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DSIM Networking Anlass




 “Chancen- und Risiko-Management” mit
 Workshop
Di 8. März 2012 18:00- ca. 20:30
EMA house, Nordstrasse 1 - Zürich
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                  - DSIM Networking Anlass



Event-Durchführung mit freundlicher Unterstützung von THARYS



      Agenda

      •   Begrüssung, Einführung: Risk and Opportunity Management
          ein pragmatischer Lösungs-Ansatz - Joe A. Waser, DSIM Moderator


      •   THARYS Workshop: Methode und Software
           Fallstudie – Moderation & technische Leitung: Peter E. Klauser u. Beat Weber, THARYS


      •   Fragen und Antworten, Erfahrungsaustausch - J. Waser, Beat Weber, P. Klauser
      •   Apéro Riche, Networking



                                                                                          Event Logistik
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”         - DSIM Networking Anlass




??
                     Compliance     Operating                Strategic
     Opportunity/                   Performance
                     & Prevention                           Initiatives
     Gain




                                                                             “In pursuit of the upside”
     Uncertainty /
     Variance




     Hazard / Loss
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                                                                     - DSIM Networking Anlass




Approaches: Holistic; from macro to micro                                                                                       „Enterprise wide RM“

                               Environment

                                                Infrastructure
Best Practice  Experience




                                                       Process
                                                                                 Strategy
                                                                Risk
                                                            Management                                                                         Management
                                                            Control Cycle           Business Mission Objectives
                                                                                    Business Mission Objectives                                 Reporting
                                                                                            and Strategy
                                                                                            and Strategy
                             (Re) Assessment/
                             Validation Cycle




                                                                                               Risk Appetite /Strategy
                                                                                               Risk Appetite /Strategy

                                                                                                          Value Proposition
                                                                                                          Value Proposition



                                                               Risk              Transaction          Data               Measurement,       Evaluation
                                                               Awareness &        Assessment &         Processing &        Monitoring        Performance
                                                               Analysis          Evaluation           Operations         & Control          & Value




                                                  Organization        Limits &     Policies &                              Data &                          Reporting
                                                                                                         Systems                        Methodologies
                                                   & People           Controls      Procedures                           Information                       Framework




                                                People               Customers              Products               Business             Business             Information
                                                & Culture            & Markets              & Services             Structures           Processes           & Technology


                                                                                                                                                                 © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                                             - DSIM Networking Anlass




A Project-based RM approach – Overview

                                                          Current                                      Strategic -
                                                                                                      Investments
                                                •    Cash (Flows/Positions)
Best Practice  Experience




                                                     Investments/Debt
                             Risk / Flows       •
                                                •    FX & Interest Management                         Future ?
                                                •    Banking
                                                      ▲
                                                      ▲
                                                          Group
                                                          Entity
                                                                                                   Operational - Other
                                                      ▲   Currency


                                                                                     Drivers
                                                                                  Commercial
                                                                                External markets


                                                             Current
                                                                                                         Optimal
                                                                                                       © FIMCO Intl. GmbH


                                                                                                   Risk & Opportunity
                                            •       Policies                                          Management
                             Organization   •       Processes/Practices                                Framework
                                            •       Organisation Structure
                                            •       Technology
                                                                                                         Future
                                                                                      Best
                                                                                    Practice

                                                                                   Benchmarking
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                             - DSIM Networking Anlass




Forex Risk Management                                    Hedging Matrix - CHF-base

                                                                                 VOLATILITY (%)
                                            pos.
                                            High
                                            >10
                                                                                        XAU
                               TOTAL
Best Practice  Experience




                                            Medium                  GBP
                              HEDGING       5-10                           CNY            ZAR          BRL

                                            Low           GBP                                   NZD                   SEK
                              SELECTIVE     0-5                                   DKK         AUD      NOK
                               HEDGING                                     CNY CLP                     JPY
                                                                                                                                             VOLUME amt




                                                                    <
                                                                                                                                                          +/-4%
                                            Low




                                                                    EU
                                                                                                                      EUR                                 (22%)
                                                                                  THB




                                                                       R
                                            0-(5)
                             NO or AD HOC   Medium
                              HEDGING       (5)-(10)
                                                                                                       USD                                                2x5%
                                            High                                               CAD      BRL
                                                                                                                                                          (25%)
                                            >(10)
                                            neg..
                                                            High    Medium Low                Low     Medium          High
                                                   Outflows >(50)   (10)-(50) 0-(10)          0-10    10-50           >50          Inflows
                                                                                                              © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                                           - DSIM Networking Anlass




