3. SENTENCE DIAGRAM
is a visual organization system that you
can use to see how the parts of speech
like nouns, verbs, prepositions, and
articles work together and relate to each
other in any given sentence.
5. WHAT IS THE REED-KELLOG SYSTEM?
·Introduced in the 1870s by Alonzo Reed and
Brainerd Kellogg.
·A method for diagramming sentences that was
commonly taught in grammar classrooms in the past.
·A method of learning grammar and syntax by
creating "pictures" of individual sentences.
7. These grammarians believed
that students would benefit
from discovering the logical
order of words in a sentence,
allowing them to understand
how to write effectively.
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
REED-KELLOGG SYSTEM
·Primary purpose is to break a sentence down
into easily identifiable parts.
·Method is simple compared to other forms of
sentence diagramming
·A great entry to sentence diagramming
10. THE 2 BASIC STRUCTURES OF THE REED-
KELLOG SYSTEM
If the object is a direct object, the line is vertical.
11. THE 2 BASIC STRUCTURES OF THE REED-
KELLOG SYSTEM
If the object is a predicate noun or adjective, the line
looks like a backslash () sloping toward the subject.
12. Any sentence modifiers, such as adjectives and articles, are
placed on a diagonal line below the noun or verb it is modifying.
Sentence: The detective is a young prodigy.
18. Compound subjects and
how to diagram conjunctions:
•Separate subject line into two or more lines.
•Use conjoined diagonal lines to connect them to the
baseline where the main predicate verb sits.
•Write each subject on one of the horizontal lines, with
their respective modifiers below each.
•At the point where the diagonal lines start, draw a
vertical dotted line and write the conjunction sideways
on the line.
20. Compound predicate:
Sentence: Lumine collected calla
lilies and gave them to Kaeya.
Compound predicates use a mirrored version of the construction
for compound subjects.
21. Compound predicate with one direct object
Sentence: Lisa files and records the books in the library.
22. Multiple nouns
If a conjunction connects two or more nouns that aren’t the subject,
diagram the nouns on separate lines stacked like a list and draw a
dotted vertical line between them.
Sentence: Anya really dislikes studying,
crowds, and athletics
23. •For multiple modifiers, write each adjective or adverb separately on
diagonal lines under the word they modify.
•Then, draw a dotted horizontal line between them near the top and
write the conjunction on that line.
Sentence:
The assassin
kills cleanly and
stealthily.
24. Sentence: Cyno told some jokes, but his friends
were not amused.
If you’re
diagramming a
compound sentence with
two independent clauses,
diagram each clause
individually and then
connect their verbs with a
dotted line that looks like a
step.
25. •Similar to compound sentences, start by diagramming each clause
individually, with the independent clause on top.
•Then, connect the clauses with a diagonal dotted line between the
verbs and write the conjunction on that line.
Sentence:
John Lee can pay
off his debt if
Ginger helps him.
Subordinate clauses
28. IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
Was first mentioned by Leonard
Bloomfield.
Developed further by Rulon Wells.
The process reached a full-blown
strategy for analyzing sentence structure
in the early works of Noam Chomsky.
29. IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
also called Ic Analysis
a system of grammatical analysis that
divides sentences into successive layers,
or constituents, until, in the final layer,
each constituent consists of only a word
or meaningful part of a word.
31. A noun phrase is a group of two or more
words headed by a noun that includes
modifiers.
Examples:
The man
A cat
32. A verb phrase is a group of two or more
words that acts like a verb in a sentence.
Examples:
The girl danced gracefully.
Justin ate a banana.
33. An adverb phrase refers to a phrase that
often plays the role of telling us when,
where, why or how an event occurred, in
which the adverb functions as the
headword of the phrase.
Ex: He ran very quickly.
34. An adjective phrase refers to a phrase
that modifies a noun. It built upon an
adjective which functions as the
headword of the phrase.
Ex: She is extremely intelligent.
35. A preposition phrase refers to a phrase
that begins with a preposition, in which
the preposition functions as the headword
of the phrase.
Ex: The cat in the room.
The girl arrived at the restaurant.
36. S : Sentence
NP : Noun Phrase
VP : Verb Phrase
AdjP : Adjective Phrase
AdvP : Adverb Phrase
PP : Prepositional Phrase
Det : Determiner
Art : Article
Int : Interjection
Deg : Degree
N : Noun
V: Verb
P : Preposition
Pro : Pronoun
Adj : Adjective
Adv : Adverb
Aux : Auxiliary Verbs
Conj : Conjunction
Vl : Linking Verb
SYNTATIC LABELS
37. PRINCIPLE
Binary Segmentation- cutting the
sentence into two natural dibisions, and
each of these is again cut and this
process is repeated until the smallest
meaningful units (morphemes) are
reached.
38. COMPONENTS
Constructions- any given unit which is to be divided
into two component unit.
Constituents- any word or morpheme or construction
which enters into some larger construction.
Immediate Constituents- two componemt of that
construction are called the immediate constituents of
that construction.
Ultimate Constituents- the units at the last level which
cannot be further divided without tampering with the
meaning.
39.
40. The boy jumped on the bed.
S
NP VP
Det N V PP
Art
P NP
Det
N
Art
The boy jumped on the bed
41.
42. RECURSION
Recursion is the repeated
sequential use of a particular
type of linguistic element or
grammatical structure
43.
44. syntactic ambiguity (also called structural
ambiguity or grammatical ambiguity) is the
presence of two or more possible
meanings within a single sentence or
sequence of words.
AMBIGUITY
45. -more than one possible structure in the
same string of words.
SYNTATICAL AMBIGUITY
ex: I saw Emerson with a telescope.
50. WHAT IS A NOUN?
A noun is a word that names something,
such as a person, place, thing, or idea.
In a sentence, nouns can play the role
of subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement, object
complement, appositive, or adjective.
51.
52. Functions of Noun
Subject of the
Sentence.
Direct Object of the
Verb.
Indirect Object.
Object of
Preposition.
Predicate
Nominatives.
Object Complement.
Appositive.
53. NOUN AS A SUBJECT
functions as the main
topic in the sentence.
54. NOUN AS A DIRECT OBJECT
a noun that receives the
action (verb must be an
action word) I answers
"WHOM or WHAT"
55. NOUN AS AN INDIRECT OBJECT
a noun that receives the direct
object in a sentence I answers
"to whom or for whom?" placed
between a verb and a direct
object
56. Predicate Nominative
renames the subject.
after a linking verb (is/are/was/were).
ex. The teachers were the judges of the contest.
David is the coach of the baseball team.
57. Object of the Preposition
after a preposition.
(in, on, at, to, with, for, behind, above, under)
ex. The children played hide-and-seek in the park.
We will go to the concert tonight.
58. Appositive
after a noun, gives more information about it
ex. Kevin, my brother, repairs cars.
My dog, Bruno, loves to eat fried chicken.
59. Direct Address
to call the attention of someone/ speaker is
directly talking to someone.
ex. Listen carefully, Jane.
Mario, please hand me the plate.
