin is the thalamus. The limbic system controls your behavior and emotions. It is involved in emotions such as fear,
rage, pleasure, and sorrow. In the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe emotional traits are controlled. In the temporal lobe expressed behavior is
controlled. The parietal lobe discriminates sensory. The occipital lobe is where visual interpretation takes place. Pons is a crossroad for nerves going
up to the cortex, to the cerebellum and then down the spinal cord. The cortex is the outer gray area where thinking takes place. The olfactory cortex
receives senses from the nose that it then sorts out. The area that identifies what we see by working out movements, colors, and shapes is the visual
cortex. The area that receives taste senses is called gustatory cortex. The area responsible for analyzing data, performing memory functions, learning
new information, forming thoughts, and making decisions is the cerebral cortex. The motor cortex is involved in muscle movement. The cerebellum is
vital when carrying out complicated, skilled movements. It is much like a mini brain.
If before you read this paper you thought the brain was a "one man machine" I'm sure your opinion has changed after reading his paper. It is amazing
how god has created the brain to have so many areas

Essay on Psychology: Personality Theories
Introduction: What is Personality? Allport defines personality as 'the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that
determine his unique adjustment to his environment' (Allport, 1937). An individual's unique personality traits and attributes are a powerful indicator of
how he/she will interact with the work environment. The difference between average and outstanding employees can often be solely personality
related. As the employee is the most valuable asset to the company, 'selecting the right employee during the process is critical' (Carbery and Cross,
2013, pp. 41–53) Traditional Theory Vs Cognitive Theory When we speak about personality, we must consider the two prominent schools of thought:
Differences in Personality Both nature and nurture interplay to determine personality characteristics. Nature is heredity and passed on at conception.
Nurture is that which is environmentally developed. It is innate that a baby will crawl, but he needs the support of his environment (diet, etc.) if he
is to ultimately survive. Our behaviour is the result of a combination of inborn traits and the situations in which we find ourselves. There are five
categorise which help influence personality differences. Genetically, offspring tend to take on some of the characteristics of their parents. However,
this could be due to long term exposure to the personalities of their parents rather than their genetic coding. Whether a person is male or female
determines what gender role they take on. 'Women are expected to be nurturing, attractive, emotional, weak, and subordinate to men; whereas, men
are the strong, rational, objective, and financial providers' (Loue and Sajatovic, 2007). Ones family experiences can also influence a person's
behaviour. Family experiences like: 'family size, birth order, differential parental orientations towards children' etc. will impact on the emergence of
personality as well as a person's suitability to leadership roles (Morley and Moore et al., 2004, pp. 28–52). Culture plays a very strong role in
determining what is believed to be acceptable and unacceptable

Essay Conclusion On Stress
Introduction
Stress is a normal reaction to life events. It is what you feel when life demands more than you are used to or more than you can handle. Some stress
can be useful. For example, the stress reaction can help you catch the last bus of the day, study for a test, or meet a deadline at work. But stress that
occurs too often or for too long can cause problems. It can affect your emotional health and interfere with relationships and normal daily activities. Too
much stress can weaken your immune system and increase your risk for physical illness. If you already have a medical problem, stress can make it
worse.
What are the causes?
All sorts of life events may cause stress. An event that causes stress for one person may not be...show more content...
He or she may diagnose this condition based on:
Your symptoms. Yourhealth care provider will ask questions about your symptoms and any stressful life events.
Medical history. Your health care provider will ask you questions about any medical problems you have had in the past.
You may also have other tests, including blood tests.
Certain medical conditions and medicine can cause physical symptoms similar to stress. Mental illness can cause emotional symptoms and unhealthy
behaviors similar to stress. Your health care provider may refer you to a mental health professional for further evaluation.
How is this treated?
Stress management is the recommended treatment for stress. The goals of stress management are reducing stressful life events and coping with stress
in healthy ways.
Techniques for reducing stressful life events include the following:
Stress identification. Monitor yourself for stress and identify what causes stress for you. These skills may help you to avoid some stressful events.
Time management. Set your priorities, keep a calendar of events, and learn to say "no." These tools can help you avoid making too many commitments.
Techniques for coping with stress include the following:
Rethinking the problem. Try to think realistically about stressful events rather than ignoring them or overreacting. Try to find the positives in a
stressful situation rather than focusing on the negatives.
Exercise. Physical exercise can release both

