Programming languages are fundamentally languages that use alphabets, grammar, vocabulary, and complex sentences. They allow working with data types, functions, control flow, lists, dictionaries, code editors, modules, libraries, and packages. Common data structures include lists, dictionaries, and CSV files. Code can be sorted, iterated over iterable objects like lists and strings. Popular Python modules include openpyxl, requests, and JSON for working with Excel files, APIs, and Javascript data. The document provides an overview of programming language fundamentals and encourages continued learning through patience, documentation reading, and coding practice.