Continuous financial RM based on Controls & Reviews
                                              I. Business Planning / Objective Setting
                                               Business Mission, Objectives and Strategies

                                                                       Risk Appetite
Best Practice  Experience




                                              II. Risk Management Control Cycle




                                                                              Business/Port-
                                                               & Processing
                                                               Data Capture




                                                                                                      Performance




                                                                                                                         Management
                                                & Evaluation
                                                Assessment
                                                Transaction
                                Structuring
                                & Analysis




                                                                                                      Evaluation
                                                                              Monitoring




                                                                                                                         Reporting
                                                                              folio Risk
                                               III. Risk Management Infrastructure




                                                                                     Infrastructure
                                                                Measurement
                                                Organisation




                                                                Methodology
                                                Management




                                                                                                            Management
                             Procedures

                             Guidelines




                                                                                                            Framework




                                                                                                                                      Structure
                                                                                                            Reporting
                                                                                     Systems
                             Policies,




                                                                                                                                      Limit
                                                Risk




                                                                Risk
                             &




                                                                                                                                                    © PWC 2001


 Fin.Market Risk Scope / Approach:            Formal Review  Policies  Methodology                                Procedures                  Risk Controls   © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                     - DSIM Networking Anlass




What your company/firm wants/needs …


   Your Company, your Firm needs a/o wants to:


   •   keep communication channels, concerning chances and risks, open and transparent
   •   encompass all chances and risks linked with it’s business activities OR
   663b; OR 728 a&b
   •   to accept explicitly calculated risks consciously within predefined parameters
       (rather than will/can avoid risk all together)
   • secure sustainable success
   • build a/o leverage competitive advantages
   by controlling & managing risks & chances


                                                         
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                       - DSIM Networking Anlass




What your company/firm wants/needs …

    By assessing and handling chances and risks in a controlled
  manner                                     we voluntarily build and
  use a radar for the future 

    Recognize unplanned events,
      which will have substantial negative/positive impact on corporate goals

    keep oversight for opportunities to recognize changes faster and
   act more proactive

    spot weaknesses (with substantial negative impact potential)
      in current processes and practices

    permanent support for action plans                                                    that take
   into account sustainable success and positive progress

       via definition and implementation of measures to reduce risk
          and to seize chances/opportunities = action plan
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                   - DSIM Networking Anlass


      From a commonly accepted base to … a pragmatic RM
      supported byand resultant investments concentrate on the top risks and opportunities
       Action plans
      Summary presentation THARYS approach and newest capabilities                              Data base tool
Best Practice  Experience




                                                                                                                 10
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               - DSIM Networking Anlass

From a commonly accepted base to … a pragmatic RM
supported by
      Risk Assessment >>> Risk Response
                                                    Reading the charts in a generic tactical manner – driving action plans
                                                      Which are the most reasonable/effective measures to reduce risk?                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data base tool
                                                      Cost/benefit evaluations
                                                            -       Individually for each risk - Taking into account risk acceptability/tolerance
Best Practice  Experience




                                                      Risiko                                                                                                                                                                                                 Chance

                                                    katastrophal
                                                                         6                      38                    113                       230              Priorität auf 680
                                                                                                                                                                  380   530
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             exorbitant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Risk Response Strategies
                                                500 - 1000 CHF*                                                                                                                                                                                          500 - 1000 CHF*
                                                       kritisch
                                                                                                                                                                 operativen                                                                                  sehr gross
                                                                         5                      19                    56                        110               190   260    340
                                                    250 - 500 CHF                                                Ab                                              Massnahmen                                                                              250 - 500 CHF
                                                     wesentlich
                                                                         4                      8,75
                                                                                                                    - 26              un        50                             90                                120                    160
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               gross
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Risk Avoidance             Risk Reduction
                                                                                                                                        dV
                             Auswirkung