Industrial Psychology Essay
INTRODUCTION Industrial psychology is concerned with people at work. It is also called personnel psychology. A closely related field is known as
organizational psychology. Traditionally, industrial psychologists have assessed differences among individual workers and have evaluated individual
jobs. Organizational psychologists generally seek to understand how workers function in an organization, and how the organization functions in society.
The distinctions between industrial psychology and organizational psychology are not always clear. Thus, the two areas are often referred to jointly as
industrial/organizational psychology, or I/O psychology. I/O psychologists work for businesses, consulting firms, government departments, and...show
more content...
To have value, a system should maximize the accuracy with which people rate performance, and minimize bias. Industrial psychologists commonly
develop training programs. This function involves identifying performance or technical needs of employees that can be met by training. It also deals
with evaluating the effectiveness of the training program. Training needs may include ways to (1) help new employees get used to the organization, (2)
update technical skills of current employees, and (3) prepare employees for new responsibilities. Techniques used in training include classroom lectures,
work simulators, computer–assisted instruction, and role playing. Industrial psychologists devote much time to job satisfaction. They investigate
factors that have been found to relate to satisfaction, including employee turnover, absenteeism, age, pay, and attitudes toward unions. Industrial
psychologists also study motivation because evidence suggests that both motivation and ability are necessary for employees to succeed in their jobs.
Thus, psychologists develop systems for rewarding good performance, and they redesign jobs for greater interest and challenge. Another important
concern of industrial psychologists is what makes an effective leader. The psychologists help identify the personality traits of a good leader and the
types of leaders who should be selected for a particular position. Industrial psychologists also help maximize efficiency by

Essay about Behavior Psychology
Behavior Psychology Psychology is defined as a science that focuses on the study of and to explain the way human's think, behave, and feel. The
behaviourist school of psychology is concerned with the explanation of behaviour through observable outcomes without making reference to mental
events. Behaviourism is very narrow and can be strongly objected in its approach to psychology as it does not consider the mental thought process
involvement in behaviour. This school of psychology is very much about nurture rather than...show more content...
The belief is that human behaviour can be trained because human emotions are so malleable therefore personality is forever changeable (Cohen, 1979).
Behaviour is simply a reaction to a stimulus which once learned becomes part of learned habit. It was also believed learning occurs through the
reinforcement of certain aspects of the situation. Reinforcement is when something is added to the situation which makes the same reaction in that
situation more likely in future (McInerney, 1998). The belief was that most of behaviour is a result of what has been learnt, which is to say that it is the
result of the environment rather than biological influences. Therefore the study of learning and the conditions under which it occurs is the core project
of behaviourism (Tennant, 1997) Behaviouristic therapy is aimed at the modification of behaviour especially undesirable ones by mainly reinforcing
the desirable behaviour and suppressing or punishing the undesirable and unwanted behaviour. Once the therapist has identified the behaviour and
triggering factors they may employ several techniques to condition or recondition the person's behaviour. These methods of therapy have been derived
and adapted by experiments done by earlier behaviourists such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Methods used today

Reflection Paper On Developmental Psychology
Fran D'Angelo
Final Paper
Leading up into the class I was both bit nervous and excited, since this was the first time in years that I haven't taken a class outside of my particular
major. As I was going through the course schedule, I had in my mind that I did not just want to take any old class just because I need it to graduate.
So I came across developmental psychology and thought to myself that this would be a good fit because I enjoy learning about other people. Once
class started, I was a little confused about how it the class was going to be, since I already had the thought in my head that I was going to be learning
about people older in age. After understanding more about what I was going to learn from this class, I became much more excited because this is
actually affecting me in my personal life now, as my wife is pregnant and due in December. I thought this was a great pre baby learning experience for
myself, since each week I had the ability to learn everything from development, prenatal development, physical development, intelligence, temperament
and attachment, gender role development, and development of the family.
Week one started off with developmental psychology, which is defined as identifying and explaining the continuities and changes individuals display
over time. There are two ways that cause humans to develop, these are by maturity and learning experiences. A person that observes developmental
psychology are known as developmentalist.

