Only 1 of each piece exists. These will not be found on our website. All orders will be processed manually and we must confirm with you that we still have your desired piece.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Only 1 of each piece exists. These will not be found on our website. All orders will be processed manually and we must confirm with you that we still have your desired piece.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. RFF : OPSTEL
ESTELLE BOTHA
11328942
Kritiese benaderings tot die reg en hoe dit deure
oopgemaak het vir 'n nuwe regsorde
in Suid-Afrika naamlik: Ubuntu
WOORDE: 3079
2. Wêreldwyd bestaan daar verskillende teroieë oor hoe om die reg te benader. Die teorieë
verskil in breë trekke van mekaar, maar terselfde tyd bou hulle op mekaar, vul mekaar aan en
kritiseer mekaar om in geheel 'n opvatting van die reg te vorm. 'n Paar van hierdie teorieë sluit in
Realisme en van daar af 'n ontwikkeling na CLS, Feministiese teorie en CRT . Laasgenoemde
teorieë spruit voort uit verskillende lande van regoor die wêlreld, maar 'n terorie wat spesifiek in die
inheemse reg van S.A. ontwikkel het, is “Ubuntu Regsleer”, wat sy wortels vind in die Interim
Grondwet en sodoende in die sogenaamde “post-apartheid konteks”, toepassing gevind het. Al die
teorieë, selfs die Suid-Afrikaanse Ubuntu regsleer, het in 'n mate 'n kritiese benadering tot die reg
en in hierdie kritiese tradisie word hoofstroombaenaderings wat deur die jare ontwikkel het,
gekritiseer en aangevul om elke teorie 'n unieke, maar wel ook ooreenstemmende karkater te gee.
Realisme het in Amerika ontwikkel en was sterk nagevolg in die 1920's tot 1940's.1 Die
hoofkenmerk van Realisme is om te poog “to demythologise law”,2 dus om die reg as 'n mite te
weerlê. Realiste is skepties oor die reg as reëls en die sogenaamde “bepaalbaarheid van die reg”,
naamlik dat regters net deur regsreëls gelei word in hul besluitneming. Die realiste glo dat regters
gelei word deur eksterne, nie-regsfaktore om by hul beslissings uit te kom en vervolgens dat die
reg empiries of wetenskaplik bestudeer moet word.3 Realiste reageer teen formalisme, die
sogenaamde “meganiese regspleging” (die reg is streng, beperkend en formeel met min fokus op
inhoud).
Verder is Realisme 'n respons op positivisme en vervolgens verwys Dugard na Regter Oliver
Wendell Holmes4 : die regter wat 'n saak aanhoor maak 'n beslissing, gegrond op 'n waardeoordeel
van hul eie ideologiee, waardes en opvattings en dan eers kry hul, ex post facto, regsreëls om hul
beslissing te ondersteun. Dugard stel voor 'n “realisme cum natuurreg benadering”5. Realisme, sê
Dugard, is van 'n ideologiese aard wat impliseer dat regters moet erken dat hul wel 'n
regskeppende funksie het. “Natuurreg” impliseer dat die reëls van billikheid, wat uit die gemenereg
kristaliseer, eerbiedig moet word.
Realisme, soos vroeër bespreek, was 'n respons op formalisme en positivisme. In reaksie op
laasgenoemde het die CLS-teorie ontwikkel. Die Realiste en CLS erken die “onbepaalbaarheid van
die reg”, maar CLS verdiep Realisme se benadering en kyk deur 'n radikale lens6 na die ekstrene
faktore wat regters beinvloed. CLS voeg by dat die reg bepaalbaar is omdat regters dieselfde
politiese siening t.o.v die status quo deel7 en en dat taal vervolgens ook onbepaalbaar is.
1 Meyerson (2011) by 183.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Dugard (1971) by 188.
5 Dugard (1971) 195.
6 Aanvaar dat die reg gelykstaan aan politiek en erken die rol van mag en die rol van ideologie en fokus op klas en klasse verskille.