                                                    100 - 250 CHF                                                                                                                                                                                        100 - 250 CHF
                                                                           Ak
                                                      moderat
                                                                         3     z
                                                                              3,75e
                                                                                    pti 11        23                                                                  ers      38                                53                     68
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               mittel
                                                    50 - 100 CHF         od
                                                                            er         ere                                                                                ich                                                                             50 - 100 CHF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Risk Transfer             Risk Acceptance
                                                        klein
                                                                         2      „w 5,63 n 11
                                                                              1,88                                                                                           ern
                                                                                                                                                                               19                                26                     34
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               klein
                                                     25 - 50 CHF                     en                                                                                                                                                                      25 - 50 CHF
                                                                                       ig
                                                                                        1,88 tu
                                                    unbedeutend                                                                                                                                                                                          unbedeutend
                                                                         1    0,63
                                                                                               n“3,75                                                                          6,25                              8,75                   11
                                                     0 - 25 CHF                                                                                                                                                                                              0 - 25 CHF

                                                    * Millionen                                  1                    2                         3                               4                                 5                     6
                                          Bewertungszeitraum                                                                                                                                                                                                 Bestehende Massnahmen
                                                                                                                                                              wahrscheinlich
                                                                             unwahrscheinlich




                                                                                                                                                                                                beinahe sicher




                                          3 Jahre                                                                                                                                                                                                        4     Sehr gute und effiziente Massnahmen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            80% - 100%
                                                                                                                                                  20% - 40%




                                                                                                                                                                                                                   60% - 80%
                                                                                                                          10% - 20%




                                                                                                                                                                                    40% - 60%
                                                                                                  0% - 10%




                                                                                                                                      möglich




                                                                                                                                                                                                                               sicher
                                                                                                             selten




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         3     Gute Massnahmen
                                          Wert = EBIT in CHF                                                                                                                                                                                             2     Wenig effiziente Massnahmen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1     Keinerlei Massnahmen

                                                                                                                                      Wahrscheinlichkeit

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 11
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                            - DSIM Networking Anlass




Post“ scriptum controversy between quantification based on observations of the past and subjective degrees
  •   ”Over time, the
       of belief has taken on a deeper significance. The mathematically driven apparatus of modern risk management
       contains the seed of a dehumaning and self-destructing technology.

   •   Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow warned “our knowledge of the way things work, in society or in nature, comes trailing
       clouds of vagueness. Vast ills have followed a belief in certainty”

   •   In the process of breaking free from the past we may have become slaves of a new religion, a creed that is just as
       implacable, confining and arbitrary as the old.

   •   Our lives teem with numbers, but we sometimes forget that numbers are only tools. They have no
       souls: they may indeed become fetishes. Many of our most critical decisions are made by
       computers, contraptions (devices) that devour numbers like voracious monsters and insist on being nourished
       with ever-greater quantities of digits to crunch, digest ,and spew back

      

   •   To judge the extent to which today’s methods of dealing with risk are either a
       benefit or a threat, we must know the whole story, from it very beginnings - we
       must know why people of past times did (or did not) tame risk - how they
       approached the task - what modes of thinking and language emerged from their
       experience – and how their activities interacted with other events (large and small),
       to change the course of culture.

   •   Such a perspective will bring us to a deeper understanding of where we stand, and where we
       are heading.                                  “pg 7”

   •   The word “risk” derives from risicare which means “to dare”. In this sense, risk is a choice rather than a fate. The
       actions we dare to take, which depend on how free we are to make choices, are what the story of risk is all about.
       And the story means to define what it means to be a human being. “pg 7”
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                             - DSIM Networking Anlass



  The remarkable Story of Risk                           AGAINST THE GODS                   Peter L.
BERNSTEIN ©1996

   •   PLB argues the notion of bringing risk under control is one of
       the central ideas that distinguishes modern times form the
       more distant past …. from remarkable intellectual adventures that
       liberated humanity [from the murky domain of oracles and soothsayers]
       by means of the powerful tools of risk management are available today.
   •   … richly woven tale of Greek philosophers and Arab mathematician, of merchants and scientists,
       gamblers and philosophers, world-known intellects and obscure but inspired amateurs who helped
       discover the modern methods of putting the future at the service of the present, replacing
       helplessness…

   •   When entrepreneurs launch new businesses, investors buy stocks,
       surgeons perform operations, engineers design bridges, astronauts
       explore the heavens, and politicians run for office - risk is their
       inescapable partner - - Yet their actions reveal that risk today need
       not be feared managing risk has become
       synonymous with challenge and opportunity
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”                                                                           - DSIM Networking Anlass




History
                     But the serious study of risk began during the Renaissance                                         All the tools we use today in risk management
                     , when people broke loose from the constraints of the past                                            and in the analysis of decisions and choice
The modern conception of