Psychology enables us to better understand, explain and predict human behaviour, emotions and mental processes therefore defining psychology as the
scientific study of behaviour. Psychologists seek to collect data through observations, laboratory experiments, thematic analysis etc which enables
researchers to gain knowledge about our behaviour and to make appropriate conclusions. This essay will seek to evaluate how psychology has become
scientific over time, in particular looking at how psychology was scientific during the 1870's and in present time. The major psychologists relevant to
this essay are Wunt, James, Pavlov, Piaget and Baddeley focusing on their role to making psychology ascience. Finally, this essay will also seek to
describe Newton's influence on psychology.
Wundt (1832–1920) was the first psychologist to develop psychology into a science by creating the first research laboratory of experimental
psychology. Therefore this enabled Wundt to establish psychology as a separate science using scientific approaches to "study the structure of sensation
and perception" as well as questioning sensory information and how this "gives rise to complex perceptions". Whilst naming his approach
structuralism, his work was criticised for his reliance on retrospection "his laboratory work would not be considered true experiments by present day
standards" due to the fact that the "observers were taught to engage in introspection". Whilst wundt's aims were to "analyse the

Ethics in Psychology Essay
Ethics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles which guide our lives are referred to as ethics.
These ethics have an impact on how we interact with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their
immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary. "One may also define ethics as a method,
procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues" (Resnik, 2011). We are expected to behave or be
treated a particular way in society, therefore we should be granted certain ethical treatments in regards to research. Human Participants According to the
American...show more content...
Animal Subjects This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of research that just are not feasible to do with human
subjects; therefore the justification for non–human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using animals, many
animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research
and Ethics (CARE). It is the responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed ("Committee on animal," 2014). Due to
the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification,
housing of said animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to reduce the unnecessary usage of animals
in testing. Therapy relationships with clients. The psychologist to patient relationship during therapy is a crucial aspect. It is within ethical guidelines
that the psychologist clearly establish his role whether it be with an individual, group, or family therapist. These roles need to be understood for the
variety of issues that may arise; one of which is the disclosure of information. Psychologists, for obvious reasons, are not to have sexual relationships
with patients or former patients within a

A Career as a Psychologist Essay
Psychologists are very important people; they help millions of people with their everyday struggles and problems that they have to deal with. Not
only do psychologists help people with problems that they cannot handle on their own, they also are scientists who study human minds and
behaviors. With being a psychologist, there are many different careers to choose from within this profession (Explore Health Careers). The first type
of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. Clinical psychologists help people with counseling and psychotherapy. They work with
people who have all around life problems, such as new adjustments in life. Clinical psychologists also help people who have emotional disorders or
They also provide consolation to courts and attorneys in different types of legal proceedings (Psyris). Next is an organization psychologist, which helps
in the productivity of groups and individuals in a workplace. These types of psychologists focus on improving the function of organizations, and to keep
individuals healthy within the organization (Psyris). Another type of psychology to choose from is a counseling psychologist. These are important
psychologists because they teach people how to deal with their everyday problems. They help their patients determine their problems and help them
understand the problems they are facing. Not only do counseling psychologists help their patients with the issues they are experiencing at home but
also in their workplace or their community in general. By helping their patients identify their strengths and resources, is how counseling psychologists
help them with their problems (Bureau of Labor Statistics). The next type of psychology is the developmental psychologist. Developmental
psychologists work with psychological processes and development that takes place throughout life. They study aging and problems the elderly may
face, but this type of psychologist mainly focuses on children and adolescents (Bureau of Labor Statistics). The last type of psychologist to choose
from is the social

Essay on Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology aims to understand, treat and prevent psychological distress and dysfunction thus to encourage good health, good adaptive thinking
and a healthy lifestyle. People working in this field research into mental dysfunction suffered by the patients, assess their cognitive state of mind and
perform psychotherapy to decrease the psychological symptoms and/ or the underlying causes.
There are many sub divisions of therapies focusing on different routes of cure/prevention. Biologically, chemotherapy and psychosurgeries are
available; but below I will discuss the treatments available psychologically. Psychologically, there are various treatments mainly the psychodynamic and
the behavioural approach. The main psychodynamic...show more content...
In contrast behaviour in the unconsciousness state lacks awareness of self and the environmental situations. In between these is the preconscious state
where thoughts from the unconscious state, that are not suppressed, thus can be brought to the conscious by slowly recalling the thoughts.
Upon this differentiation Freud discovered that these symptoms resulted from the unconscious decisions made following psychological conflicts
experienced at the present moment. One specific case, involved a young boy, who mother was asking him to sign a letter accusing the father of abusing
him, in order support her in their divorce. However the boy, knowing that both parents are of no harm couldn't decide whether to sign the letter in
favour of the mother or not to in favour of the father (unconscious psychological conflict). Thus this resulted in the boy suffering paralysis (mental
neurotic dysfunction).
Such neurosis are maladaptive behaviours, that doesn't resolve but instead avoids the under lying situation. This initiates from childhood feelings,
memories, wishes and experiences that are emotionally attached.
Freud's theory of personality defines that the psychological conflicts experienced by the individuals' link to the compromises made against the forces of
cognitive construct. Id, this form of cognitive construct is from the unconscious that follows the