7 Meyerson (2011) 229.
3. CLS verwerp die Realiste se siening van liberalisme en die sosiale-wetenskap,8 gevolglik fokus
CLS op bevordering van geregtigheid van die gemeenskap en nie net die regte van die indivudu
nie. Verdermeer erken CLS ook dat regsargumentering 'n mite is, maar voeg by dat die reg polities
van aard is en gevolglik klas en magstrukture insluit.
Alhoewel CLS teorie simpatiek is teenoor die Realiste, was hul ook beinvoed deur elemente van
Marksisme en post-moderisme. Die Marksistiese teorie is geformuleer deur Karl Marx. Die teorie
impliseer dat veranderings in die ekonomiese sisteem alle sosiale verandering dryf.9 Marx glo dat
die sameleweing gebou is op 'n basis (wyses van produksie) wat die die instansies van die
superstruktur bepaal en bepaal wat die aard en vorm van instellings in die samelweing is. Die
superstruktuur is ons ekonomiese sisteem.10 Marx meen dat die reg slegs een instelling in ons
samelweing is en voorts dat die aard en vorm van die reg deur die basis bepaal word. Die basis is
ons wyses van produksie, spesifiek die verhoudings wat in die kapitalistiese wyse van produksie
geskep word (onderdrukking van opperklasse op onderste klasse) dus is daar ongetwyfeld ook
elemente van kapitalisme in ons reg, aangesien die reg ook op die kapitalistiese basis geskoei is.
CLS verwelkom die Marksistiese teorie se siening dat die reg individue bevorder wat 'n vorm van
mag besit, maar verwerp wel die streng kapitalistiese siening waarop Marksisme gebaseer is.11
Karl E Klare, 'n “Critical Legal Scholar”, is 'n Professor by die Northeastern University School of
Law in Boston, en bespreek CRT in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. A.g.v die promulgasie van die
Handves van Regte in die Grondwet (wat die fondasie is waarop die oorgang van die “nuwe S.A.”
berus) is beoordeling of “adjudcation”12 'n bron van wetgewing en regspleging. Klare kritiseer,
soos die Realiste, die “bepaalbaarheid van die reg” en merk op dat wanneer regters daagliks die
Grondwet interpreteer, hulle gevolglik indirek reg skep.
Klare, verwys na Ettienne Mureinik13 se metafoor van 'n brug: vanaf die inwerktreding van die
Grondwet daar gevolglik 'n verskuiwing kan plaasvind vanaf librealisme na altruïsme (beste belang
van die gemeenskap spesifiek 'n nuwe kultuur van regverdiging en om geregtigheid te bereik).
Laasgenoemde metafoor mag moontlik 'n verkeerde siening wees aangesien 'n brug altwee kante
toe loop en dus kan Suid-Afrika moontlik weer terugkeur na die “pre-apratheid”-era. Dus alhoewel
die Grondwet sekere vryhede aan regters verleen is daar steeds 'n mate van beperking (Grondwet
plaas streng riglyne in die vorm verskanste regte.)
Klare verwys na die term 'n “post-liberale Grondwet”. Hy lig uit dat 'n “suiwer liberale” interpretasie
'n “regsinterpretasie” impliseer in teenstelling met 'n “post-liberale inteerpretasie” wat 'n politiese en
8 Meyerson (2011) 219.
9 Meyerson (2011) 224.
10 Wat insluit onderwys, politiek en die reg.
11 Meyerson (2011) 227.
12 Oxford Woordeboek: 'n Formele oordeel oor 'n omstrede saak.
13 Klare (1998) 147 – 148.
4. “nie-regsinterpretasie” tot gevolg het.14 Die term “liberaal” is geskoei op die Westerse tradisie, dus
beskerming van inivuduele regte en 'n fokus op die vertikale verhouding tussen individu en staat.15
Die term “post” beteken nie in die tegniese sin “na” nie, maar eerder 'n poging om verder te gaan
en dus die positiewe verpligting op die staat om sosio-ekonomiese regte en substantiwe gelykheid,
nie bloot formele gelykheid, aan almal te waarborg.