Arabic numbering system
that reached the West seven to
eight hundred years ago.
risk is rooted in the Hindu-




                     and subjected long-held beliefs to open challenge.                                                  - from the strict rationality of game theory to
                              By 1654 (when the Renaissance was in full flower)                                                 the challenges of chaos theory -
                              Chevalier de Méré challenged famed French Mathematician Blaise Pascal                     stem from the developments that took place
                              …”how to divide the stakes of an unfinished game of chance                                            between 1654 and 1760
                              between 2 players when one of them is ahead”.                                                        - with only two exceptions
                              Collaboration with Pierre de Fermat was intellectual dynamite
                              and led to the discovery of the theory of probability
                              – the mathematical heart of the concept of risk.
                                                                                                                                        In 1875, Francis Galton
                                                                                                                            (amateur mathematician; Charles Darwin’s first Cousin)
                                           ~1700 Jacob Bernoulli (Swiss scientist and mathematician)                      discovered regression to the mean
                                                            developed The Law of Large Numbers                                 – Whenever we make any decision
                                      1730, Abraham de Moivre suggested the structure of normal distribution                      based on the expectation that
                                                             – also known as the bell curve-                                      matters will return to “normal”
                                        8 years later Daniel Bernoulli (nephew of Jacob) first defined the                         we are employing the notion
                                        systematic process by which most people make choices (even more important, he                of regression to the mean
                                        propounded the idea that the satisfaction resulting from any small increase in wealth
                                         “will be inversely proportionate to the quantity of good previously possessed”                  In 1952, Nobel Laureate
                                        …statement stood as the dominant paradigm of rational behaviour for the next 250 years             Harry Markowitz,
                                   ~1750 English minister Thomas Bayes made a striking advance in statistics by          demonstrated mathematically
                                   demonstrating how to make better-informed decisions by mathematically blending     why putting all eggs in one basket
                                   new information into old - His theorem focuses on the frequent occasions when we an unacceptable risky strategy
                                                                                                                       is
                                                                                                                  and why diversification is the neares
                                   have sound intuitive judgement about the probability of some event and want to
                                   understand how to alter those judgments as actual events unfold                            a manager/investor
                                                                                                                         ever can come to a free lunch.
“Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop”   - DSIM Networking Anlass




Post scriptum

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Chancen & risiko-managmentment workshop apr-2012