Essay on Educational Psychology
One of the more popular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study
theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different
school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student–teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses
five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be
briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above. Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in
terms...show more content...
Some examples are belief, desire, ideas and motivation. Next, cognitive psychologists think memory structures determine how information is perceived,
processed, stored, retrieved and forgotten. Cognitive psychology include perception, categorization, memory, knowledge representation, language and
thinking processes. "The relationship of cognitive psychology to classroom is like the relationship of physics to engineering. Knowledge of the mind
gleaned from cognitive psychology experiments will not tell teachers how to teach children, any more than knowledge of physics can prescribe what a
bridge should look like" (Willingham, 2009) Developmental psychology is the point of view that occurs in learners over the course of a period of time.
The developmental perspective includes theories that are continuous and discontinuous. Discontinuous theories are stage–like. The processes of
learning and development involve distinct stages, which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. Theorists who use discontinuous
theories use a specific beginning and end period for each stage. Continuous theories explain that learning and development generally happen in
incremental processes. Learning involves changes throughout the lifespan. "Contemporary views on the nature of cognitive development have been
vastly influenced by the work of one man. This was Jean Piaget (1896–1980), once a biologist, who turned his

Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
The Latin prefix "psych" is translated into "mind or soul". The suffix "ology" means the "study of". Therefore, the study of behavior and mental
processes is known as psychology. This field of study deals with animal and human behavior to the environment to which they are exposed.
The purpose of psychologists studying the behavior of their "subjects", or the people or animals being observed or tested, is to find four main things.
These goals are to describe, explain, predict, and/or influence the subject's behavior.
Contemporary psychologists go about their research with six main methods of study. These contemporary methods of study are Psychoanalytic
Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, Humanistic...show more content...
A problem included with this method is the fact that not everything in behavioral psychology is observable. Many aspects of psychology are mental not
behavioral.
The Humanistic approach to psychology is the approach that focuses on humans' personal growth. Humanists, or psychologists who use the humanistic
method, believe that the stimuli a human is exposed to is just the background of their actions. The human's internal growth drives his/her actions. A
problem with this method is that it is impossible to quantify the emotions on how a person handles an experience.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how a person comprehends and stores information. The researchers who study cognitive psychology are known as
Cognitivists. These psychologists focus on the habits that subjects use to remember information and then later retrieve the information. Using the
scientific method, Cognitivists go through a series of steps to test our thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity. They then take the results of
their studies and make conclusions on how information is processed, stored, and used. Problems associated with this method are the chance that
subjects might have already learned the information earlier in life.
Another viewpoint of psychologists is Biological psychology. This is a mix of psychology and biology. Psychobiologists who study this are more
scientist than psychologist. They believe that genetics, the nervous system, the brain,

Essay on The History of Psychology
The History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychology's history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying
approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review
chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placed in history and how they influenced research and
determined the development of Psychology as its recognised today. Beginning with the philosophers Plato and Aristotle (between 428– 347) in ancient
Greece, they began to ask...show more content...
For example, the taste of lemonade (perception) to be a molecule of conscious experience could be analyzed in terms of elements (sensations) i.e.
sweet, sour, cold, warm, bitter, and how it was identified by introspection (observation). Wundt's structuralism was quickly abandoned because it could
not be empirically or scientifically tested, it was also criticised for favouring deterministic structural forces over the ability of individual people to act
refusing the suggestion of freewill. But at the end of the 19th century and lasting only 25 years Structuralism was still seen as a historically important
school of thought and it was the movements that it developed, rather than structuralism itself that pushed forward the progress of psychology
Functionalism as a psychology developed from the philosophy of Pragmatism (practical, matter–of–fact way of approaching or assessing situations or
of solving problems). William James (1842–1910) laid the foundations with the publication of "Principles of Psychology" a book that gave
Psychology its distinction and it's well used definition "the science of mental life" for its study. He introduced a methodology for the inclusion of
conscious mental processes and believed consciousness to be the primary object of psychology