Die term “multi-kulturalisme”16 word ook gevier in die Grondwet. Dit impliseer dat daar verskillende
kulture binne S.A. voorkom en diversiteit gerespekteer moet word in die raamwerk van Ubuntu –
erkenning van 'n persoon se status as mens wat geregtig is op repek, menswaardigheid en
aanvaarding deur die gemeenskap.17 Klare onderskei tussen die tradisionele benadering
(regsbenadering) en die kritiese benadering (politieke benadering).18 Die twee benaderings is een
en dieselfde, behalwe dat die kritiese benadering eerlik gaan wees oor politiek (dit is die
benadering wat regters moet volg). Dit is onmoontlik om die regter se politiese siening in sy
besluitneming uit te sluit (soos deur “rule of law” vereis).19 Vervolgens kritiseer Klare die “false
conciousness” wat onder regters heers dus, hul ontkenning dat hulle deur politiese faktore
beinvloed word. 20
Die Suid-Afrikaanse regskultuur, volgens Klare, is konserwatief, formalisties, beskou die reg as
meganies en glo nog sterk in die bepaalbaarheid van die reg. Hy kritiseer hierdie regskultuur en
merk op dat dit die politiese idee van oordeel (magspele, klassesryd en ideologie) onderskat.21
CLS, soos die leser kan aflei, is 'n omvattende teorie, wat in sy reaksie op Reaslisme, die siening
van die reg net verder bevorder en ontwikkel.
'n Volgende teorie wat ontwikkel het was die Feministiese teorie. Volgens hierdie teorie is die reg
mag22, m.b.t die mag wat mans oor vrouens het en die uitsluiting van vrouens binne die sprektrum
van die reg. Daar is verskillende teorieë van Feminisme binne die teorie, maar wat hulle almal in
gemeen het is hulle kritiek teen formalisme ( die reg as 'n neutrale, objektiewe, geslote sisteem)
aangesien hulle nie glo dat die reg neutraal of onpartydig is nie. Hul daag die manlike mag uit en
poog om die ondergeskiktheid van vroue te elimineer. Feministe onderskei tussen twee terme nl.:
Geslag (fisies of biologies) en Geslagtelikheid (hoe jy jouself binne 'n sekere geslag uitleef).
Meyerson wys daarop dat die reg patriargie bevestig - sosiale struktuur waar mans gesag oor
vrouens het. 23
14 Klare (1998) 152.
15 Klare (1998) 155.
16 Klare (1998) 155.
17 S v Makwanyane and Another (CCT3/94) [1995] ZACC (6) BCLR by par. 224.
18 Klare (1998) 157.
19 Klare (1998) 163.
20 Ibid.
21 Klare (1998) 158.
22 Reg as manlike waarde / manlike mag / manlike dominansie.
23 Meyerson (2011) 346.
5. Soos vroeër genoem, heers daar verskillende teorieë van Feminisme binne die breë teorie. Die
eerste bekend as “Liberale Feminisme”,24 fokus op die openbare sfeer en probeer formele
gelykheid tussen mans en vrouens bewerkstellig, sodat vrouens ook die “kommersiële, openbare
arena”25 kan bywoon.
Tweedens, Kulturele/Verskil Feminisme26 wat meer fokus op die private sfeer en hulle kritiseer
Liberale Feminisme se ondersteuning van formele gelykheid tussen mans en vrouens. Hul erken
dat mans en vrouens wel verskil en dus verskillend behandel moet word (bv. formele gelykheid sal
teweegbring dat 'n vrou ontneem word van kraamverlof). Meyerson verwys na Carol Gilligan27 wat
glo dat 'n vrou “etiek van sorgsaamheid” besit wat hul onderskei van mans28. Robin West, aan die
ander kant, glo dat jou geslag so belangrik is, dat dit beklemtoon moet word.29 Kritiek teen
laasgenoemde is dat uitvoering daarvan tot die stereotipering30 van vrouens kan lei.
Die derde teorie is Radikale Feminisme wat, in teenstelling met Verskil Feminisme, fokus op
dominering en mag.31 Meyerson verwys na MacKinnon32, wat glo dat Radikale Feminisme polities
is en dit impliseer twee gevolge: 1) Die ongelyke verhouding by die huis (privaat sfeer) wat
aanleiding gee tot ongelyke verhoudinge in die openbare sfeer, 2) Die privaatsfeer is nie een van
liefde en omgee nie, maar een van politiek.33 Radikale Feminisme is bemoei met pronografie en glo
dat alle heteroseksuele verhoudinge inherent onderdrukkend is en gevolglik is gemeenskap in 'n
heteroseksuele verhouding altyd verkragting.