  • 1. DSIM Networking Anlass “Chancen- und Risiko-Management” mit Workshop Di 8. März 2012 18:00- ca. 20:30 EMA house, Nordstrasse 1 - Zürich
  • 2. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Event-Durchführung mit freundlicher Unterstützung von THARYS Agenda • Begrüssung, Einführung: Risk and Opportunity Management ein pragmatischer Lösungs-Ansatz - Joe A. Waser, DSIM Moderator • THARYS Workshop: Methode und Software Fallstudie – Moderation & technische Leitung: Peter E. Klauser u. Beat Weber, THARYS • Fragen und Antworten, Erfahrungsaustausch - J. Waser, Beat Weber, P. Klauser • Apéro Riche, Networking Event Logistik
  • 3. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass ?? Compliance Operating Strategic Opportunity/ Performance & Prevention Initiatives Gain “In pursuit of the upside” Uncertainty / Variance Hazard / Loss
  • 4. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Approaches: Holistic; from macro to micro „Enterprise wide RM“ Environment Infrastructure Best Practice  Experience Process Strategy Risk Management Management Control Cycle Business Mission Objectives Business Mission Objectives Reporting and Strategy and Strategy (Re) Assessment/ Validation Cycle Risk Appetite /Strategy Risk Appetite /Strategy Value Proposition Value Proposition Risk Transaction Data Measurement, Evaluation Awareness & Assessment & Processing & Monitoring Performance Analysis Evaluation Operations & Control & Value Organization Limits & Policies & Data & Reporting Systems Methodologies & People Controls Procedures Information Framework People Customers Products Business Business Information & Culture & Markets & Services Structures Processes & Technology © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
  • 5. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass A Project-based RM approach – Overview Current Strategic - Investments • Cash (Flows/Positions) Best Practice  Experience Investments/Debt Risk / Flows • • FX & Interest Management Future ? • Banking ▲ ▲ Group Entity Operational - Other ▲ Currency Drivers Commercial External markets Current Optimal © FIMCO Intl. GmbH Risk & Opportunity • Policies Management Organization • Processes/Practices Framework • Organisation Structure • Technology Future Best Practice Benchmarking
  • 6. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Forex Risk Management Hedging Matrix - CHF-base VOLATILITY (%) pos. High >10 XAU TOTAL Best Practice  Experience Medium GBP HEDGING 5-10 CNY ZAR BRL Low GBP NZD SEK SELECTIVE 0-5 DKK AUD NOK HEDGING CNY CLP JPY VOLUME amt < +/-4% Low EU EUR (22%) THB R 0-(5) NO or AD HOC Medium HEDGING (5)-(10) USD 2x5% High CAD BRL (25%) >(10) neg.. High Medium Low Low Medium High Outflows >(50) (10)-(50) 0-(10) 0-10 10-50 >50 Inflows © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
  • 7. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Continuous financial RM based on Controls & Reviews I. Business Planning / Objective Setting Business Mission, Objectives and Strategies Risk Appetite Best Practice  Experience II. Risk Management Control Cycle Business/Port- & Processing Data Capture Performance Management & Evaluation Assessment Transaction Structuring & Analysis Evaluation Monitoring Reporting folio Risk III. Risk Management Infrastructure Infrastructure Measurement Organisation Methodology Management Management Procedures Guidelines Framework Structure Reporting Systems Policies, Limit Risk Risk & © PWC 2001  Fin.Market Risk Scope / Approach:  Formal Review  Policies  Methodology  Procedures  Risk Controls © FIMCO Intl. GmbH
  • 8. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass What your company/firm wants/needs … Your Company, your Firm needs a/o wants to: • keep communication channels, concerning chances and risks, open and transparent • encompass all chances and risks linked with it’s business activities OR 663b; OR 728 a&b • to accept explicitly calculated risks consciously within predefined parameters (rather than will/can avoid risk all together) • secure sustainable success • build a/o leverage competitive advantages by controlling & managing risks & chances  
  • 9. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass What your company/firm wants/needs …  By assessing and handling chances and risks in a controlled manner we voluntarily build and use a radar for the future   Recognize unplanned events, which will have substantial negative/positive impact on corporate goals  keep oversight for opportunities to recognize changes faster and act more proactive  spot weaknesses (with substantial negative impact potential) in current processes and practices  permanent support for action plans that take into account sustainable success and positive progress  via definition and implementation of measures to reduce risk and to seize chances/opportunities = action plan
  • 10. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass From a commonly accepted base to … a pragmatic RM supported byand resultant investments concentrate on the top risks and opportunities Action plans Summary presentation THARYS approach and newest capabilities Data base tool Best Practice  Experience 10
  • 11. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass From a commonly accepted base to … a pragmatic RM supported by  Risk Assessment >>> Risk Response Reading the charts in a generic tactical manner – driving action plans  Which are the most reasonable/effective measures to reduce risk? Data base tool  Cost/benefit evaluations - Individually for each risk - Taking into account risk acceptability/tolerance Best Practice  Experience Risiko Chance katastrophal 6 38 113 230 Priorität auf 680 380 530 exorbitant Risk Response Strategies 500 - 1000 CHF* 500 - 1000 CHF* kritisch operativen sehr gross 5 19 56 110 190 260 340 250 - 500 CHF Ab Massnahmen 250 - 500 CHF wesentlich 4 8,75 - 26 un 50 90 120 160 gross Risk Avoidance Risk Reduction dV Auswirkung 100 - 250 CHF 100 - 250 CHF Ak moderat 3 z 3,75e pti 11 23 ers 38 53 68 mittel 50 - 100 CHF od er ere ich 50 - 100 CHF Risk Transfer Risk Acceptance klein 2 „w 5,63 n 11 1,88 ern 19 26 34 klein 25 - 50 CHF en 25 - 50 CHF ig 1,88 tu unbedeutend unbedeutend 1 0,63 n“3,75 6,25 8,75 11 0 - 25 CHF 0 - 25 CHF * Millionen 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bewertungszeitraum Bestehende Massnahmen wahrscheinlich unwahrscheinlich beinahe sicher 3 Jahre 4 Sehr gute und effiziente Massnahmen 80% - 100% 20% - 40% 60% - 80% 10% - 20% 40% - 60% 0% - 10% möglich sicher selten 3 Gute Massnahmen Wert = EBIT in CHF 2 Wenig effiziente Massnahmen 1 Keinerlei Massnahmen Wahrscheinlichkeit 11