Child Psychology Essay
Child Psychology
Introduction
Psychology involves studying the mental functioning and general behaviors of both humans and animals. Social behavior and mental functioning of an
individual are explained by exploring the neurological and physiological processes. These include emotions, cognition, perception, motivation, attention,
brain functioning and personality. Child psychology is as well stated to be the application of psychological techniques to children where it involves
carrying out research on mental states and development of children. The development of the child both physically, mentally and emotionally, with the
help of a parent allows the identification of helpful information to any evolving challenges in child's behavior and...show more content...
Successful levels and stages of development are majorly associated with the increasing efficiency and memory capacity. These explain a progression
to higher stages and individual differences which increases by same age persons and cognitive performance. Research indicates that the performance
of children at a given age is changeable from domain to domain such as the understanding of social, mathematical, and spatial concepts that it is
impossible to place the child in a single stage. This level involves processes that define the volume and kind of information that the individual child
can process. For example, reflexes arise before birth and are still present in newborns. Sometimes, prenatal development and birth complications may
also be connected to neurodevelopmental disorders. Young children react to various motivations in various ways (Damon & Lerner, 2006). For
example infants' sight blurry in early stages improves over time.
Habituation is applied in discovering the perceptual systems which indicates that children advance earlier in developing perception compared to the
acquiring the idea of the permanence of objects. Vision, hearing, smell and taste, language, touch, and pain are the early infant sensorimotor perceptual
improvement in the infants' mental growth. Motor development, required for the child to create relationships between vision, touch and

Essay On Social Cognitive Theory
Social Cognitive Theory Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) evolved from the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the sixties under the stewardship of Albert
Bandura. However, it was in 1986 that the SCT achieved full recognition. The theory argues that learning takes place in a social context with a
reciprocal and dynamic manner involving the environment, person, and behavior (LaMorte, 2016). One main unique feature of the SCT is that it puts a
lot of emphasis on social influence, as well as, the social reinforcement at both internal and external levels. Not only does SCT put into consideration
the distinct manner in which human beings acquire and use behavior, but it also considers the social environment people perform such behaviors. The
theory...show more content...
Another concept to SCT is the Behavioral Capability, which the individual's actual capabilities to carry out a behavior through the essential skills
and knowledge. According to the concept, an individual is only able to perform a task if he or she knows what to do and how to do it. The
consequences of individuals' behavior help him or her to learn, which extends to also affect the environment in which they leave. People learn from
the consequences of their behavior, which also affects the environment in which they live. The concept of Observational Learning asserts that
individuals are able to observe and witness a behavior from others, and then replicate the same actions and it is exhibited through behavior "modeling"
(LaMorte, 2016). Individuals are adaptive and if they see a specific behavior in an individual, they are likely to embrace it. According to LaMorte
(2016), Reinforcements as a concept of the SCT are a reflection of both the external and internal responses to an individual 's behavior, which affect the
likelihood of continuity or discontinuity of such a behavior. While the individual can initiate reinforcements or it can be emulated from the prevailing
environment, it can be either positive or negative. The construct connects well the reciprocal relationship between the environment and behavior. On
the other hand, the Expectations concept is best used to describe the anticipated

The Philosophical Roots Of Psychology Essay
Modern psychology has a diversity of topics, from cognitive psychology, behavioral psychology, evolutionary psychology, and more. However, a
person needs to know the history of psychology before he or she can grasp the different concepts of psychology. However, the roots of psychology are
grounded in philosophy, with psychology 's beginning coming from philosophers as Socrates, Plato, and Rene Descartes, and began with questions
about human nature. The Philosophical Roots The beginnings of psychology come from different philosophers, such as Socrates and Plato. In all
actuality, Socrates himself never wrote anything; however, Plato put it in writing. Socrates did not put anything into writing because he believed that
writing was an interactional process for knowledge. Socrates claimed that he knew nothing and in believed in a person cross–examining him or herself,
which became known as elenchus. According to Hooker (1996), "The Socratic elenchus eventually gave rise to dialectic, the idea that truth needs to be
pursued by modifying one 's position through questioning and conflict with opposing ideas" (Socrates, para. 5). However, the philosophical era
progressed with Plato, Descartes, and Spinoza. These distinguished philosophers lived during a time when the human soul was actively discussed
among philosophers. These great philosophers believed that the human soul and many of the early philosophers believed that the mind and body were
separate and the mind or soul would

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