Post Moderne Feminisme is die vierde teorie wat die essensialisme en die die Westerse, liberale
houding van Verskil Feminisme kritiseer. Gevolglik glo hulle dat daar nie een stem van vrouens is
nie, aangesien vrouens ook van mekaar verskil. Myerson lig twee faktore van die teorie uit nl.: dat
daar slegs verskillende, sosiaal-gekondisioneerde, subjektiewe interpretasies is en tweedens 'n
poging om die sogenaamde “two-fold” verband tussen man en vrou te verbreek deur die mag te
ondermyn.34 Die teorie poog om dus meer inklusief en pluralisties te wees deur om 'n fokus op
“fragmentasie”35 te plaas.
Myerson verwys na Susan Okin (spanning tussen feminisme en multi-kulturalisme) se twee
belangrike konnetasies tussen gelsag en kultuur: dat vrouens baie meer sensitief as mans sal wees
24 Meyerson (2011) 348.
25 Insluitende werksgeleenthede en stemreg.
26 Meyerson (2011) 354.
27 Ibid.
28 Wat in teenstelling meer fokus op “etiek van geregtigheid”.
29 Ibid.
30 Soos gesien in President of the RSA v Hugo 1997 (6) BCLR 708 (CC).
31 Meyerson (2011) 360.
32 Ibid.
33 Magspeling binne die privaatsfeer.
34 Meyerson (2011) 363.
35 Om iets in kleiner dele op te breek.
6. op kulturele praktyke en dat baie kulture ‘n vrou misbruik vir haar voortplantings
potensiaal36.Ubuntu kan ‘n verband trek tussen die twee, aangesien Ubuntu ook uitlug dat elke
persoon die reg op menswaardigheid het en vervolgens moet groepsbelange in ag geneem word.
Vervolgens skuif die aandag na CRT wat voortspruit uit die 1970’s in die VSA en wat fokus op
radikale, sosiale verandering om 'n substantiewe verband te bring in rasseverhoudings. 'n Paar
temas sptuit uit die CRT teorie. Eerstens, “Ras as 'n kategorie van identiteit”37 dus, ras as juridiese
en sosiale konstruksie, tweedens kritiseer hulle die sogenaamde idee van “kleurblindheid”38 (wat
impliseer dat ‘n persoon se ras irrelevant is en in die reg en die samelweing geigroneer word).
Soortgelyk aan die Feministe, wat agrugemteer dat die reg het ‘n geslag nl. manlik, argumenteer
CRT dat die reg het ‘n ras, nl. wit en dat alles in die reg refelkteer witmense se belange en
sienings.39
Derdens verwys Meyerson na ‘n belanglike aspek wat Feminisme en CRT raak nl.: die
sogenaamde oorvleuling van karaktereienskappe/“intersectionaltiy”, bv. ‘n vrou wat swart en arm is
sal ‘n spesiale tipe onderdrukking ervaar.40 Vierdens plaas CRT klem op stories/narratiewe om
rassisme in S.A. bloot te lê en die hoofstroombenaderings te bevraagteken. Laatens fokus CRT op
die regte van minderheidsgroepe en kritsieer CLS wat meen dat regte net bestaan om die
geisoleerde regte van indivudue te beskerm.41 CRT is eerlik oor die feit dat, alhoewel daar nie
direkte diskriminasie in wetgewing is nie, die “mindset” van mense steeds daardie onderskeid tref.
Steve Biko is een van “Black consciousness leaders” van die 1970’s wat CRT in ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse
konteks uitlig en net soos Meyerson ook die idee van “kleurblindheid” verwerp. Black conciousness,
volgens Biko, is om te erken dat swartmense onderdruk word deur die reg (eksterne faktore) en
tweedens ‘n interne verwerping van swartmense binne hulself42. Ras word deur die reg en
samelewing gedefinieer en ook veral deur die taal wat ‘n persooon praat. ‘n Fisiese bevryding is
reeds deur die Grondwet teweeggebring, maar 'n sielkundige bevryding word ook voorgestel, sodat
die “mindset” van Suid-Afrikansers ook ‘n tansformasie kan ondergaan.