  • 12. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Post“ scriptum controversy between quantification based on observations of the past and subjective degrees • ”Over time, the of belief has taken on a deeper significance. The mathematically driven apparatus of modern risk management contains the seed of a dehumaning and self-destructing technology. • Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow warned “our knowledge of the way things work, in society or in nature, comes trailing clouds of vagueness. Vast ills have followed a belief in certainty” • In the process of breaking free from the past we may have become slaves of a new religion, a creed that is just as implacable, confining and arbitrary as the old. • Our lives teem with numbers, but we sometimes forget that numbers are only tools. They have no souls: they may indeed become fetishes. Many of our most critical decisions are made by computers, contraptions (devices) that devour numbers like voracious monsters and insist on being nourished with ever-greater quantities of digits to crunch, digest ,and spew back   • To judge the extent to which today’s methods of dealing with risk are either a benefit or a threat, we must know the whole story, from it very beginnings - we must know why people of past times did (or did not) tame risk - how they approached the task - what modes of thinking and language emerged from their experience – and how their activities interacted with other events (large and small), to change the course of culture. • Such a perspective will bring us to a deeper understanding of where we stand, and where we are heading. “pg 7” • The word “risk” derives from risicare which means “to dare”. In this sense, risk is a choice rather than a fate. The actions we dare to take, which depend on how free we are to make choices, are what the story of risk is all about. And the story means to define what it means to be a human being. “pg 7”
  • 13. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass The remarkable Story of Risk AGAINST THE GODS Peter L. BERNSTEIN ©1996 • PLB argues the notion of bringing risk under control is one of the central ideas that distinguishes modern times form the more distant past …. from remarkable intellectual adventures that liberated humanity [from the murky domain of oracles and soothsayers] by means of the powerful tools of risk management are available today. • … richly woven tale of Greek philosophers and Arab mathematician, of merchants and scientists, gamblers and philosophers, world-known intellects and obscure but inspired amateurs who helped discover the modern methods of putting the future at the service of the present, replacing helplessness… • When entrepreneurs launch new businesses, investors buy stocks, surgeons perform operations, engineers design bridges, astronauts explore the heavens, and politicians run for office - risk is their inescapable partner - - Yet their actions reveal that risk today need not be feared managing risk has become synonymous with challenge and opportunity
  • 14. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass History But the serious study of risk began during the Renaissance All the tools we use today in risk management , when people broke loose from the constraints of the past and in the analysis of decisions and choice The modern conception of Arabic numbering system that reached the West seven to eight hundred years ago. risk is rooted in the Hindu- and subjected long-held beliefs to open challenge. - from the strict rationality of game theory to By 1654 (when the Renaissance was in full flower) the challenges of chaos theory - Chevalier de Méré challenged famed French Mathematician Blaise Pascal stem from the developments that took place …”how to divide the stakes of an unfinished game of chance between 1654 and 1760 between 2 players when one of them is ahead”. - with only two exceptions Collaboration with Pierre de Fermat was intellectual dynamite and led to the discovery of the theory of probability – the mathematical heart of the concept of risk. In 1875, Francis Galton (amateur mathematician; Charles Darwin’s first Cousin) ~1700 Jacob Bernoulli (Swiss scientist and mathematician) discovered regression to the mean developed The Law of Large Numbers – Whenever we make any decision 1730, Abraham de Moivre suggested the structure of normal distribution based on the expectation that – also known as the bell curve- matters will return to “normal” 8 years later Daniel Bernoulli (nephew of Jacob) first defined the we are employing the notion systematic process by which most people make choices (even more important, he of regression to the mean propounded the idea that the satisfaction resulting from any small increase in wealth “will be inversely proportionate to the quantity of good previously possessed” In 1952, Nobel Laureate …statement stood as the dominant paradigm of rational behaviour for the next 250 years Harry Markowitz, ~1750 English minister Thomas Bayes made a striking advance in statistics by demonstrated mathematically demonstrating how to make better-informed decisions by mathematically blending why putting all eggs in one basket new information into old - His theorem focuses on the frequent occasions when we an unacceptable risky strategy is and why diversification is the neares have sound intuitive judgement about the probability of some event and want to understand how to alter those judgments as actual events unfold a manager/investor ever can come to a free lunch.
  • 15. “Chancen- und Risiko-Management Workshop” - DSIM Networking Anlass Post scriptum