CLS, Feminisme en CRT is reeds bespreek en soos die leser kon opemerk is daar heelwat
ooreenkomste onder mekaar, die mees opvallendste dat: CRT CLS volg in die verwerping van
liberale (individuele), formele gelykheid, formalistiese en positivistiese idees oor die reg. Al die
teorieë bevestig dat die reg nie neutraal, bepaalbaar en objektief is nie. Verdermeer sê hul dat die
reg reflekteer en bevorder die perspektief van die dominante groep en vervolgens vind “reifikasie”
('n vaste/ gevrieste manier om die reg te interpreteer) plaas. 'n Neiging om weg te beweeg van
36 Meyerson (2011) 375.
37 Meyerson (2011) 376.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Meyerson (2011) 377.
41 Meyerson (2011) 378.
42 Biko, S (2008) by 110 – 111.
7. tradisionele, liberale idees kom ook na vore waar die teorieë krities is oor regte en individualisme
wat lig skyn op magsverhoudings in die reg.
Die vraag wat dus nou gevra word is : wat maak al die teorieë krities? Die antwoord kom navore
deurdat al die teorieë krities is op die twee hoofstroombenaderinge tot die reg nl.: positivisme (deur
regsinterpretasie kan ons duidelike gevolgtrekkings maak) en formalisme ( formele siening van die
reg as objektiewe allesomvattendste sisteem). Vervolgens reageer en kritiseer hul laasgenoemde
op twee wyses. Eerstens: i.t.v die “bepaalbaarheid van die reg” dus kritiseer hul die siening dat
daar vir elke reël 'n teenreël is. Hul stel dat die reg onbepaalbaar is en regters word deur verskeie
faktore, maar veral “politiek”, beinvloed. “Politiek” is 'n woord in die brieër sin nl. ideologiese , sosio-
ekonomiese verstaan van die wêreld (wat is moreel, eties, godsdiens ens.).
Tweedens: “Liberalisme” wat insluit die vroeë ontwikkeling van menseregte en die “sosiale
kontraksteorie”. Hul meen dat daar 'n transformasie/verskuiwing moet wees vanaf individualisme
na 'n fokus op gemeensakps belange.
Ubuntu kan, soos die teorieë hierbo, as 'n kritiese benadering tot die reg bedink word, maar eertens
moet daar vastegestel word “wat is Ubuntu?” Fuller en Cornell het twee hoof idees i.t.v Ubuntu,
eerstens: “ Ubuntu as 'n “etiese en filosofiese konsep” - 'n persoon moet besef dat hy iets in
gemeen het met ander mense43 en dat hy gebore is in 'n wêreld van etiese verhoudinge met almal
(vriende, familie, lewend of dood). Die kenemrke van Ubuntu is onder andere: Groep solidariteit,
respek, deernis, menswaardigheid en 'n kollektiewe eenheid.44
Die frase “'n mens is 'n mens agv ander mense”45 is van kardinale belang vir die bestaan van
Ubuntu. Net so ook die term “gemeenskaplikheid” wa impliseer dat die gemeenskap moet erken
word binne die gemeenskap. 'n Derde term wat na vore kom is “persoonskap”46 wat twee beginsels
insluit nl.: Deelnemende verskil (elkeen het sy eie unieke talente en daardie talente moet bydra tot
die gemeenskap) en onpartydige simpatie (jy moet jouself in iemand anders se skoene plaas voor
jy hul kan oordeel). Vervolgens is die skeiding tussen gemeenskaplikheid en persoonskap 'n proses
van transformasie tot jy sterf.
Tweedens: “Ubuntu in die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel itv post-apartheid konteks”. Ubuntu is 'n
universele beginsel, dus is dit van toepassing op die hele Republiek. Die term Ubuntu was slegs in
die epiloog van die Interim-Grondwet ingesluit, maar in die finale Grondwet (par. 22 van Skedule 6)
en in AZAPO v President of the RSA47 word daar wel vereis dat die epiloog behou moet word. Die
nuwe Grondwet sit sekere demokratiese waardes uiteen bv. : menswaardigheid, respek en
eerlikheid wat duidelik ooreenstem met die waardes van Ubuntu. Voorts sit art 211 van die
43 Fuller & Cornell (2012) by 1.
44 Mokgoro (2012) by 318.
45 Mokgoro (2012) 317.
46 Nie wat beteken dit om 'n individu te wees nie, maar beteken dit om 'n persoon te wees.
47 1996 (8) BCLR 1015 (CC).
8. Grondwet uiteen dat Inheemsereg bevorder moet word en art 39(2) lei dat die Inheemsereg
ontwikkel moet word in die gees van die Grondwet.
Mokgoro48 glo dat “Afrika-waardes” hulself in die waardes van Ubuntu, wat inlyn is met die
Grondwet en die Handves van Regte, manifesteer. Die term “post” moet nie as 'n sinoniem gebruik
word vir die woord “na” nie. Anders gestel beteken “post” dat regsgeleerders moet besef dat die
Grondwet wel poog om apartheid af te skaf (en tegnies het dit), maar dat apartheid nie noodwendig
vir altyd agter ons is nie. Mokgoro meen dat die Grondwet nog nie (en kon ook nog nie) die
waardigheid van ons regsisteem herstel het nie en dat ons steeds daagliks vir metodes en
instrumente moet soek wat transformasie grootskaals kan laat geskied.49
Die vraag nou is: kan Ubuntu iets verkry uit die Kritiese tradisie terwyl ons Grondwet Westers en
liberaal van aard is? Gevolglik kan Ubuntu krities wees op twee maniere: Eerstens d.m.v hul
respons op liberalisme en gesamentlik hul kritiek op formalisme en positivisme. Ubuntu stel dat
die fokus op waardes en die gemeenskap is,50 dus sal ons die twee net kan versoen as ons, soos
die kritiese teorie, kan erken dat die reg onbepaalbaar is – dus oop vir nuwe betekenisse,
pluralisties en gemeenskapsgeorienteerd. Tweedens : kritiseer Ubuntu die idee van eenheid van
die reg deur op te merk dat die reg nie 'n duidelike, sekere en bepaalbare sisteem is waar regters
d.m.v logiese deduksie by 'n beslissing kan uitkom nie.
Laastens het Foucault51 gefokus op die belangrikheid van 'n verskuiwing na regsmoderniteit (juridiese
regressie) en “govermentality” (nuwe tegnieke van beheer). Hy stel dat in 'n pre-moderne/ juridiese era kon
die opperheerser beveel dat 'n persoon se lewe gevat word52, in teenstelling met laasgenoemde bemoei die
normaliserende/moderne era hom met bio-mag wat die gemeenskap bestuur deur tegnieke van bio-politiek53
en om die lewens van die populasie te administreer, onderhou en te ontwikkel.
Na gelang van wat reeds bespreek is kan die leser opmerk dat die ontwikkeling van die kritiese teorieë en
hul kritiek op liberalisme en die “bepaalbaarheid van die reg” deure vir 'n nuwe benadering tot die reg in S.A.
nl. Ubuntu, oopgemaak het. Die Grondwet het ook 'n transformatiewe funksie en is oppermagtig in S.A. Die
inwerkingtreding van die Grondwet het S.A. wel na 'n post-apartheid era gelei, maar die besef van Suid-
Afrikaners moet wees dat apartheid steeds deel van S.A. se geskiedenis is. Vervolgens deur Ubuntu toe te
pas en krities te werk te gaan met die reg en al sy sisteme, kan S.A. wel in 'n ware “post-apartheid” -era
intree, waar die woord “post” wel as 'n sinoniem vir die woord “na” gebruik kan word. In die woorde van
Coetzee54:
“Alle Suid-Afrikaners moet steeds bewus wees van die verlede,
spesifiek die etiese narratief van 'n gedeelde verlede...”
48 Mokgoro (2012) 322.
49 Ibid.
50 Dus kritiserend op liberalisme en regsmoderniteit.
51 Veitch, (2007) by 237.
52 Bemoei met dissipline.
53 Ibid.
54 Meskell and Weiss (2006) by 96.